Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and enhancement of well-being and sexual and reproductive health and rights in receiving countries after migration.

‘Moving on’ : Violence, wellbeing and questions about violence in antenatal care encounters. A qualitative study with Somali-born refugees in Sweden

Background Somali-born women constitute one of the largest groups of childbearing refugee women in Sweden after more than two decades of political violence in Somalia. In Sweden, these women encounter antenatal care that includes routine questions about violence being asked. The aim of the study was to explore how Somali-born women understand and relate to violence and wellbeing during their migration transition and their views on being approached with questions about violence in Swedish antenatal care. Method Qualitative interviews (22) with Somali-born women (17) living in Sweden were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings A balancing actbetween keeping private life private and the new welfare system was identified, where the midwife's questions about violence were met with hesitance. The midwife was, however, considered a resource for access to support services in the new society. A focus on pragmatic strategies to move on in life, rather than dwelling on potential experiences of violence and related traumas, was prominent. Social networks, spiritual faith and motherhood were crucial for regaining coherence in the aftermath of war. Dialogue and mutual adjustments were identified as strategies used to overcome power tensions in intimate relationships undergoing transition. Conclusions If confidentiality and links between violence and health are explained and clarified during the care encounter, screening for violence can be more beneficial in relation to Somali-born women. The focus on “moving on” and rationality indicates strength and access to alternative resources, but needs to be balanced against risks for hidden needs in care encounters. A care environment with continuity of care and trustful relationships enhances possibilities for the midwife to balance these dual perspectives and identify potential needs. Collaborations between Somali communities, maternity care and social service providers can contribute with support to families in transition and bridge gaps to formal social and care services.

Being a bridge : Swedish antenatal care midwives’ encounters with Somali-born women and questions of violence; a qualitative study

Background: Violence against women is associated with serious health problems, including adverse maternal and child health. Antenatal care (ANC) midwives are increasingly expected to implement the routine of identifying exposure to violence. An increase of Somali born refugee women in Sweden, their reported adverse childbearing health and possible links to violence pose a challenge to the Swedish maternity health care system. Thus, the aim was to explore ways ANC midwives in Sweden work with Somali born women and the questions of exposure to violence. Methods: Qualitative individual interviews with 17 midwives working with Somali-born women in nine ANC clinics in Sweden were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The midwives strived to focus on the individual woman beyond ethnicity and cultural differences. In relation to the Somali born women, they navigated between different definitions of violence, ways of handling adversities in life and social contexts, guided by experience based knowledge and collegial support. Seldom was ongoing violence encountered. The Somali-born women’s’ strengths and contentment were highlighted, however, language skills were considered central for a Somali-born woman’s access to rights and support in the Swedish society. Shared language, trustful relationships, patience, and networking were important aspects in the work with violence among Somali-born women. Conclusion: Focus on the individual woman and skills in inter-cultural communication increases possibilities of overcoming social distances. This enhances midwives’ ability to identify Somali born woman’s resources and needs regarding violence disclosure and support. Although routine use of professional interpretation is implemented, it might not fully provide nuances and social safety needed for violence disclosure. Thus, patience and trusting relationships are fundamental in work with violence among Somali born women. In collaboration with social networks and other health care and social work professions, the midwife can be a bridge and contribute to increased awareness of rights and support for Somali-born women in a new society.

Violence and reproductive health preceding flight from war : accounts from Somali born women in Sweden

Background: Political violence and war are push factors for migration and social determinants of health among migrants. Somali migration to Sweden has increased threefold since 2004, and now comprises refugees with more than 20 years of war experiences. Health is influenced by earlier life experiences with adverse sexual and reproductive health, violence, and mental distress being linked. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are reported among Somali born refugees in high-income countries. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and perceptions on war, violence, and reproductive health before migration among Somali born women in Sweden. Method: Qualitative semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 17 Somali born refugee women of fertile age living in Sweden. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Before migration, widespread war-related violence in the community had created fear, separation, and interruption in daily life in Somalia, and power based restrictions limited access to reproductive health services. The lack of justice and support for women exposed to non-partner sexual violence or intimate partner violence reinforced the risk of shame, stigmatization, and silence. Social networks, stoicism, and faith constituted survival strategies in the context of war. Conclusions: Several factors reinforced non-disclosure of violence exposure among the Somali born women before migration. Therefore, violence-related illness might be overlooked in the health care system. Survival strategies shaped by war contain resources for resilience and

The rhetorics of violence in Joshua: Foucauldian Power, Israelite Identity, and the Ethics of Interpretation

The goals of this project are manifold. First, I will attempt to discover evidence in the book of Joshua that will lend support to the theory of a Josianic influence enacted in the 7th century BCE. I will do this through an analysis of the rhetoric in selected stories in Joshua using the ideas of Foucault. Second, I will address the significance of this kind of analysis as having potential for the emancipation of oppressed peoples. The first section delineates scholarly discussion on the literary and historical context of the book of Joshua. These scholarly works are foundational to this study because they situate the text within a particular period in history and within certain ideologies. Chapter 2 discusses the work of Foucault and how his ideas will be applied to particular texts of the book of Joshua. The focused analysis of these texts occurs within chapters 3 to 6. Chapter 7 presents an integration of the observations made through the analyses performed in the previous chapters and expands on the ethical significance of this study.

Violência doméstica intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa sobre a violência doméstica intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes, e suas consequências, de maneira que possamos entender seus fatores determinantes para o tal ocorrido. O método utilizado foi estudo de jurisprudências e precedentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal específicos desta temática, pesquisa em doutrinas e literaturas nas áreas de Psicologia Infantil, Pedagogia, Direito Penal e Direitos Humanos. Busca-se discutir a relação existente entre os conflitos histórico-sociais, econômicos, culturais e políticos envolvendo a infância, a adolescência, a família e a justiça, os principais motivos da violência, as razões que impedem a denúncia, Lei Maria da Penha com seus mecanismos de proteção, Lei da Palmada, Feminicídio. O objetivo principal é mostrar a todas as pessoas, que vivenciaram e vivenciam essa cruel realidade de violência dentro de seu lar, que elas devem buscar seus direitos, mostrar as consequências sociais da violência intrafamiliar e as possíveis medidas na solução deste grave problema social. Conclui-se que precisamos da colaboração, dos vários profissionais da área, dos assistentes sociais, dos conselheiros tutelares, da rede de apoio, para que se possam ter estratégias e medidas de intervenção juntamente com os órgãos existentes de apoio à criança e ao adolescente, através das comunidades e familiares, formando ações de combate às agressões.

Caracterização de famílias de crianças em situação de violência intrafamiliar

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo do tipo exploratório que utilizou uma abordagem combinada quantitativa e qualitativa para caracterizar as famílias de crianças em situação de violência intrafamiliar, atendidas pela “Equipe de Proteção às Crianças Vítimas de Maus-tratos e Violência Sexual”, no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), no ano de 1999. A coleta de dados foi realizada por um roteiro estruturado elaborado pela pesquisadora, constituído de quatro dimensões pré-estabelecidos – sócioeconômica, estrutura e funcionamento familiar, situação atual do abuso do contexto familiar e história pregressa da família – preenchido através dos prontuários e protocolos das crianças atendidas no HCPA. Os dados quantificáveis foram analisados com auxílio da estatística descritiva, e os qualitativos pelo método de análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin (2000). Assim formaram sete categorias: organização familiar, relacionamento familiar, percepção dos adultos sobre a criança vítima de violência, justificativas de utilização da violência, ações maternas frente à violência, motivos da procura do serviço de saúde e a trajetória da família na instituição hospitalar. A maioria das famílias pesquisadas possuíam precária inserção sócioeconômica com baixo nível de escolaridade, desempregadas, inseridas no mercado formal e/ou informal. Eram predominantes da região central de Porto Alegre, demonstrando uma diversidade de arranjos e fragilidade nas relações familiares, com confusão de papéis e disputa de autoridade. Algumas famílias registraram ausência da figura paterna Características importantes constatadas entre os adultos: progenitores adolescentes, jovens, vivendo responsabilidade de adulto, o elevado padrão do uso abusivo de drogas, presença de aleitamento materno e gravidez não desejada. Houve um predomínio de negligência em relação a outras formas de violência praticadas, sendo que o ato violento foi cometido de forma intencional, mas o agressor não apresentava justificativa para o fato. A mãe configurou-se como a maior agressora e, simultaneamente, a principal cuidadora da criança. Nesse estudo, a criança mais atingida foi a do sexo masculino, raça branca, evidenciando lesão e apresentando longo período de convivência com o agressor que sempre era alguém muito próximo a ela. As famílias envolvidas procuraram atendimento de forma espontânea, mas a queixa de violência estava implícita. A pesquisa permitiu contextualizar a violência como social e histórica, presente em larga escala na sociedade brasileira uma sociedade desigual na qual se pratica violência dentro da família contra a criança, legitimando uma forma de poder estruturante nas relações sociais e na interação com fatores individuais econômicos e culturais. Assim, verificou-se a fundamental importância da atuação do enfermeiro no enfrentamento da problemática questão da violência intrafamiliar contra a criança.

Avaliação de impactos da Bolsa-Escola sobre a saúde de crianças e adolescentes: efeitos de alocação intrafamiliar

Os programas de transferência condicional de renda vem obtendo enorme aprovação na comunidade internacional. No Brasil, o Bolsa Família, criado a partir de 2003, vem sendo expandido continuamente. Entretanto, os estudos de avaliação de impacto tem mostrado que este programa, assim como seu antecessor o Bolsa Escola, não tem sido muito impactantes na promoção de maiores investimentos em educação das famílias beneficiárias. O presente estudo busca analisar se existe algum efeito do Bolsa Escola sobre uma outra dimensão do capital humano das pessoas: a saúde. Entretanto, os resultados encontrados não corroboram a existência de um efeito positivo do Bolsa Escola sobre a variável saúde de crianças e adolescentes. Nem como, a existência de efeitos diferenciados do programa sobre meninos e meninas de uma mesma família.

The relationship between school violence and student proficiency

School violence has recently become a central concern among teachers, students, students' parents and policymakers. Violence can induce behaviors on educational agents that go against the goals of improving the quality of education and increasing school attendance. In fact, there is evidence that school environmental characteristics and student performance and behavior at school are related. Although school violence may have a direct impact on students’ performance, such impact has not yet been quantified. In this paper, we investigate this issue using Brazilian data and show that, on average, students who attended more violent schools had worse proficiency on a centralized test carried out by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, even when we controlled for school, class, teachers and student characteristics. We also show that school violence affects more the students from the bottom of the proficiency distribution. Furthermore, we find out that besides the direct effect on student proficiency, it seems that school violence has an indirect effect on it operating through teacher turnover. Indeed, we show that the occurrence of violent episodes in a school decreases the probability of a class in that school having only one teacher during the academic year, and increases the probability of that class having more than one teacher (teacher turnover).

Avaliação e intervenção psicológica para meninas vítimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar

O abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno complexo que envolve aspectos psicológicos, sociais e jurídicos. Esta forma de violência tem sido considerada um problema de saúde pública devido aos altos índices de incidência e ao impacto negativo para o desenvolvimento das vítimas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo aplicar e avaliar o efeito de um modelo de grupoterapia cognitiva-comportamental para meninas vítimas de abuso sexual intrafamiliar. Participaram do estudo 10 meninas com idade entre 09 e 13 anos. As participantes foram clinicamente avaliadas em três encontros individuais, nos quais foram aplicados instrumentos psicológicos que avaliaram sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, stress infantil e crenças e percepções da criança em relação à experiência abusiva. Após a avaliação clínica, as participantes foram encaminhadas para a grupoterapia, constituída por 20 sessões semi-estruturadas. O processo terapêutico foi dividido em três etapas, segundo os objetivos e técnicas aplicadas, em: psicoeducação, treino de inoculação do estresse e prevenção à recaída. A reavaliação clínica foi realizada após cada etapa da intervenção e os resultados apontaram que as meninas apresentaram melhoras significativas nos sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, bem como reestruturaram crenças disfuncionais sobre culpa, diferença em relação aos pares, percepção de credibilidade e confiança. Tais resultados sugerem que a grupoterapia foi efetiva, reduzindo a sintomatologia das participantes e proporcionando a elaboração de pensamentos funcionais em relação ao abuso sexual.