989 resultados para Haller, Johannes, 1523-1575.


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This thesis addresses a range of research questions regarding literacy in early modern Scotland. Using the early modern manuscripts and printed editions of Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie’s late sixteenth-century 'Cronicles of Scotland' as a case study on literacy history, this thesis poses the complementary questions of how and why early modern Scottish reading communities were encountering Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', and how features of the material page can be interpreted as indicators of contemporary literacy practices. The answers to these questions then provide the basis for the thesis to ask broader socio-cultural and theoretical questions regarding the overall literacy environment in Scotland between 1575 and 1814, and how theorists conceptualise the history of literacy. Positioned within the theoretical groundings of historical pragmatics and ‘new philology’ – and the related approach of pragmaphilology – this thesis returns to the earlier philological practice of close textual analysis, and engages with the theoretical concept of mouvance, in order to analyse how the changing ‘form’ of Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', as it was reproduced in manuscript and print throughout the early modern period, indicates its changing ‘function’. More specifically, it suggests that the punctuation practices and paratextual features of individual witnesses of the text function to aid the highly-nuanced reading practices and purposes of the discrete reading communities for which they were produced. This thesis includes extensive descriptive material which presents previously unrecorded data regarding twenty manuscripts and printed witnesses of Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', contributing to a gap in Scotland’s literary/historiographical canon. It then analyses this material using a transferable methodological framework which combines the quantitative analysis of micro-data with qualitative analysis of this data within its socio-cultural context, in order to conduct diachronic comparative analysis of copy-specific information. The principal findings of this thesis suggest that Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles' were being read for a combination of devotional and didactic purposes, and that multiple reading communities, employing highly nuanced reading practices, were encountering the text near-contemporaneously. This thesis further suggests that early modern literacy practices, and the specific reading communities which employ them, should be described as existing within a spectrum of available practices (i.e. more or less oral/aural or silent, and intensive or extensive in practice) rather than as dichotomous entities. As such, this thesis argues for the rejection of evolutionary theories of the history of literacy, suggesting that rather than being described antithetically, historical reading practices and purposes must be recognised as complex, coexisting socio-cultural practices, and the multiplicity of reading communities within a single society must be acknowledged and analysed as such, as opposed to being interpreted as universal entities.

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Pro gradu -tutkielmani aiheena on kirkkoisä Johannes Khrysostomoksen (349–407) käsitykset lastenkasvatuksesta. Kyseessä on temaattinen tutkimus, jonka olen jakanut lastenkasvatuksen kolmeen käsiteltävään teemaan: kasvattajiin, kasvatusmenetelmiin ja kasvatuksen päämääriin. Ajallisesti tutkimus rajoittuu 300-luvun viimeisille vuosikymmenille ja 400-luvun alkuun, jolloin Khrysostomos toimi kirkon työssä ja kirjoitti saarnoja, jotka ovat tutkimukseni päälähteitä. Paikallinen rajaus tulee Khrysostomoksen vaikutusalueista, Antiokiasta ja Konstantinopolista. Ajallisesti ja paikallisesti tutkimuksessa teen kuitenkin vertailuja myös laajemmin. Tutkimukseni yksi lähtökohdista onkin tutkia ajallista jatkumoa ja toisaalta muutoksia. Myös paikallisesti vertailen Khrysostomoksen ajatuksia läntisten vaikuttajien näkemyksiin. Varsinaisesti vertailevasta tutkimuksesta ei kuitenkaan ole kyse, vaan Khrysostomos on tutkimukseni keskiössä. Muiden kirjoittajien teksteillä luon kontekstia tutkimukseeni. Khrysostomos korosti teksteissään, erityisesti päälähteessäni eli hänen kasvatusohjeissaan, vanhempien merkitystä kasvattajina. Hän antoi ohjeita erityisesti hengelliseen kasvattamiseen, jossa molemmilla vanhemmilla oli tehtävänsä. Sukupuolirooleilla oli merkitystä kasvatuksessa. Pojat olivat erityisesti isän kasvatuksen alaisia, tyttäret äidin. Sukupuoli vaikutti kasvatukseen myös sikäli, että odotukset tulevista sukupuolirooleista olivat erilaiset tytöillä ja pojilla. Tytöistä kasvatettiin yleensä tulevia vaimoja ja perheenäitejä, jotka huolehtisivat kotitaloudesta, pojista aviomiehiä ja perheenisiä, joiden vastuulla koko perheen talous olisi. Sukupuolirooleja tärkeämpää Khrysostomokselle oli kuitenkin kasvatuksen hengellinen päämäärä. Niin pojista kuin tytöistä tuli kasvattaa kristillisiä aikuisia, jotka kävisivät kirkossa ja lukisivat Raamattua. Hengelliseen kasvatukseen kuului Raamatun tarinoiden opettamista, Raamatun henkilöiden asettamista esikuviksi sekä kristillisten arvojen välittämistä lapsille. Moni asia oli kuitenkin säilynyt samanlaisena kuin jo pakanallisen antiikin ajalla. Edelleen kuritusta käytettiin kasvatuksessa samoin kuin palkitsemista. Myös ajatus vanhempien omasta esimerkillisyydestä oli jo monilla antiikin kirjoittajilla läsnä. Kaiken ytimessä oli kristinusko. Sen tuli näkyä kasvatuksessa, kuten kaikilla muillakin elämänalueilla. Toisaalta hengellinen kasvu kesti läpi elämän.

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Pro gradu -tutkielmani aiheena on kirkkoisä Johannes Khrysostomoksen (349–407) käsitykset lastenkasvatuksesta. Kyseessä on temaattinen tutkimus, jonka olen jakanut lastenkasvatuksen kolmeen käsiteltävään teemaan: kasvattajiin, kasvatusmenetelmiin ja kasvatuksen päämääriin. Ajallisesti tutkimus rajoittuu 300-luvun viimeisille vuosikymmenille ja 400-luvun alkuun, jolloin Khrysostomos toimi kirkon työssä ja kirjoitti saarnoja, jotka ovat tutkimukseni päälähteitä. Paikallinen rajaus tulee Khrysostomoksen vaikutusalueista, Antiokiasta ja Konstantinopolista. Ajallisesti ja paikallisesti tutkimuksessa teen kuitenkin vertailuja myös laajemmin. Tutkimukseni yksi lähtökohdista onkin tutkia ajallista jatkumoa ja toisaalta muutoksia. Myös paikallisesti vertailen Khrysostomoksen ajatuksia läntisten vaikuttajien näkemyksiin. Varsinaisesti vertailevasta tutkimuksesta ei kuitenkaan ole kyse, vaan Khrysostomos on tutkimukseni keskiössä. Muiden kirjoittajien teksteillä luon kontekstia tutkimukseeni. Khrysostomos korosti teksteissään, erityisesti päälähteessäni eli hänen kasvatusohjeissaan, vanhempien merkitystä kasvattajina. Hän antoi ohjeita erityisesti hengelliseen kasvattamiseen, jossa molemmilla vanhemmilla oli tehtävänsä. Sukupuolirooleilla oli merkitystä kasvatuksessa. Pojat olivat erityisesti isän kasvatuksen alaisia, tyttäret äidin. Sukupuoli vaikutti kasvatukseen myös sikäli, että odotukset tulevista sukupuolirooleista olivat erilaiset tytöillä ja pojilla. Tytöistä kasvatettiin yleensä tulevia vaimoja ja perheenäitejä, jotka huolehtisivat kotitaloudesta, pojista aviomiehiä ja perheenisiä, joiden vastuulla koko perheen talous olisi. Sukupuolirooleja tärkeämpää Khrysostomokselle oli kuitenkin kasvatuksen hengellinen päämäärä. Niin pojista kuin tytöistä tuli kasvattaa kristillisiä aikuisia, jotka kävisivät kirkossa ja lukisivat Raamattua. Hengelliseen kasvatukseen kuului Raamatun tarinoiden opettamista, Raamatun henkilöiden asettamista esikuviksi sekä kristillisten arvojen välittämistä lapsille. Moni asia oli kuitenkin säilynyt samanlaisena kuin jo pakanallisen antiikin ajalla. Edelleen kuritusta käytettiin kasvatuksessa samoin kuin palkitsemista. Myös ajatus vanhempien omasta esimerkillisyydestä oli jo monilla antiikin kirjoittajilla läsnä. Kaiken ytimessä oli kristinusko. Sen tuli näkyä kasvatuksessa, kuten kaikilla muillakin elämänalueilla. Toisaalta hengellinen kasvu kesti läpi elämän.

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El propósito de este trabajo de investigación es realizar una aproximación al papel que realizan como mecenas musicales y legisladores de la Iglesia dos arzobispos toledanos: Alonso de Fonseca (1475-1534) y Juan Pardo Tavera (1472-1545). El estudio se lleva a cabo a través tanto del análisis de su ámbito personal como del de su relación con la Santa Iglesia Catedral de Santa María de Toledo, y su ascendiente en las ceremonias musicales y litúrgicas que en ella tenían lugar. La franja cronológica escogida para el análisis comprende la etapa en la que gobernaron la archidiócesis primada: desde 1523 hasta 1545, un periodo que constituyó el punto culminante de sus carreras religiosas. El mismo año en que moría el cardenal Tavera, comenzaron las reuniones tridentinas en las que se debatieron y consideraron algunas de las polémicas musicales que se encuentran presentes en la documentación coetánea a los pontífices. Para la consecución de estos objetivos el estudio se divide en dos grandes bloques separados en tres capítulos cada uno, cuya estructura muestra la metodología utilizada. El primer capítulo del primer bloque se centra en las biografías de los dos arzobispos, su conexión con la música y su relación con la documentación central de esta investigación: los manuscritos BPR II/1778 y ACT 9; el segundo capítulo realiza un estudio crítico de estos textos para establecer su autenticidad, su origen y su datación, y el tercero describe brevemente el contenido de las fuentes relacionadas con los pontífices y las contextualiza dentro del gran fondo documental que genera la catedral toledana, para terminar planteando la función de los textos y las circunstancias sociales, estéticas y políticas en que se produjeron...

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Title proper from t.p. v. 2-4: Der richtigen Mittel-Strasse.

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This document describes the Johannes Kolb archaeological site in Darlington County, S.C.

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IntroducciónLos inicios de la colonización de Costa Rica y el comercio con Panamá En 1575 podemos situar los inicios de la sociedad colonial de Costa Rica y el fin del largo periodo de inestabilidad que caracterizó a la conquista. La colonización del interior del país se sustentó en el establecimiento del régimen de encomienda sobre la población indígena de gran parte de los habitantes originales del Valle Central del país, sobrevivientes a la catástrofe demográfica provocada por la conquista española…

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In Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs), software systems are decomposed into independent units, namely services, that interact with one another through message exchanges. To promote reuse and evolvability, these interactions are explicitly described right from the early phases of the development lifecycle. Up to now, emphasis has been placed on capturing structural aspects of service interactions. Gradually though, the description of behavioral dependencies between service interactions is gaining increasing attention as a means to push forward the SOA vision. This paper deals with the description of these behavioral dependencies during the analysis and design phases. The paper outlines a set of requirements that a language for modeling service interactions at this level should fulfill, and proposes a language whose design is driven by these requirements.

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There is increasing interest in the role the environment plays in shaping the dietary behavior of youth, particularly in the context of obesity prevention. An overview of environmental factors associated with obesity-related dietary behaviors among youth is needed to inform the development of interventions. A systematic review of observational studies on environmental correlates of energy, fat, fruit/ vegetable, snack/fast food and soft drink intakes in children (4–12 years) and adolescents (13–18 years) was conducted. The results were summarized using the analysis grid for environments linked to obesity. The 58 papers reviewed mostly focused on sociocultural and economical–environmental factors at the household level. The most consistent associations were found between parental intake and children’s fat, fruit/vegetable intakes, parent and sibling intake with adolescent’s energy and fat intakes and parental education with adolescent’s fruit/ vegetable intake. A less consistent but positive association was found for availability and accessibility on children’s fruit/vegetable intake. Environmental factors are predominantly studied at the household level and focus on sociocultural and economic aspects. Most consistent associations were found for parental influences (parental intake and education).More studies examining environmental factors using longitudinal study designs and validated measures are needed for solid evidence to inform interventions.

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There is increased recognition that determinants of health should be investigated in a life-course perspective. Retirement is a major transition in the life course and offers opportunities for changes in physical activity that may improve health in the aging population. The authors examined the effect of retirement on changes in physical activity in the GLOBE Study, a prospective cohort study known by the Dutch acronym for "Health and Living Conditions of the Population of Eindhoven and surroundings," 1991–2004. They followed respondents (n = 971) by postal questionnaire who were employed and aged 40–65 years in 1991 for 13 years, after which they were still employed (n = 287) or had retired (n = 684). Physical activity included 1) work-related transportation, 2) sports participation, and 3) nonsports leisure-time physical activity. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that retirement was associated with a significantly higher odds for a decline in physical activity from work-related transportation (odds ratio (OR) = 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.97, 4.65), adjusted for sex, age, marital status, chronic diseases, and education, compared with remaining employed. Retirement was not associated with an increase in sports participation (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.75) or nonsports leisure-time physical activity (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.19). In conclusion, retirement introduces a reduction in physical activity from work-related transportation that is not compensated for by an increase in sports participation or an increase in nonsports leisure-time physical activity.

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Introduction : For the past decade, three dimensional (3D) culture has served as a foundation for regenerative medicine study. With an increasing awareness of the importance of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions which are lacking in 2D culture system, 3D culture system has been employed for many other applications namely cancer research. Through development of various biomaterials and utilization of tissue engineering technology, many in vivo physiological responses are now better understood. The cellular and molecular communication of cancer cells and their microenvironment, for instance can be studied in vitro in 3D culture system without relying on animal models alone. Predilection of prostate cancer (CaP) to bone remains obscure due to the complexity of the mechanisms and lack of proper model for the studies. In this study, we aim to investigate the interaction between CaP cells and osteoblasts simulating the natural bone metastasis. We also further investigate the invasiveness of CaP cells and response of androgen sensitve CaP cells, LNCaP to synthetic androgen.----- Method : Human osteoblast (hOB) scaffolds were prepared by seeding hOB on medical grade polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate (mPLC-TCP) scaffolds and induced to produce bone matrix. CaP cell lines namely wild type PC3 (PC3-N), overexpressed prostate specific antigen PC3 (PC3k3s5) and LNCaP were seeded on hOB scaffolds as co-cultures. Morphology of cells was examined by Phalloidin-DAPI and SEM imaging. Gelatin zymography was performed on the 48 hours conditioned media (CM) from co-cultures to determine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Gene expression of hOB/LNCaP co-cultures which were treated for 48 hours with 1nM synthetic androgen R1881 were analysed by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR).----- Results : Co-culture of PCC/hOB revealed that the morphology of PCCs on the tissue engineered bone matrix varied from homogenous to heterogenous clusters. Enzymatically inactive pro-MMP2 was detected in CM from hOBs and PCCs cultured on scaffolds. Elevation in MMP9 activity was found only in hOB/PC3N co-culture. hOB/LNCaP co-culture showed increase in expression of key enzymes associated with steroid production which also corresponded to an increase in prostate specific antigen (PSA) and MMP9.----- Conclusions : Upregulation of MMP9 indicates involvement of ECM degradation during cancer invasion and bone metastases. Expression of enzymes involved in CaP progression, PSA, which is not expressed in osteoblasts, demonstrates that crosstalk between PCCs and osteoblasts may play a part in the aggressiveness of CaP. The presence of steroidogenic enzymes, particularly, RDH5, in osteoblasts and stimulated expression in co-culture, may indicate osteoblast production of potent androgens, fuelling cancer cell proliferation. Based on these results, this practical 3D culture system may provide greater understanding into CaP mediated bone metastasis. This allows the role of the CaP/hOB interaction with regards to invasive property and steroidogenesis to be further explored.

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Articular cartilage is a highly hydrated tissue with depth-dependent cellular and matrix properties that provide low-friction load bearing in joints. However, the structure and function are frequently lost and there is insufficient repair response to regenerate high-quality cartilage. Several hydrogel-based tissue-engineering strategies have recently been developed to form constructs with biomimetic zonal variations to improve cartilage repair. Modular hydrogel systems allow for systematic control over hydrogel properties, and advanced fabrication techniques allow for control over construct organization. These technologies have great potential to address many unanswered questions involved in prescribing zonal properties to tissue-engineered constructs for cartilage repair.