Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz de la Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con "El centenario de Cervantes" (Rodó) o las "Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo" (Rojas), "América y España" (Blanco Fombona), "El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles" (Unamuno), o "El cuento de la raza" (Del Campo).

Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz del Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con 'El centenario de Cervantes' (Rodó) o las 'Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo' (Rojas), 'América y España' (Blanco Fombona), 'El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles' (Unamuno), o 'El cuento de la raza' (Del Campo)

Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz del Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con 'El centenario de Cervantes' (Rodó) o las 'Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo' (Rojas), 'América y España' (Blanco Fombona), 'El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles' (Unamuno), o 'El cuento de la raza' (Del Campo)

Calanoid copepod abundances in the northern Benguela Current System from 2009 and 2010

Abundance data of copepods were derived from vertical Multinet hauls at 10 stations, carried out in the northern Benguela upwelling system in December 2009 (FRS Africana) and September/October 2010 (RRS Discovery). Three transects along ~ 17°S, 19°S and 23°S with three stations each (neritic, shelf break, oceanic) and one station at 21°S were analysed for copepod abundance. Maximum sampling depth was either close to the seafloor (neritic and shelf break stations) or 700 m (2009) and 1000 m (2010) for the oceanic stations. Calanoid copepod species and stages were identified and enumerated separately. Adult females, males and copepodite stage 5 (C5) (in case of C. carinatus and N. minor) were included in the abundance calculations. Abundance is expressed as number of individuals per m**3, calculated from the volume of water filtered (calibrated flowmeter, Hydro-Bios) and the maximum sampling depth at each station.

Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz de la Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con "El centenario de Cervantes" (Rodó) o las "Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo" (Rojas), "América y España" (Blanco Fombona), "El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles" (Unamuno), o "El cuento de la raza" (Del Campo).

Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz del Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con 'El centenario de Cervantes' (Rodó) o las 'Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo' (Rojas), 'América y España' (Blanco Fombona), 'El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles' (Unamuno), o 'El cuento de la raza' (Del Campo)

Sobre los vínculos entre España y Argentina en La Nota (1915-1917)

El trabajo toma como objeto el semanario argentino La Nota para leer, entre 1915 y 1917, a la luz de la Gran Guerra, algunas emergencias de la reconfiguración de determinados tópicos de los debates intelectuales y literarios dominantes en los años inmediatamente previos y aún vigentes, como lo fue la problemática de lo nacional y asociado a ella, el lugar asignado a las relaciones culturales entre España y Argentina en ese terreno. De tal modo, a través de intervenciones de autores diversos en torno del conflicto bélico, la revista a la vez que muestra cómo se piensan la función de la cultura -y por tanto de los intelectuales- ofrece, según los casos, una visión más o menos crítica de aquellas relaciones. Así, por ejemplo, sucede con "El centenario de Cervantes" (Rodó) o las "Meditaciones sobre el nacionalismo" (Rojas), "América y España" (Blanco Fombona), "El manifiesto germanista de los intelectuales españoles" (Unamuno), o "El cuento de la raza" (Del Campo).

Carbon pools and fluxes measured during a field campaign conducted in 2010 on the Tibetan Plateau at Kema

The Tibetan highlands host the largest alpine grassland ecosystems worldwide, bearing soils that store substantial stocks of carbon (C) that are very sensitive to land use changes. This study focuses on the cycling of photoassimilated C within a Kobresia pygmaea pasture, the dominating ecosystems on the Tibetan highlands. We investigated short-term effects of grazing cessation and the role of the characteristic Kobresia root turf on C fluxes and belowground C turnover. By combining eddy-covariance measurements with 13CO2 pulse labeling we applied a powerful new approach to measure absolute fluxes of assimilates within and between various pools of the plant-soil-atmosphere system. The roots and soil each store roughly 50% of the overall C in the system (76 Mg C/ha), with only a minor contribution from shoots, which is also expressed in the root:shoot ratio of 90. During June and July the pasture acted as a weak C sink with a strong uptake of approximately 2 g C/m**2/ in the first half of July. The root turf was the main compartment for the turnover of photoassimilates, with a subset of highly dynamic roots (mean residence time 20 days), and plays a key role for the C cycling and C storage in this ecosystem. The short-term grazing cessation only affected aboveground biomass but not ecosystem scale C exchange or assimilate allocation into roots and soil.

Respiration and ingestion rates of calanoid copepod in the northern Benguela Current System measured ex situ during the RSS Discovery D356 cruise in 2010

Respiration rates of 16 calanoid copepod species from the northern Benguela upwelling system were measured on board RRS Discovery in September/October 2010 to determine their energy requirements and assess their significance in the carbon cycle. Copepod species were sampled by different net types. Immediately after the hauls, samples were sorted to species and stages (16 species; females, males and C5 copepodids) according to Bradford-Grieve et al. (1999). Specimens were kept in temperature-controlled refrigerators for at least 12 h before they were used in experiments. Respiration rates of different copepod species were measured onboard by optode respirometry (for details see Köster et al., 2008) with a 10-channel optode respirometer (PreSens Precision Sensing Oxy-10 Mini, Regensburg, Germany) under simulated in situ conditions in temperature-controlled refrigerators. Experiments were run in gas-tight glass bottles (12-13 ml). For each set of experiments, two controls without animals were measured under exactly the same conditions to compensate for potential bias. The number of animals per bottle depended on the copepods size, stage and metabolic activity. Animals were not fed during the experiments but they showed natural species-specific movements. Immediately after the experiments, all specimens were deep-frozen at - 80 °C for later dry mass determination (after lyophilisation for 48 h) in the home lab. The carbon content (% of dry mass) of each species was measured by mass-spectrometry in association with stable isotope analysis and body dry mass was converted to units of carbon. For species without available carbon data, the mean value of all copepod species (44% dry mass) was applied. For the estimation of carbon requirements of copepod species, individual oxygen consumption rates were converted to carbon units, assuming that the expiration of 1 ml oxygen mobilises 0.44 mg of organic carbon by using a respiratory quotient (RQ) of 0.82 for a mixed diet consisting of proteins (RQ = 0.8-1.0), lipids (RQ = 0.7) and carbohydrates (RQ = 1.0) (Auel and Werner, 2003). The carbon ingestion rates were calculated using the energy budget and the potential maximum ingestion rate approach. To allow for physiological comparisons of respiration rates of deep- and shallow-living copepod species without the effects of ambient temperature and different individual body mass, individual respiration rates were temperature- (15°C, Q10=2) and size-adjusted. The scaling coefficient of 0.76 (R2=0.556) is used for the standardisation of body dry mass to 0.3 mg (mean dry mass of all analysed copepods), applying the allometric equation R= (R15°C/M0.76)×0.30.76, where R is respiration and M is individual dry mass in mg.

Particulate organic matter (POM) of samples from the Lena River delta

Particulate organic matter (POM) derived from permafrost soils and transported by the Lena River represents a quantitatively important terrestrial carbon pool exported to Laptev Sea sediments (next to POM derived from coastal erosion). Its fate in a future warming Arctic, i.e., its remobilization and remineralization after permafrost thawing as well as its transport pathways to and sequestration in marine sediments, is currently under debate. We present one of the first radiocarbon (14C) data sets for surface water POM within the Lena Delta sampled in the summers of 2009 - 2010 and spring 2011 (n = 30 samples). The bulk D14C values varied from -55 to -391 per mil translating into 14C ages of 395 to 3920 years BP. We further estimated the fraction of soil-derived POM to our samples based on (1) particulate organic carbon to particulate nitrogen ratios (POC : PN) and (2) on the stable carbon isotope (d13C) composition of our samples. Assuming that this phytoplankton POM has a modern 14C concentration, we inferred the 14C concentrations of the soil-derived POM fractions. The results ranged from -322 to -884 per mil (i.e., 3060 to 17 250 14C years BP) for the POC : PN-based scenario and from -261 to -944 per mil (i.e., 2370 to 23 100 14C years BP) for the d13C-based scenario. Despite the limitations of our approach, the estimated D14C values of the soil-derived POM fractions seem to reflect the heterogeneous 14C concentrations of the Lena River catchment soils covering a range from Holocene to Pleistocene ages better than the bulk POM D14C values. We further used a dual-carbon-isotope three-end-member mixing model to distinguish between POM contributions from Holocene soils and Pleistocene Ice Complex (IC) deposits to our soil-derived POM fraction. IC contributions are comparatively low (mean of 0.14) compared to Holocene soils (mean of 0.32) and riverine phytoplankton (mean of 0.55), which could be explained with the restricted spatial distribution of IC deposits within the Lena catchment. Based on our newly calculated soil-derived POM D14C values, we propose an isotopic range for the riverine soil-derived POM end member with D14C of -495 ± 153 per mil deduced from our d13C-based binary mixing model and d13C of -26.6 ± 1 per mil deduced from our data of Lena Delta soils and literature values. These estimates can help to improve the dual-carbon-isotope simulations used to quantify contributions from riverine soil POM, Pleistocene IC POM from coastal erosion, and marine POM in Siberian shelf sediments.

Low-temperature experiments of sediment core GeoB6229-6 at the South American continental margin off the Rio de la Plata estuary

With various low-temperature experiments performed on magnetic mineral extracts of marine sedimentary deposits from the Argentine continental slope near the Rio de la Plata estuary, a so far unreported style of partial magnetic self-reversal has been detected. In these sediments the sulphate-methane transition (SMT) zone is situated at depths between 4 and 8 m, where reductive diagenesis severely alters the magnetic mineral assemblage. Throughout the sediment column magnetite and ilmenite are present together with titanomagnetite and titanohematite of varying compositions. In the SMT zone (titano-)magnetite only occurs as inclusions in a siliceous matrix and as intergrowths with lamellar ilmenite and titanium-rich titanohematite, originating from high temperature deuteric oxidation within the volcanic host rocks. These abundant structures were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and analysed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Warming of field-cooled and zero-field-cooled low-temperature saturation remanence displays magnetic phase transitions of titanium-rich titanohematite below 50 K and the Verwey transition of magnetite. A prominent irreversible decline characterizes zero-field cooling of room temperature saturation remanence. It typically sets out at ~210 K and is most clearly developed in the lower part of the SMT zone, where low-temperature hysteresis measurements identified ~210 K as the blocking temperature range of a titanohematite phase with a Curie temperature of around 240 K. The mechanism responsible for the marked loss of remanence is, therefore, sought in partial magnetic self-reversal by magnetostatic interaction of (titano-)magnetite and titanohematite. When titanohematite becomes ferrimagnetic upon cooling, its spontaneous magnetic moments order antiparallel to the (titano-)magnetite remanence causing an drastic initial decrease of global magnetization. The loss of remanence during subsequent further cooling appears to result from two combined effects (1) magnetic interaction between the two phases by which the (titano-)magnetite domain structure is substantially modified and (2) low-temperature demagnetization of (titano-)magnetite due to decreasing magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The depletion of titanomagnetite and superior preservation of titanohematite is characteristic for strongly reducing sedimentary environments. Typical residuals of magnetic mineral assemblages derived from basaltic volcanics will be intergrowths of titanohematite lamellae with titanomagnetite relics. Low-temperature remanence cycling is, therefore, proposed as a diagnostic method to magnetically characterize such alteration (palaeo-)environments.