Correspondence with Mr. Joseph regarding organization of board

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Tiede ja tutkijan sosiaalinen vastuu : Joseph Ben-Davidin, Roger Sperryn ja Knut Erik Tranøyn käsitykset tieteestä ja tutkijan sosiaalisesta vastuusta

Science and the Scientist's Social Responsibility. Joseph Ben-David's, Roger Sperry's and Knut Erik Tranøy's Views of Science and the Scientist's Social Responsibility The aim of the study was to investigate, whether or not there is any connection between Jewish sociologist Joseph Ben-David's, American neuroscientist Roger Sperry's and Norwegian philosopher Knut Erik Tranøy's views of science and views of the scientist's social responsibility. The sources of information were their writings concerning this topic. Ben-David has a classical view of science. He thinks that the Mertonian norms of scientific activity, first written in 1942, are still valid in modern science. With the help of these norms Ben-David defends the view that science is morally neutral. Ben-David thinks that a scientist has a limited social responsibility. A scientist only reports on the new results, but he is not responsible for applying the results. In any case Ben-David's ideas are no longer valid. Sperry has a scientistic view of science. According to Sperry, science is the source of moral norms and also the best guide for moral action. The methods of natural sciences "show" how to solve moral problems. A scientist's personal views of science and social responsibility are not important. However Sperry's view is very problematic on the ethical side. Tranøy stresses the scientist's social responsibility. A scientist has common norms with the society from with he or she comes. This is why a scientist has the right, and also the responsibility, to discuss social and ethical questions between science and society. Tranøy's view has some ethical and practical problems, but it is valid in principle. Finally, Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's views of both science and the scientist's social responsibility have a connection: the view of science corresponds to the certain view of scientist's social responsibility. The result of this study is: Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's view of science have an ethical starting point as its fundamental presupposition, which include certain views of scientific knowledge, good and the scientist's ethical responsibilities. The connection between Ben-David's, Sperry's and Tranøy's views of science and views of the scientist's social responsibility means that their views of epistemology, meta-ethics and the scientist's ethical responsibilities have a connection to their views of the scientist's social responsibility. The results of this study can help the scientific community to organize the social responsibility of a scientist and deepen the conversation concerning the scientist's social responsibility.

Joseph A. Schumpeter's Theory of Social and Economic Evolution : a Reconstruction and Critique

The book presents a reconstruction, interpretation and critical evaluation of the Schumpeterian theoretical approach to socio-economic change. The analysis focuses on the problem of social evolution, on the interpretation of the innovation process and business cycles and, finally, on Schumpeter s optimistic neglect of ecological-environmental conditions as possible factors influencing social-economic change. The author investigates how the Schumpeterian approach describes the process of social and economic evolution, and how the logic of transformations is described, explained and understood in the Schumpeterian theory. The material of the study includes Schumpeter s works written after 1925, a related part of the commentary literature on these works, and a selected part of the related literature on the innovation process, technological transformations and the problem of long waves. Concerning the period after 1925, the Schumpeterian oeuvre is conceived and analysed as a more or less homogenous corpus of texts. The book is divided into 9 chapters. Chapters 1-2 describe the research problems and methods. Chapter 3 is an effort to provide a systematic reconstruction of Schumpeter's ideas concerning social and economic evolution. Chapters 4 and 5 focus their analysis on the innovation process. In Chapters 6 and 7 Schumpeter's theory of business cycles is examined. Chapter 8 evaluates Schumpeter's views concerning his relative neglect of ecological-environmental conditions as possible factors influencing social-economic change. Finally, chapter 9 draws the main conclusions.

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change

Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25ha), all stems 1cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 degrees S-61 degrees N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 degrees C), changes in precipitation (up to +/- 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8g Nm(-2)yr(-1) and 3.1g Sm(-2)yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.

Apuntes en torno al pensamiento político de Joseph Ratzinger

Un ameno libro de circunstancia sobre la elección de Benedicto XVI, publicado apenas un mes después de esta, me servirá para iniciar mi exposición sobre la persona y labor de Joseph Ratzinger. Allí el autor, Alfredo Urdaci, ensaya una interesante tesis, ¿cómo fue posible tal elección? Porque si bien Ratzinger estaba entre los papables, no era muy probable que realmente fuera elegido. Tenía y –por qué no decirlo– sigue teniendo oposición dentro de la Curia y dentro de algunos sectores de la Iglesia. Y cómo no habría de levantarla un cardenal tan políticamente incorrecto como Ratzinger. No me detengo en sus distintas declaraciones a lo largo de su carrera, pero sí me gustaría presentar un par de frases suyas dichas tan solo días antes de su elección como Papa.

El problema de la razón moderna y el estado de derecho según Joseph Ratzinger

Resumen: El presente texto analiza dos cuestiones centrales en el pensamiento de Joseph Ratzinger: por un lado, el problema de la racionalidad del derecho y, en segundo lugar, el fundamento del Estado de Derecho en el mundo moderno. Para tal fin, previo diagnóstico sobre la situación jurídica contemporánea, se analizan ambos tópicos de acuerdo a los principales discursos realizados por el Cardenal Ratzinger y luego papa Benedicto XVI llegando a la conclusión de que el problema subyacente a ambos es el problema de la verdad tanto metafísica como moral.

Alvará com força de Ley, porque Vossa Magestade he servido prohibir, que se possam carregar, nem transportar escravos pretos de hum, e outro sexo dos pórtos da America, Africa, e Asia, para os destes Reinos de Portugal, e dos Algarves ; applicando as penas nelle declaradas a todos os que contravierem a dita Ley, passado o termo de seis mezes, a respeito dos primeiros, e segundos dos referidos pórtos, e hum anno a respeito dos terceiros : tudo na fórma que acima se contém : para V. Magestade ver / Joaquim Joseph Borralho o fez

Ao alto do título: Conde de Oeyras.

Voz sagrada, política, rhetorica, e metrica ou supplemento a's Vozes Saudosas da eloquencia do espirito, do zelo, e eminente sabedoria do Padre Antonio Vieira da Companhia de Jesus, pregador de S. Magestade, e príncipe dos oradores evangélicos : offerecida ao Senhor Doutor Joseph de Lima Pinheiro e Aragam

Padre Antônio Vieira nasceu em Lisboa em 6 de novembro de 1608 e morreu na Bahia em 18 de julho de 1697. Ordenado sacerdote em 1634, logo se destacou como excepcional pregador. Exerceu importante papel politico e diplomático durante o reinado de D. João IV e fez do púlpito uma tribuna a serviço da nação, em guerra com a Espanha. De 1652 a 1661 atuou como missionário no Maranhão. Em Portugal foi denunciado como herético ao Tribunal da Inquisição. Doente e encarcerado defendeu-se com extraordinário vigor, mas foi condenado a internamento numa casa jesuítica e proibido de pregar. Retirou-se em 1681 para o Brasil, onde trabalhou na edição completa dos Sermoens, iniciada em 1679. Voz sagrada... é um suplemento às Vozes saudosas. Foi publicado, após a morte do autor, por Francisco Luiz Ameno em 1748. Compõe-se de cartas, poemas e outros escritos em latim e português e uma oração fúnebre celebrada pelo Conde da Ericeira nas exéquias do Padre Vieira

Historia de Portugal restaurado, offerecida ao Illustmo e Excellentmo Senhor D. Joseph Mascarenhas, do Conselhor de sua Magestade, seu mordomo mór... : escrita por D. Luiz de Menezes, conde da Ericeira, do Conselho de Estado de Sua Magestade.

Luis de Menezes, terceiro Conde da Ericeira, nasceu em Lisboa em 1632 e suicidou-se em 1690. Foi chamado de Colbert português por ter estimulado a introdução das artes fabris e industriais em Portugal. Escreveu ‘Historia de Portugal restaurado offerecida ao Illustmo e Excellentmo Senhor D. Joseph Mascarenhas’ em duas partes: a primeira, em 1679 e a segunda, em 1698. A mesma historia obteve depois diversas reimpressões, a saber: Parte I, dividida nos tomos I e II, Lisboa, na Oficina de Domingos Rodrigues, em 1751; Parte II, dividida nos tomos III e IV, Lisboa, na Oficina dos herdeiros de Antonio Pedroso Galram, em 1751. Saiu uma terceira vez em Lisboa em 1759. Segundo Inocêncio, ‘compreende esta historia a narração de todos os sucessos militares e políticos ocorridos em Portugal, desde a restauração de 1640 até o ano de 1668, em que se celebraram as pazes com o reino de Castela’

Raridades da natureza e da arte : divididas pelos quatro elementos, escritas, e dedicadas a Magestade Fidelissima de el Rey Nosso Senhor D. Joseph I : por Pedro Norberto de Aucourt e Padilha

Aucourt Padilha nasceu em Lisboa, em 6 de junho de 1704. Cavalheiro da Ordem de Cristo e Secretário da Mesa do Desembargo do Paço escreveu, além desta obra, ‘Memorias historicas, geográficas e politicas, observadas de Paris a Lisboa’, em 1746, e ‘Memorias da Serenissima Senhora D. Isabel Luisa Josepha, que foi jurada princeza d'estes reinos’, em 1748, entre outras. Inocêncio define ‘Raridades da natureza, e da arte’ como ‘livro de muita curiosidade e recreação, para o tempo em que seu autor o publicou’

Alvará, por que V. Magestade he servido declarar que a todos os Ministtros, e Officiaes de Justiça, Fazenda, ou Guerra he permitido negocear por meio da Companhia Geral do Grão Pará, e Maranhão, e de quaesquer outras por V. Magestade confirmadas, e que não possão ser dados de suspeitos nas causas, e dependencias civeis, ou crimes respectivas às ditas Companhias, com o pretexto de terem acçoens nellas ; tudo na forma acima declarada : para Vossa Magestade ver / Filippe Joseph da Gama o fez

Ao alto do título: Sebastião Joseph de Carvalho e Mello.

Alvará, porque V. Magestade he servido declarar o parágrafo dezoito da Instituição da Companhia Geral do Grão Pará, e Maranhão : na forma, que nelle se contém : para V. Magestade ver : Filippe Joseph da Gama o fez

Ao alto do título: Sebastião Joseph de Carvalho e Mello.

Alvará, por que V. Magestade ha por bem ampliar os privilegios, que na Instituição da Junta da Administração da Companhia Geral do Grão Pará, e Maranhão, lhe tinha concedido; na forma, que nelle se declara : para Vossa Magestade ver / Joaquim Joseph Borralho o fez

Ao alto do título: Sebastião Joseph de Carvalho e Mello.