British conchology : or, an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas / by John Gwyn Jeffreys.

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British conchology : or, an account of the Mollusca which now inhabit the British Isles and the surrounding seas / by John Gwyn Jeffreys.

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Young athletes: passion for sport

The following text corresponds with the lecture that the author presented as "invited lecturer" at the Second World Conference on Sport Sciences held in Barcelona on October, 1991. It is also part of the working papers collection from the Olympic Studies Centre.

Phl��botomes du Nicaragua: I. Description de la femelle de Lutzomyia zeledoni Young et Murillo, 1984 (Diptera, Psychodidae), et implication ��pid��miologique de la pr��sence de Lutzomyia longipalpis sur la fa��ade Pacifique

Les auteurs d��crivent la femelle de Lutzomyia zeledoni Young et Murillo, 1984 du Groupe Vespertilionis Theodor, 1965. Cette esp��ce a ��t�� captur��e en milieu p��ridomestique en compagnie de Lutzomyia longpalpis Lutz et Neiva, 1912 r��pertori�� pour la premi��re fois du Nicaragua. Il est mis l'accent sur l'importance ��pid��miologique de cette derni��re esp��ce r��colt��e en abondance dans plusieurs stations de la fa��ade pacifique.

Human antibody responses to Schistosoma mansoni: does antigen directed, isotype restriction result in the production of blocking antibodies?

After treatment young Kenyan schoolchildren are highly susceptible to reinfection with Schistosoma mansoni. Older children and adults are resistant to reinfection. There is no evidence that this age related resistance is due to a slow development of protective immunological mechanisms, rather, it appears that young children are susceptible because of the presence of blocking antibodies which decline with age, thus allowing the expression of protective responses. Correlations between antibody responses to different stages of the parasite life-cycle suggest that, in young children, antigen directed, isotype restriction of the response against cross-reactive polysaccharide egg antigens results in an ineffectual, or even blocking antibody response to the schistosomulum.

Cancer du sein chez la jeune femme: traitements adjuvants et d��sir de grossesse [Breast cancer in young women: adjuvant therapy and fertility]

Prognosis of breast cancer women has been dramatically improved by the adjuvant therapies. As the vast majority of patients are cured, the importance of long-term quality of life is growing. The question of the maternity is an essential concern for the young women who have to receive chemotherapy or several years of endocrine therapy. This problem is often underestimated and may lead to emotional distress, depression or anxiety. A regional multidisciplinary working group was set up in order to offer optimal information about fertility and cancer as to propose specific therapeutic reproduction options, when applicable. Specificity of the young patients' breast cancer, the treatment approaches and their impact on fertility are discussed in this paper.

Cancers de l'adulte jeune [Overview on cancer in young adults]

To make a diagnostic of cancer in a young adult (15-30 years of age) has important physical, psychological and social implications. The most frequent cancers seen at this age are cancer of the thyroid, testicular germ cell tumours, 'melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, cerebral tumours and sarcomas. Even if the prognostic of most of these cancers is excellent, treatments are difficult and often associated with long-term side effects. A multidisciplinary approach of these patients is essential. A long-term follow-up by a general practicioner or an oncologist is indispensable.

Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease mortality in young adults: recent trends in Europe.

Background: Over the last two decades, mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) declined by about 30% in the European Union (EU). Design: We analyzed trends in CHD (X ICD codes: I20-I25) and CVD (X ICD codes: I60-I69) mortality in young adults (age 35-44 years) in the EU as a whole and in 12 selected European countries, over the period 1980-2007. Methods: Data were derived from the World Health Organization mortality database. With joinpoint regression analysis, we identified significant changes in trends and estimated average annual percent changes (AAPC). Results: CHD mortality rates at ages 35-44 years have decreased in both sexes since the 1980s for most countries, except for Russia (130/100,000 men and 24/100,000 women, in 2005-7). The lowest rates (around 9/100,000 men, 2/100,000 women) were in France, Italy and Sweden. In men, the steepest declines in mortality were in the Czech Republic (AAPC = -6.1%), the Netherlands (-5.2%), Poland (-4.5%), and England and Wales (-4.5%). Patterns were similar in women, though with appreciably lower rates. The AAPC in the EU was -3.3% for men (rate = 16.6/100,000 in 2005-7) and -2.1% for women (rate = 3.5/100,000). For CVD, Russian rates in 2005-7 were 40/100,000 men and 16/100,000 women, 5 to 10-fold higher than in most western European countries. The steepest declines were in the Czech Republic and Italy for men, in Sweden and the Czech Republic for women. The AAPC in the EU was -2.5% in both sexes, with steeper declines after the mid-late 1990s (rates = 6.4/100,000 men and 4.3/100,000 women in 2005-7). Conclusions: CHD and CVD mortality steadily declined in Europe, except in Russia, whose rates were 10 to 15-fold higher than those of France, Italy or Sweden. Hungary and Poland, and also Scotland, where CHD trends were less favourable than in other western European countries, also emerge as priorities for preventive interventions.

Trends in lung cancer among young European women: the rising epidemic in France and Spain.

Lung cancer mortality in young women in the European Union (EU) has steadily increased until the mid 1990 s and has levelled off thereafter, but trends have been heterogeneous in various countries. We analyzed therefore age-standardized trends in lung cancer mortality in young women (20-44) for the 6 major European countries, using joinpoint regression. In the early 1970s the highest lung cancer mortality in young women was in the UK (2.1/100,000). UK rates, however, steadily declined and in 2000-2004 they were the lowest of all 6 major EU countries (1.2/100,000). The second lowest rate in 2000-2002 was in Italy, whose rates remained around 1.1/100,000 between 1970 and 1994, and increased to 1.4 thereafter. In Germany and Poland, lung cancer rates in young women rose from 0.8-1.0/100,000 in the early 1970s to 1.7-1.9 in the mid 1990 s and levelled off during the last decade. Major rises over recent years were observed in France (from 0.8/100,000 in 1985-1989 to 2.2 in 2000-2003) and in Spain (from 0.8 in the 1985-1989 to 1.7 in 2000-2004). Thus, France showed both the highest rate observed over the last 3 decades and the largest rise over the last 2 decades. Since recent trends in the young give relevant information to the likely future trends in middle age, the female lung cancer epidemic is likely to expand in southern Europe from the current rates of 5.0/100,000 in Spain and 7.7 in France to approach 20/100,000 within the next 2-3 decades. Urgent interventions for smoking cessation in women are therefore required.

Can a targeted psychological intervention be effective for young people following a first manic episode? Results from an 18-month pilot study.

Aim: There is a scarce literature describing psychological interventions for a young, first-episode cohort who have experienced psychotic mania. This study aimed to assess whether a manualized psychological intervention could be effective in reducing symptomatology and relapse, and improve functional outcome in this population. Methods: The study was an open-label design, drawn from a larger pharmacotherapy trial. All participants in the pharmacotherapy trial were offered a manualized psychological intervention in addition to case management. Inclusion in the psychotherapy group was based on participant's choice, and on completion of four or more of the eight modules offered. All clinical files were audited to ensure accuracy of group allocation. Forty young people aged 15 to 25 years old who had experienced a manic episode with psychotic features were recruited into the study, with 20 people in the combined treatment as usual plus psychotherapy group (P+TAU), and an equal number of matched control participants who received treatment as usual (TAU) within the same service. All participants were prescribed antipsychotic and mood-stabilizing medication. Symptomatic, functional and relapse measures were taken both at baseline and at 18-month follow-up. Results: Manic symptoms improved significantly for both groups, with no differences between groups. Depression scores and overall symptom severity were significantly lower in the P + TAU group. No differences were evident between groups with regard to numbers or type of relapse. The P + TAU group had significantly better social and occupational functioning after 18 months. Conclusion: This study suggests that a manualized psychological intervention targeted to a first-episode population can be effective in reducing depression and overall symptom severity, and can improve functional outcome following a first episode of psychotic mania.

Solovian and New Growth Theory from the Perspective of Allyn Young on Macroeconomic Increasing Returns

This paper evaluates, from an Allyn Youngian perspective, the neoclassical Solow model of growth and the associated empirical estimates of the sources of growth based on it. It attempts to clarify Young���s particular concept of generalised or macroeconomic ���increasing returns��� to show the limitations of a model of growth based on an assumption that the aggregate production function is characterised by constant returns to scale but ���augmented��� by exogenous technical progress. Young���s concept of endogenous, self-sustaining growth is also shown to differ in important respects (including in its policy implications) from modern endogenous growth theory.

Sexual dysfunction among young men : prevalence and associated factors

Les dysfonctions sexuelles repr��sentent une pr��occupation importante et parfois m��sestim��e dans la population masculine g��n��rale. L'��jaculation pr��coce et les dysfonctions ��rectiles faisant partie des dysfonctions sexuelles les plus fr��quentes, nous avons choisi, dans le pr��sent article, de nous concentrer sur ces deux aspects. Selon plusieurs ��tudes, la pr��valence d'��jaculation pr��coce se situe entre 17 et 30%. Les associations d��crites avec l'��jaculation pr��coce concernent le stress, la d��pression et un jeune ��ge (<25 ans). La pr��valence de dysfonction ��rectile, quant �� elle, oscille entre 2 et plus de 80% d��pendant principalement de l'��ge. Beaucoup d'autres facteurs associ��s ont ��t�� d��crits dans la litt��rature, tels que le diab��te, les pathologies cardiovasculaires ou neurologiques, les m��dicaments, l'ob��sit�� ou l'inactivit�� physique. Tous ces facteurs ��tant plus fr��quents au sein de populations vieillissantes, nous disposons de peu d'��tudes concernant la dysfonction ��rectile chez de jeunes hommes. Notre ��tude propose donc d'��valuer la pr��valence d'��jaculation pr��coce et de dysfonction ��rectile chez une population de jeunes hommes et d'��tudier les associations possibles avec les consommations de substances, l'index de masse corporelle (IMC), l'activit�� physique ou la sant�� mentale. Chaque homme suisse entre 18 et 25 ans est appel�� �� participer �� 2 journ��es de recrutement militaire. De septembre 2010 �� mai 2011, les jeunes hommes recrut��s �� Lausanne et �� Z��rich (N= 9761) ont ��t�� invit��s �� participer �� l'��tude C-SURF (Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors). 5276 d'entre eux accept��rent de r��pondre au questionnaire complet, et 73% (N=3886) le firent de mani��re effective. Le but de notre recherche ��tant d'��tudier les dysfonctions sexuelles, nous nous sommes concentr��s sur les participants sexuellement actifs (N=2507) et les avons divis��s en 2 groupes, selon qu'ils pr��sentaient ou non la dysfonction ��tudi��e. Pour chaque dysfonction (��jaculation pr��coce et dysfonction ��rectile), nous avons utilis�� une analyse bivari��e afin de comparer les deux groupes (avec ou sans trouble) quant �� d'��ventuels facteurs associ��s. A cause de la nature transversale de l'��tude, nous ne pouvions pas postuler de lien de cause �� effet entre ces facteurs et les dysfonctions sexuelles, raison pour laquelle nous avons choisi d'utiliser des mod��les log-lin��aires pour mettre en exergue les associations significatives. Nos r��sultats montrent une pr��valence d'��jaculation pr��coce de 11.4% avec comme associations principales la consommation de tabac et de drogues ill��gales (autres que le cannabis). La pr��valence des dysfonctions ��rectiles est quant �� elle proche du 30% et s'associe principalement avec l'usage de m��dicaments, ainsi qu'avec la sant�� physique et la sant�� mentale. Un jeune homme suisse sur trois souffre ainsi d'au moins une dysfonction sexuelle. Beaucoup de facteurs compromettants pour la sant�� y sont possiblement associ��s, raison pour laquelle les professionnels de la sant�� devraient saisir chaque occasion pour parler de sexualit�� avec leurs jeunes patients de sexe masculin.

Administering brief motivational interventions to young men: Results from a pilot census transmissible study among 19 year-old francophone Swiss men.

AIMS - To pilot the implementation of brief motivational intervention (BMI) among conscripts, and to test the effectiveness of BMI in young men voluntarily showing up for a single face-to-face alcohol BMI session. Participants were conscripts attending the army recruitment process in Lausanne. This process is mandatory for all Swiss males at age 19 and Lausanne serves all francophone Swiss men. METHODS - Of 3'227 young men that were seen during the army recruitment procedures, 445 voluntarily showed up for a BMI and 367 were included in the study (exclusions were random and unsystematic and related to organizational aspects in the recruitment center). After an initial assessment, subjects were randomized into two groups: an immediate BMI and a 6-month delayed BMI (waiting list design). A 6-month follow-up assessment was conducted in both groups. BMI was a face-to-face 20 minutes counseling session with a psychologist trained in motivational interviewing at baseline and a telephone session for the control group at follow-up. Strategies of BMI included the exploration and evocation of a possible behavior change, importance of future change, readiness to change, and commitment to change. A filmed example of such an intervention is available in French at www.alcoologie.ch. RESULTS - All procedures are now fully implemented and working and the provision of preventive efforts found general approval by the army. 3'227 were eligible for BMI and 445 of them (13.8%) showed up for receiving a BMI. 367 were included in the study, 181 in the BMI group and 186 in the control group. More than 86% of those included were reached at follow-up. With one exception all findings on alcohol use went in the expected direction, i.e. a stronger decrease in alcohol use (or a smaller increase as for usual weekly drinking amount) in the BMI group. The risk for risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) decreased from 57% at-risk users at baseline to 50.6%, i.e. a 6.4% point decrease in the BMI group, while there was only a 0.6% point decrease (from 57.5% to 56.9%) in the control group. Moreover, the study showed that there was a likelihood of crossover effects for other substances like tobacco smoking and cannabis use. Despite these encouraging and consistent positive findings, none reached significance at conventional levels (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION - Data suggest a beneficial impact of BMI on alcohol use outcomes and potential effect on other substance use in 19-year old men attending the army recruitment and showing up voluntarily for BMI. As the main aim was to implement and test feasibility of conducting BMI in this setting none of our findings reached statistical significance. The consistency of findings across measures and substances, however, raises hope that non-significance in the present study does not mean no effect, but mainly insufficient power of this pilot study. [Authors]