Electronic Business Contracts between Services

Electronic contracts mirror the paper versions exchanged between businesses today, and offer the possibility of dynamic, automatic creation and enforcement of restrictions and compulsions on service behaviour that are designed to ensure business objectives are met. Where there are many contracts within a particular application, it can be difficult to determine whether the system can reliably fulfil them all, yet computer-parsable electronic contracts may allow such verification to be automated. In this chapter, we describe a conceptual framework and architecture specification in which normative business contracts can be electronically represented, verified, established, renewed, and so on. In particular, we aim to allow systems containing multiple contracts to be checked for conflicts and violations of business objectives. We illustrate the framework and architecture with an aerospace aftermarket example.

A Resource Centric Approach For Advancing Collaboration Through Hydrologic Data And Model Sharing

HydroShare is an online, collaborative system being developed for open sharing of hydrologic data and models. The goal of HydroShare is to enable scientists to easily discover and access hydrologic data and models, retrieve them to their desktop or perform analyses in a distributed computing environment that may include grid, cloud or high performance computing model instances as necessary. Scientists may also publish outcomes (data, results or models) into HydroShare, using the system as a collaboration platform for sharing data, models and analyses. HydroShare is expanding the data sharing capability of the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System by broadening the classes of data accommodated, creating new capability to share models and model components, and taking advantage of emerging social media functionality to enhance information about and collaboration around hydrologic data and models. One of the fundamental concepts in HydroShare is that of a Resource. All content is represented using a Resource Data Model that separates system and science metadata and has elements common to all resources as well as elements specific to the types of resources HydroShare will support. These will include different data types used in the hydrology community and models and workflows that require metadata on execution functionality. The HydroShare web interface and social media functions are being developed using the Drupal content management system. A geospatial visualization and analysis component enables searching, visualizing, and analyzing geographic datasets. The integrated Rule-Oriented Data System (iRODS) is being used to manage federated data content and perform rule-based background actions on data and model resources, including parsing to generate metadata catalog information and the execution of models and workflows. This presentation will introduce the HydroShare functionality developed to date, describe key elements of the Resource Data Model and outline the roadmap for future development.

RWater – A Cyber Enabled Tool For Hydrologic Modeling And Analysis

Existing distributed hydrologic models are complex and computationally demanding for using as a rapid-forecasting policy-decision tool, or even as a class-room educational tool. In addition, platform dependence, specific input/output data structures and non-dynamic data-interaction with pluggable software components inside the existing proprietary frameworks make these models restrictive only to the specialized user groups. RWater is a web-based hydrologic analysis and modeling framework that utilizes the commonly used R software within the HUBzero cyber infrastructure of Purdue University. RWater is designed as an integrated framework for distributed hydrologic simulation, along with subsequent parameter optimization and visualization schemes. RWater provides platform independent web-based interface, flexible data integration capacity, grid-based simulations, and user-extensibility. RWater uses RStudio to simulate hydrologic processes on raster based data obtained through conventional GIS pre-processing. The program integrates Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) algorithm for parameter optimization. Moreover, RWater enables users to produce different descriptive statistics and visualization of the outputs at different temporal resolutions. The applicability of RWater will be demonstrated by application on two watersheds in Indiana for multiple rainfall events.

Abstrações para uma linguagem de programação visando aplicações móveis em um ambiente de Pervasive Computing

Computação Móvel é um termo genérico, ainda em definição, ao redor do qual se delineia um espectro de cenários possíveis, desde a Computação Pessoal, com o uso de computadores de mão, até a visão futurista da Computação Ubíqua. O foco do projeto ISAM (Infra-estrutura de Suporte às Aplicações Móveis Distribuída), em desenvolvimento no II/UFRGS, é a Pervasive Computing. Esta desenha um cenário onde o usuário é livre para se deslocar mantendo o acesso aos recursos da rede e ao seu ambiente computacional, todo tempo em qualquer lugar. Esse novo cenário apresenta muitos desafios para o projeto e execução de aplicações. Nesse escopo, esta tese aprofunda a discussão sobre questões relativas à adaptação ao contexto em um ambiente pervasivo sob a ótica de uma Linguagem de Programação, e define uma linguagem chamada ISAMadapt. A definição da linguagem ISAMadapt baseia-se em quatro abstrações: contexto, adaptadores, políticas e comandos de adaptação. Essas abstrações foram concretizadas em duas visões: (1) em tempo de programação, através de comandos da linguagem e arquivos de configuração, descritos com o auxílio do Ambiente de Desenvolvimento de Aplicações; (2) em tempo de execução, através de serviços e APIs fornecidos pelos componentes que integram o ambiente de execução pervasiva (ISAMpe). Deste, os principais componentes que implementam a semântica de execução da aplicação ISAMadapt são: o serviço de reconhecimento de contexto, ISAMcontextService, e a máquina de execução da adaptação dinâmica, ISAMadaptEngine.As principais contribuições desta tese são: (a) primeira linguagem para a codificação de aplicações pervasivas; (b) sintaxe e semântica de comandos para expressar sensibilidade ao contexto pervasivo; (c) fonte para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de projeto de aplicações pervasivas; (d) projeto ISAM e o projeto contextS (www.inf.ufrgs.br/~isam) que fornecem suporte para o ciclo de vida das aplicações, desde o desenvolvimento até a execução de aplicações pervasivas.

A contractive method for computing the stationary solution of the euler equation

A contractive method for computing stationary solutions of intertemporal equilibrium models is provide. The method is is implemented using a contraction mapping derived from the first-order conditions. The deterministic dynamic programming problem is used to illustrate the method. Some numerical examples are performed.

Primitivas para suporte à distribuição de objetos direcionados à pervasive computing

Renovados são os desa os trazidos à computação distribuída pelos recentes desenvolvimentos nas tecnologias de computação móvel. Tais avanços inspiram uma perspectiva na qual a computação tornar-se-á uma entidade ubíqua em um futuro próximo, estando presente nas mais simples atividades do dia-a-dia. Esta perspectiva é motivadora das pesquisas conduzidas no escopo do projeto ISAM, as quais investigam as questões relativas ao uso da computação em ambientes móveis de larga escala. Neste trabalho é apresentado o sistema PRIMOS (PRIMitives for Object Scheduling), o qual busca, pela complementação da plataforma Java, satisfazer as emergentes necessidades do ISAM. Especi camente, o PRIMOS constitui um conjunto de primitivas para instanciação remota e migração de objetos, comunicação e monitoração, direcionadas a um ambiente de computação distribuída de larga escala de características pervasivas. A primitiva de instanciação remota disponibilizada pelo PRIMOS aumenta a plataforma Java padrão com a possibilidade de criar e ativar objetos em nodos remotos do sistema. Por sua vez, a primitiva de migração faculta a relocação de objetos. A consecu- ção de tais semânticas tem como sub-produto a de nição de semânticas para ativação e desativação de objetos, assim como para captura e restauração de contexto de execução. Sob a perspectiva da comunicação, o PRIMOS de ne um esquema de endereçamento independente de protocolo de transporte, assim como uma interface neutra para acesso às facilidades de comunicação. A integração destas funcionalidades ao mecanismo de invocações remotas da plataforma Java, o RMI, permite a desvinculação deste da pilha TCP/IP. Por conseguinte, habilita a adoção de transportes otimizados ao hardware de comunicação disponibilizado pelo sistema. No que se refere à monitoração, o PRIMOS de ne um esquema exível e extensível baseado em sensores. A exibilidade vem principalmente da possibilidade dos sensores terem seus parâmetros de operação recon gurados a qualquer momento em resposta a novas necessidades do sistema. Por outro lado, o sistema é extensível pois o conjunto de sensores básicos, ditos nativos, pode ser aumentado por sensores providos pela aplicação. Com intuito de validar as idéias postuladas, um protótipo foi construído para o sistema. Sobre este, baterias de testes foram realizadas para cada uma das primitivas constituintes do PRIMOS.

A representação social do cloud computing na visão dos profissionais de TI brasileiros

Este estudo visa desenvolver uma investigação exploratória e quali-quantitativa, a cerca da representação social do Cloud Computing, na visão dos profissionais de TI brasileiros. Objetiva expor quais as percepções dos usuários da área de TI a respeito do paradigma computacional Cloud Computing. Para suportar o estudo teórico, foram coletados dados empíricos, por meio de questionários online respondidos por 221 profissionais da área de TI. Com o uso da técnica de evocação de palavras e da teoria da representação social (TRS), os dados coletados foram sumarizados. Após o tratamento dos dados mediante o uso da técnica do quadro de quatro casas de Vergès, obteve-se como resultado, a identificação do núcleo central e do sistema periférico da representação social do Cloud Computing. Por fim, os dados foram analisados utilizando-se as análises implicativa e de conteúdo, de forma a que todas as informações fossem abstraídas para melhor interpretação do tema. Obteve-se como resultado, que o núcleo central da representação social do Cloud Computing é composto pelas seguintes palavras “Nuvem”, “Armazenamento”, “Disponibilidade”, “Internet”, “Virtualização” e “Segurança”. Por sua vez, as palavras identificadas como parte do sistema periférico da representação social do Cloud Computing foram: “Compartilhamento”, “Escalabilidade” e ”Facilidade”. Os resultados permitem compreender qual percepção dos profissionais de TI a respeito deste paradigma tecnológico e sua correlação com o referencial teórico abordado. Tais informações e percepções podem auxiliar a tornar o não familiar em familiar, ou seja, compreender como o Cloud Computing é representado, visto e, finalmente, reconhecido pelos profissionais da área de TI.

Rapid prototyping of ubiquitous computing environments

Ubiquitous computing raises new usability challenges that cut across design and development. We are particularly interested in environments enhanced with sensors, public displays and personal devices. How can prototypes be used to explore the users' mobility and interaction, both explicitly and implicitly, to access services within these environments? Because of the potential cost of development and design failure, these systems must be explored using early assessment techniques and versions of the systems that could disrupt if deployed in the target environment. These techniques are required to evaluate alternative solutions before making the decision to deploy the system on location. This is crucial for a successful development, that anticipates potential user problems, and reduces the cost of redesign. This thesis reports on the development of a framework for the rapid prototyping and analysis of ubiquitous computing environments that facilitates the evaluation of design alternatives. It describes APEX, a framework that brings together an existing 3D Application Server with a modelling tool. APEX-based prototypes enable users to navigate a virtual world simulation of the envisaged ubiquitous environment. By this means users can experience many of the features of the proposed design. Prototypes and their simulations are generated in the framework to help the developer understand how the user might experience the system. These are supported through three different layers: a simulation layer (using a 3D Application Server); a modelling layer (using a modelling tool) and a physical layer (using external devices and real users). APEX allows the developer to move between these layers to evaluate different features. It supports exploration of user experience through observation of how users might behave with the system as well as enabling exhaustive analysis based on models. The models support checking of properties based on patterns. These patterns are based on ones that have been used successfully in interactive system analysis in other contexts. They help the analyst to generate and verify relevant properties. Where these properties fail then scenarios suggested by the failure provide an important aid to redesign.

A bounded upwinding scheme for computing convection-dominated transport problems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Increasing Moodle Resources Through Cloud Computing

The increase of higher education offer is a basic need of developed and emerging countries. It requires increasing and ongoing investments. The offer of higher education, by means of Distance Learning, based on the Internet, is one of the most efficient manners for the massification of this offer, as it allows ample coverage and lower costs. In this scenario, we highlight Moodle, an open and low-cost environment for Distance Learning. Its utilization may be amplified through the adoption of an emerging Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Cloud Computing, which allows the virtualization of Moodle sites, cutting costs, facilitating management and increasing its service capacity. This article diffuses a public tool, opened and free, for automatic conversion of Moodle sites, such that these may be hosted on Azure: the Cloud Computing environment of Microsoft.

Mandibular Angle Fracture Treated With New Three-Dimensional Grid Miniplate

Fractures of the mandibular angle deserve particular attention because they represent the highest percentage of mandibular fractures and have the highest postsurgical complication rate, making them the most challenging and unpredictable mandibular fractures to treat. Despite the evolution in the treatment of maxillofacial trauma and fixation methods, no single treatment modality has been revealed to be ideal for mandibular angle fractures. Several methods of internal fixation have been studied with great variation in complications rates, especially postoperative infections. Recently, new studies have shown reduction of postsurgical complications rates using three-dimensional plates to treat mandibular angle fractures. Nevertheless, only few surgeons have used this type of plate for the treatment of mandibular angle fractures. The aim of this clinical report was to describe a case of a patient with a mandibular angle fracture treated by an intraoral approach and a three-dimensional rectangular grid miniplate with 4 holes, which was stabilized with monocortical screws. The authors show a follow-up of 8 months, without infection and with occlusal stability.

Use of Rectangular Grid Miniplates for Fracture Fixation at the Mandibular Angle

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with mandibular angle fractures treated by intraoral access and a rectangular grid miniplate with 4 holes and stabilized with monocortical screws.Patients and Methods: This study included 45 patients with mandibular angle fractures from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil, and from the Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University of Frankfurt, Germany. The 45 fractures of the mandibular angle were treated with a rectangular grid miniplate of a 2.0-mm system by an intraoral approach with monocortical screws. Clinical evaluations were postoperatively performed at 15 and 30 days and 3 and 6 months, and the complications encountered were recorded and treated.Results: The infection rate was 4.44% (2 patients), and in 1 patient it was necessary to replace hardware. This patient also had a fracture of the left mandibular body; 3 patients (6.66%) had minor occlusal changes that have been resolved with small occlusal adjustments. Before surgery, 15 patients (33.33%) presented with hypoesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve; 4 (8.88%) had this change until the last clinical control, at 6 months.Conclusions: The rectangular grid miniplate used in this study was stable for the treatment of simple mandibular angle fractures through intraoral access, with low complication rates, easy handling, and easy adjustment, with a low cost. Concomitant mandibular fracture may increase the rate of complications. This plate should be indicated in fractures with sufficient interfragmentaty contact. (C) 2011 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69:1436-1441, 2011

Some experiments with high order compact methods using a computer algebra software - Part II (non-uniform grid)

We generalize a procedure proposed by Mancera and Hunt [P.F.A. Mancera, R. Hunt, Some experiments with high order compact methods using a computer algebra software-Part 1, Appl. Math. Comput., in press, doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2005.05.015] for obtaining a compact fourth-order method to the steady 2D Navier-Stokes equations in the streamfunction formulation-vorticity using the computer algebra system Maple, which includes conformal mappings and non-uniform grids. To analyse the procedure we have solved a constricted stepped channel problem, where a fine grid is placed near the re-entrant corner by transformation of the independent variables. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.