604 resultados para Humanity
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Introduo: Em Portugal, bem como nos restantes pases mundiais, tem sido registado, em virtude de mltiplas transformaes societrias, um aumento crescente do envelhecimento demogrfico. Este novo cenrio demogrfico originou uma reflexo, por parte de organizaes supranacionais, sobre as cidades na sua relao com os muncipes mais velhos. Desta reflexo surge o projeto Cidade Amiga das Pessoas Idosas que apresenta referenciais de avaliao das cidades para que estas possam adaptar as suas estruturas e servios aos seus muncipes mais velhos. Beneficiando desta forma do potencial que as pessoas mais velhas representam para a humanidade. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem como objetivo central verificar se a cidade de Coimbra uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas. Metodologia: A pesquisa remete para um estudo qualitativo exploratrio a partir dos procedimentos metodolgicos que constam do Protocolo de Vancouver. O focus group decorreu em duas sesses. Participantes: Foram auscultados 16 pessoas, 15 (93,8%) do sexo feminino. A idade mdia situa-se nos 79,88 anos (dp= 10,658), so maioritariamente vivos (7= 43,8 %) e 7 (43,8%) e tm como habilitaes a 4 classe. Autoclassificam-se maioritariamente na classe mdia baixa (7 =43,8). Resultados: Das oito categorias analisadas trs categorias espaos exteriores e edifcios, transportes e respeito e incluso social so avaliadas com aspetos positivos e negativos. O suporte comunitrio e servios de sade avaliado como positivo enquanto a habitao, participao social e comunicao e informao so avaliados como negativos. As sugestes efetuadas referem-se a um nico tpico espaos exteriores e edifcios. Concluses: Se partilharmos a tese que uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas estimula o envelhecimento ativo porque otimiza as oportunidades de participao no ambiente urbano melhorando, desta forma, a qualidade de vida das pessoas envelhecem. Os resultados que obtivemos, a partir da auscultao de um grupo de idosos, permitem-nos afirmar que Coimbra precisa de se adaptar aos seus muncipes mais velhos. S assim Coimbra se poder tornar uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas. Importa igualmente registar que os resultados encontrados devem ser mediados pelo perfil sociodemogrfico dos idosos entrevistados. / Introduction: In Portugal, as well as in other countries worldwide, has been registered by virtue of multiple associated transformations, an increasing growing of population. This new demographic scenario triggered, led to a reflection on the part of supranational organizations, about the cities in their relationship with the older residents. This reflection comes with the project Friendly City of Older Persons that presents benchmarks for the evaluation of cities so that they can adapt their structures and services to its older citizens. Enjoying this way the potential that older people represent for humanity. Objectives: This study aims to check if the city of Coimbra is an elderly friendly city. Methodology: The research refers to an exploratory qualitative study from the methodological procedures of the Vancouver Protocol. The focus group was held in two sessions. Participants: 16 people were sounded out, 15(93.8%) were female. The average ages tends at79.88 years (dp = 10,658), are mostly widowers (7=43.8%) and 7 (43.8%) have the qualifications to4th grade. They are classified mostly in the lower middle class(7=43.8). Results: Of the eight analyzed categories three categories" outdoor spaces and buildings", "transport" and "respect and social inclusion" are evaluated on positive and negative aspects. The "community support and health services" is evaluated as positive as the"housing", "social participation "and "communication and information" are evaluated as negative. The suggestions are related to a single topic "buildings and outdoor areas." Conclusions: If we share the view that an elderly friendly citizen courages active aging because it optimizes the opportunities for participation in the urban environment improving, in this manner, the quality of life of the elderly. The results we obtained from the consultation of a group of elderly allow us to say that Coimbra needs to adapt to its older citizens. Only then Coimbra can become a friendly city of the elderly. It should also be noted that the results should be mediated by socio-demographic profile of elderly respondents.
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Abstract: In the mid-1990s when I worked for a telecommunications giant I struggled to gain access to basic geodemographic data. It cost hundreds of thousands of dollars at the time to simply purchase a tile of satellite imagery from Marconi, and it was often cheaper to create my own maps using a digitizer and A0 paper maps. Everything from granular administrative boundaries to right-of-ways to points of interest and geocoding capabilities were either unavailable for the places I was working in throughout Asia or very limited. The control of this data was either in a governments census and statistical bureau or was created by a handful of forward thinking corporations. Twenty years on we find ourselves inundated with data (location and other) that we are challenged to amalgamate, and much of it still dirty in nature. Open data initiatives such as ODI give us great hope for how we might be able to share information together and capitalize not only in the crowdsourcing behavior but in the implications for positive usage for the environment and for the advancement of humanity. We are already gathering and amassing a great deal of data and insight through excellent citizen science participatory projects across the globe. In early 2015, I delivered a keynote at the Data Made Me Do It conference at UC Berkeley, and in the preceding year an invited talk at the inaugural QSymposium. In gathering research for these presentations, I began to ponder on the effect that social machines (in effect, autonomous data collection subjects and objects) might have on social behaviors. I focused on studying the problem of data from various veillance perspectives, with an emphasis on the shortcomings of uberveillance which included the potential for misinformation, misinterpretation, and information manipulation when context was entirely missing. As we build advanced systems that rely almost entirely on social machines, we need to ponder on the risks associated with following a purely technocratic approach where machines devoid of intelligence may one day dictate what humans do at the fundamental praxis level. What might be the fallout of uberveillance? Bio: Dr Katina Michael is a professor in the School of Computing and Information Technology at the University of Wollongong. She presently holds the position of Associate Dean International in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences. Katina is the IEEE Technology and Society Magazine editor-in-chief, and IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine senior editor. Since 2008 she has been a board member of the Australian Privacy Foundation, and until recently was the Vice-Chair. Michael researches on the socio-ethical implications of emerging technologies with an emphasis on an all-hazards approach to national security. She has written and edited six books, guest edited numerous special issue journals on themes related to radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, supply chain management, location-based services, innovation and surveillance/ uberveillance for Proceedings of the IEEE, Computer and IEEE Potentials. Prior to academia, Katina worked for Nortel Networks as a senior network engineer in Asia, and also in information systems for OTIS and Andersen Consulting. She holds cross-disciplinary qualifications in technology and law.
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Humanity has emerged as a major force in the operation of the biosphere. The focus is shifting from the environment as externality to the biosphere as precondition for social justice, economic development, and sustainability. In this article, we exemplify the intertwined nature of social-ecological systems and emphasize that they operate within, and as embedded parts of the biosphere and as such coevolve with and depend on it. We regard social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems and use a social-ecological resilience approach as a lens to address and understand their dynamics. We raise the challenge of stewardship of development in concert with the biosphere for people in diverse contexts and places as critical for long-term sustainability and dignity in human relations. Biosphere stewardship is essential, in the globalized world of interactions with the Earth system, to sustain and enhance our life-supporting environment for human well-being and future human development on Earth, hence, the need to reconnect development to the biosphere foundation and the need for a biosphere-based sustainability science.
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This thesis deals with the origins of the architectural forms as expressed in the Homeric Mycenaean citadel. The Genesis of the Mycenaean Citadel is a philosophical quest which reveals the poetic dimension of the Mycenaean architecture. The Introduction deals with general theories on the subject of space, which converge into one, forming the spinal idea of the thesis. The process of individuation, the process by which a person becomes in-dividual that is a separate, indivisible unity or whole, is a process of transformation and renewal which at collective level takes place within the citadel. This is built on the archetype which expresses both the nature of the soul as a microcosm and of the divinely ordered Cosmos. The confrontation of the rational ego with the unconscious is the process which brings us to the self, that organising center of the human psyche which is symbolised through the centre of the citadel. . Chapter I refers to the Archetype of the Mycenaean citadel. The Mycenaean citadel, which is built on a certain pattern of placement and orientation in relation to landscape formations, reproduces images which belong to the category of the archetypal mother. On the other hand, its adjustment to a central point with high significance, recalls the archetypal image of Shiva-Shakti. The citadel realises the concept of a Kantian One-all embracing space; it is a cosmogonic symbol but also a philosophical one. Chapter II examines the column in its dual meaning, which is expressed in one structure; column and capital unite within their symbolism the conscious and unconscious contents of the human psyche and express the archetype of wholeness and goal of the individuation process. 33 Chapter III is a philosophical research into the symbolism of the triangle, the sacred Pythagorean symbol which expresses certain cosmological beliefs about the relation between human nature and the divinely ordered Cosmos. The triangular slab over the Lion Gate is a representation of the Dionysiac palingenesia, that is the continuity of One life, which was central to the Mycenaean religion. Chapter IV deals with the tripartite megaron. The circular hearth within the four-columned hall expresses the quaternity of the One, one of the oldest religious symbols of humanity. Zeus is revealed in the fiery monadic unit-cubit as an all-embracing god next to goddess Hestia, symbolised by the circular hearth. The megaron expresses the alchemical quaternity and the triad but also the psychological stages of development in the process towards wholeness. In the Conclusions it is emphasised that the Mycenaean citadel was created as if in a repetition of a cosmogony. It is a mandala, the universal image which is identified with God-image in man. Moreover it is built in order to be experienced by its citizen in the process of his psychological transformation towards the self, the divine element within the psyche which unites with the divinely ordered Cosmos
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Desde da antiguidade que o ser humano se preocupa com a sua aparncia externa, em especial com a pele. Para alm do desenvolvimento de cosmticos, surgiram tambm produtos mais complexos, os cosmecuticos, que diferem dos cosmticos devido a poderem influenciar a funo biolgica da pele, causando modificaes positivas e durveis. O conceito de sustentabilidade usado para definir aes e atividades humanas que visam suprir as necessidades atuais dos seres humanos, sem comprometer o futuro das prximas geraes. Ou seja, a sustentabilidade est diretamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento econmico e material sem agredir o meio ambiente, utilizando os recursos naturais de forma inteligente para que eles se mantenham no futuro. Seguindo estes parmetros, a humanidade pode garantir o desenvolvimento sustentvel. As borras de caf so consideradas como um subproduto alimentar, sem grande reutilizao, o que promove danos no impacto ambiental. Por outro lado, as borras de caf podem exercer grandes benefcios para a pele, pois so consideradas excelentes exfoliantes naturais com propriedades refirmantes. Os produtos base de cafena so aliados no combate celulite, na estimulao da regenerao celular e da circulao sangunea, bem como, no rejuvenescimento e revitalizao da pele. Este trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sabonete, contendo borras de caf, como forma de reaproveitamento de um subproduto alimentar rico em cafena, com o intuito de obter produtos com boas propriedades cosmticas e elevada estabilidade fsica e qumica. As borras de caf foram analisadas em termos da sua estabilidade fsica e qumica atravs de ensaios de estabilidade acelerada por centrifugao, textura, reologia e doseamento do teor de cafena por HPLC. Os resultados obtidos atravs do controlo fsico-qumico dos sabonetes, da determinao do potencial irritante cutneo e da anlise sensorial efectuada em voluntrios humanos, demonstraram que possvel preparar sabonetes de borra de caf com boa estabilidade fsico-qumica, boa tolerncia cutnea e com caractersticas sensoriais adequadas, utilizando uma base de sabo constituda pelos ingredientes (INCI): Sodium Palmate, Sodium Palm Kernelate, Aqua (water), Glycerine, Fragncia de caf, Sodium Chloride, Butyrospermum Parkii Butter (Shea Butter), CI 778911 (Titanium Dioxide), Tetrasodium EDTA, CI 77499, Linalool e qual foi adicionada 5% de borras de caf.
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O presente projeto de investigao, prope compreender a cultura visual contempornea do design do selo postal portugus, de 2001 a 2013, considerando os avanos e os novos meios tecnolgicos digitais. Para isso, partiu-se da histria do selo postal como objeto de testemunho histrico, cultural e visual repleto de valores duradouros e possuidores de uma linguagem grfica distinta. A esse conjunto de caratersticas que determinam o selo postal, as mesmas, representam um grau de importncia associados histria e cultura de um pas, evidenciando uma linguagem caracterstica da vida social e da poca que se encontra, que ao longo dos anos possuem valores de importncia e sentimento para a humanidade. Primeiramente, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa exaustiva sobre os principais designers e ateliers portugueses, quer realizada em livros de colees dos CTT, quer na internet em motores de busca. Seguidamente, realizou-se uma anlise geral sobre a sintaxe da linguagem visual, baseada no trabalho de Donis A. Dondis (2003), declinada sobre a comunicao visual no design, para este caso, nos selos postais. Partindo dessa anlise, posteriormente, efetuou-se a criao de uma emisso de selos postais juntamente com a tecnologia da realidade aumentada, tendo como base a temtica centrada na cidade do Porto e que pode ser repercutida em diferentes cidades do pas Uma visita portuguesa com certeza. Com este projeto conseguiu-se demonstrar e implementar uma tecnologia digital a um artefacto de cariz fsico, usualmente, apresentado em suporte papel. O estudo pretende assim, contribuir para a inovao ao nvel do design filatlico e histrico do selo postal portugus, tendo como base o uso dessa tecnologia.
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Sustainability in buildings, while reducing the impact on the environment, contributes to the promotion of social welfare, to increase the health and productivity of occupants. The search for a way of build that meets the aspirations and development of humanity without, however, represent degradation of the environment, has become the great challenge of contemporary architecture. It is considered that the incorporation of principles that provide a sustainable building with careful choices of design solutions contribute to a better economic and thermal performance of the building, as well as functional and psychological comfort to its users. Based on this general understanding, this paper presents an architecture project aimed to health care whose the solutions adopted follow carefully the relevant legislation and sets his sights on the theme of sustainability. The methodology began with studies on the themes of verification service of deaths, sustainability and those application in construction developed through research in academic studies and analysis of architectural projects, using them like reference for the solutions adopted. Within the project analysis was performed a visit to the verification service of deaths in the city of Palmas in Tocantins, subsidizing information that, plus the relevant legislation, led to functional programming and pre-dimensional of the building to be designed. The result of this programming environments were individual records with information from environmental restrictions, space required for the development of activities, desirable flow and sustainability strategies, that can be considered as the first product of relevance of the professional master's degree. Finally we have outlined the basic design architecture of a Verification Service of Death SVO/RN (in portuguese), whose process of projecting defined as a guiding line of work four points: the use of bioclimatic architecture as the main feature projectual, the use of resources would provide minimal harm to the environment, the use of modulation and structure to the building as a form of rationalization and finally the search for solutions that ensure environmental and psychological comfort to users. Importantly to highlight that, besides owning a rare theme in literature that refers to architectural projects, the whole project was drawn up with foundations in projective criteria that contribute to environmental sustainability, with emphasis on thermal performance, energy efficiency and reuse of rainwater
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Sur quoi fonder une thique de responsabilit et quelle place accorder aux cultures et aux traditions dans un contexte nouveau caractris par la mondialisation? Pour rpondre cette question, pose partir de lAfrique, nous avons pris un long chemin de rflexion. partir de lvaluation faite par Fabien Eboussi de la crise multiforme actuelle qui frappe lAfrique, o lauteur cherche et dsigne les coupables et les responsables que sont, selon lui, les cultures africaines, la colonisation europenne et le christianisme, nous nous sommes concentr sur le sujet humain comme tel. La responsabilit est dabord, nos yeux, une question de conscience morale. Les approches anthropologiques utilises dans leurs thories thiques par Xavier Thvenot, Paul Ricoeur et Emmanuel Levinas nous ont permis de btir une dfinition du sujet comme une libert prcde . Lantcdence est la fois un principe anthropologique et thique dans la relation et dans lexistence. Nous avons appliqu ce principe de prcdence la notion africaine dancestralit conue comme le temps thique hirarchis et orient. Pour chapper ltroitesse tribale ou ethnique dans laquelle se vit cette ancestralit africaine, nous lavons tendue aux dimensions de lhumanit, comme le fondement dune thique de responsabilit universelle. On est anctre de lhumanit. Sous le nologisme dancestrogense, nous avons propos une thique fonde sur le recrutement de ces anctres ou bienfaiteurs de lhumanit. Lancestrogense est donc la construction dune communaut humaine o chaque membre soit responsable de ses actes devant sa communaut locale naturelle ou historique en lien avec toute la communaut humaine dont la facilit de la communication acclre la convergence. la suite de Bnezet Bujo, et pour fonder cette communaut sur le roc et la faire survivre aux fluctuations de lesprit humain, nous avons plac le Christ la tte des anctres, comme proto-anctre. En lui, nous avons le Verbe crateur unique, le sauveur unique et le rassembleur unique de lhumanit de tous lieux et de tous temps. Voil qui suscite une multitude de questions dordre pdagogique, biblique, christologique, ecclsiologique, thique, anthropologique, politique et sociologique, questions relatives la formation morale du sujet-anctre telle qubauche dans le cadre limit de cette recherche.
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Currently, the biodiversity is considered as a powerful food security strategy, ecological and economical for humanity. Brazil is one of the main centers of genetic diversity of native fruit in the world. However, little is known about most of these species. In southwestern Paran region, this diversity can be found, however, due to human action to increase genetic erosion, it is losing genotypes with potential for use. Thus, the conservation of genetic resources is essential for reduction strategies for damage caused to the environment and the lack of tech-nical information to increase the use of them. This study aimed to obtain information for cre-ating on farm net conservation in four citties this region. This study was carried out in rural properties from Dois Vizinhos, Itapejara DOeste, Ver and So Jorge D'Oeste citties, Paran State, Brazil. It was action plan was established with the rural communities through gathering information with agents considered key in the process, it seeking the greatest number of farm-ers who had their properties in the native fruits as pitanga, jabuticaba, uvaia, cereja-do-mato, guabiroba, guabiju, sete capote, goiaba serrana, araa amarelo e vermelho trees. Semi-structured questionnaire was applied, which concerned issues of presence, handling and use of Myrtaceae fruit trees on their properties and informed consent term. There was a survey of the number and native fruits present in each property. The characterization of each household in terms of diversity handled and used in native fruit was performed. It was realized the soil col-lect in 200 properties with the presence of at least some native fruit tree naturally occurring, in order to determine the preference of the species for the chemical characteristics of the soil. The four citties have native fruits trees in quantity and diversity for the creation of on farm net conservation, with farmers demonstrating knowledge of their role as guardians of this heritage of humanity.
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Tendo como ponto de partida a leitura intertextual das obras Caim, de Jos Saramago, e Gaspard, Melchior et Balthazar, de Michel Tournier, encaradas luz da Teoria da Carnavalizao do filsofo russo Mikhail Bakhtin, procura-se estabelecer afinidades e antinomias passveis de constarem na temtica da revisitao subversiva de mitos bblicos. Assim sendo, pretende-se concluir, nomeadamente, acerca da relevncia do dilogo efetuado pelos autores em torno da verdade oficial e sua reinterpretao, ainda que insolente; da validade da viagem de iniciao, enquanto lenitivo, via-sacra e demanda de absoluta Plenitude, empreendida pelos heris e pelos anti-heris; do grotesco na representao carnavalesca do corpo e da vida terrena; da presena de um discurso narrativo fazendo uso de uma linguagem subversiva, onde grotesco, ironia e/ou pardia so percetveis; dos valores morais e tica social a preservar versus crtica acrrima ao poder institudo; da queda do Homem e do confronto com Deus e suas imperdoveis limitaes humanas; da presena do binmio entidade divina/entidade mefistoflica e o modo como as vrias vozes narrativas surgem articuladas. Concomitantemente, pretende-se comprovar que os textos de Jos Saramago e Michel Tournier, embora mergulhando no desmascaramento, profanao e aparente niilismo do Texto Bblico, na dessacralizao de um cosmos oficial e na adoo do riso e impertinncia enquanto catarse, longe de provocarem a aniquilao do mito, antes concorrem para uma releitura profcua, pois repleta de pluralidade de significados, onde o Transcendente, por oposio desiluso prodigalizada pela vida terrena, objeto de revitalizao; pretendendo autores, narradores e leitores, postos em dilogo polifnico, a no reiterao de modos perniciosos de estar e ser, mas um olhar lcido e puro sobre o futuro da Humanidade.
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In 1964, the South Korean government designated the music for the sacrificial rite at the Royal Ancestral Shrine (Chongmyo) as Intangible Cultural Property No. 1, and in 2001 UNESCO awarded the rite and music a place in the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Royal Ancestral Shine sacrificial rite and music together have long been an admired symbol of Korean cultural history, and they are currently performed annually and publicly in an abridged form. While the significance of the modern version of the music mainly rests on the claimed authenticity and continuity of the tradition since the fifteenth century, scholarly inquiry sheds further light on contextual issues such as nationalism, identity, and modernity in the post-colonial era (after 1945), as well as providing additional insights into the music. This dissertation focuses on the Royal Ancestral Shrines musical past as reflected in documentary sources, especially those compiled in the eighteenth century during the Chosn dynasty (13921910). In particular, the substantial music section of an encyclopedic work, Tongguk Munhn pigo (Encyclopedia of Documents and Institutions of the East Kingdom, 1770), mainly compiled by a government official, S Myngng (17161787), provides a considerable amount of information on not only the music and sacrificial rite program, but also on eighteenth-century and earlier concerns about them, as discussed by the kings and ministers at the Chosn royal court. After detailed examination of various relevant documentary sources on the historical, social and political contexts, I investigate the various discourses on music and ritual practices. I then focus on S Myngngs familial background, his writings on music prior to the compilation of the encyclopedia, and the corresponding content in the encyclopedia. I argue that S successfully converted the music section of the encyclopedia from a straightforward scholarly reference work to a space for publishing his own research on and interpretation of the musical past, illustrating what he considered to be the inappropriateness of the existing music for the sacrificial rite at the Royal Ancestral Shrine in the later eighteenth century.
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Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracaja Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracaja Reef Complex
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Wydzia Nauk Spoecznych: Instytut Filozofii
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At the dawn of the twentieth century, Imperial Russia was in the throes of immense social, political and cultural upheaval. The effects of rapid industrialization, rising capitalism and urbanization, as well as the trauma wrought by revolution and war, reverberated through all levels of society and every cultural sphere. In the aftermath of the 1905 revolution, amid a growing sense of panic over the chaos and divisions emerging in modern life, a portion of Russian educated society (obshchestvennost) looked to the transformative and unifying power of music as a means of salvation from the personal, social and intellectual divisions of the contemporary world. Transcending professional divisions, these orphans of Nietzsche comprised a distinct aesthetic group within educated Russian society. While lacking a common political, religious or national outlook, these philosophers, poets, musicians and other educated members of the upper and middle strata were bound together by their shared image of musics unifying power, itself built upon a synthesis of Russian and European ideas. They yearned for a musical Orpheus, a composer capable of restoring wholeness to society through his music. My dissertation is a study in what I call musical metaphysics, an examination of the creation, development, crisis and ultimate failure of this Orphic worldview. To begin, I examine the institutional foundations of musical life in late Imperial Russia, as well as the explosion of cultural life in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution, a vibrant social context which nourished the formation of musical metaphysics. From here, I assess the intellectual basis upon which musical metaphysics rested: central concepts (music, life-transformation, theurgy, unity, genius, nation), as well as the philosophical heritage of Nietzsche and the Christian thinkers Vladimir Solovev, Aleksei Khomiakov, Ivan Kireevskii and Lev Tolstoi. Nietzsches orphans struggle to reconcile an amoral view of reality with a deeply felt sense of religious purpose gave rise to neo-Slavophile interpretations of history, in which the Russian nation (narod) was singled out as the savior of humanity from the materialism of modern life. This nationalizing tendency existed uneasily within the framework of the multi-ethnic empire. From broad social and cultural trends, I turn to detailed analysis of three of Moscows most admired contemporary composers, whose individual creative voices intersected with broader social concerns. The music of Aleksandr Scriabin (1871-1915) was associated with images of universal historical progress. Nikolai Medtner (1879-1951) embodied an Imperial worldview, in which musical style was imbued with an eternal significance which transcended the divisions of nation. The compositions of Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873-1943) were seen as the expression of a Russian national voice. Heightened nationalist sentiment and the impact of the Great War spelled the doom of this musical worldview. Music became an increasingly nationalized sphere within which earlier, Imperial definitions of belonging grew ever more problematic. As the Germanic heritage upon which their vision was partially based came under attack, Nietzsches orphans found themselves ever more divided and alienated from society as a whole. Musics inability to physically transform the world ultimately came to symbolize the failure of Russias educated strata to effectively deal with the pressures of a modernizing society. In the aftermath of the 1917 revolutions, music was transformed from a symbol of active, unifying power into a space of memory, a means of commemorating, reinterpreting, and idealizing the lost world of Imperial Russia itself.
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Tese de Doutoramento, Cincias do Ambiente (Ordenamento do Territrio), 5 de Abril de 2013, Universidade dos Aores.
