Qualidade do ar interior em Escolas Básicas de 1.º ciclo: QAI em ambientes escolares: estudo orientado para as Escolas Básicas de 1.º ciclo de um agrupamento escolar

A Qualidade do Ar Interior (QAI) é um fator de grande preocupação. A importância de manter um ambiente salubre é mais acentuada em estabelecimentos escolares (EE), tendo em conta, que no interior destes permanecem crianças durante um elevado período de tempo. É fundamental garantir uma boa QAI nos edifícios escolares, de forma a salvaguardar a saúde, o bem-estar e o conforto dos ocupantes, bem como, não comprometer o seu desempenho escolar. Recentemente, foram construídos novos edifícios escolares e alguns dos existentes foram alvo de obras de remodelação. Contudo, a crescente tendência em construir edifícios cada vez mais herméticos, com vista à diminuição dos gastos de energia, origina problemas como a reduzida ventilação dos espaços. Vários estudos têm demonstrado a influência das atividades de limpeza na QAI. No entanto, verifica-se que na maioria das escolas não existem ainda procedimentos de limpeza padronizados. A falta de instruções de trabalho e a ausência de formação às assistentes operacionais pode comprometer a eficácia dos procedimentos de higienização, o que poderá ter influência na QAI dos espaços. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar a QAI em escolas básicas de 1.º ciclo. Foram contemplados no estudo fatores como a tipologia do edifício, a ocupação das salas e as atividades de limpeza. Procedeu-se à caracterização dos EE e à monitorização de parâmetros ambientais, como a temperatura do ar, a humidade relativa, a velocidade do ar, o dióxido de carbono, o monóxido de carbono, as partículas, os microrganismos mesófilos totais e os fungos. Estes parâmetros foram avaliados nas salas com ocupação, sem ocupação e durante a implementação de um plano de higienização. A ventilação inadequada parece ser o fator que mais condiciona a QAI das salas de aula avaliadas. Registaram-se elevadas concentrações de dióxido de carbono e de microrganismos mesófilos totais, que parecem estar relacionados com a permanência dos ocupantes nos locais e com a falta de ventilação adequada dos espaços. A concentração de dióxido de carbono foi mais elevada em edifícios recentes. Os picos elevados na concentração de partículas parecem estar associados com as atividades dos ocupantes. Obtiveram-se concentrações menores de fungos e de microrganismos mesófilos totais ao longo da implementação do plano de higienização, o que poderá significar que os procedimentos de limpeza contribuem para reduzir os níveis de contaminação dos espaços interiores. No entanto, tendo em conta, que a concentração de microrganismos mesófilos totais permaneceu elevada, as operações de limpeza parecem não ser suficientes para garantir uma boa QAI. O aumento da ventilação dos espaços poderia contribuir significativamente para a melhoria da QAI dos espaços avaliados.

Política(s) de saúde no trabalho : um inquérito sociológico às empresas portuguesas

Resumo Política(s) de saúde no trabalho: um inquérito sociológico às empresas portuguesas A literatura portuguesa sobre políticas, programas e actividades de Segurança, Higiene e Saúde no Trabalho (abreviadamente, SH&ST) é ainda escassa. Com este projecto de investigação pretende-se (i) colmatar essa lacuna, (ii) melhorar o conhecimento dos sistemas de gestão da saúde e segurança no trabalho e (iii) contribuir para a protecção e a promoção da saúde dos trabalhadores. Foi construída uma tipologia com cinco grupos principais de políticas, programas e actividades: A (Higiene & Segurança no Trabalho / Melhoria do ambiente físico de trabalho); B (Avaliação de saúde / Vigilância médica / Prestação de cuidados de saúde); C (Prevenção de comportamentos de risco/ Promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis); D (Intervenções a nível organizacional / Melhoria do ambiente psicossocial de trabalho); E (Actividades e programas sociais e de bem-estar). Havia uma lista de mais de 60 actividades possíveis, correspondendo a um índice de realização de 100%. Foi concebido e desenhado, para ser auto-administrado, um questionário sobre Política de Saúde no Local de Trabalho. Foram efectuados dois mailings, e um follow-up telefónico. O trabalho de campo decorreu entre a primavera de 1997 e o verão de 1998. A amostra (n=259) é considerada representativa das duas mil maiores empresas do país. Uma em cada quatro é uma multinacional. A taxa de sindicalização rondava os 30% da população trabalhadora, mas apenas 16% dos respondentes assinalou a existência de representantes dos trabalhadores eleitos para a SH&ST. A hipótese de investigação principal era a de que as empresas com um sistema integrado de gestão da SH&ST seriam também as empresas com um (i) maior número de políticas, programas e actividades de saúde; (ii) maior índice de saúde; (iii) maior índice de realização; e (iv) maior percentagem dos encargos com a SH&ST no total da massa salarial. As actividades de tipo A e B, tradicionalmente associadas à SH&ST, representavam, só por si, mais de 57% do total. Os resultados, correspondentes às respostas da Secção C do questionário, apontam, para (i) a hipervalorização dos exames de medicina do trabalho; e por outro para (ii) o subaproveitamento de um vasto conjunto de actividades (nomeadamente as de tipo D e E), que são correntemente levadas a cabo pelas empresas e que nunca ou raramente são pensadas em termos de protecção e promoção da saúde dos trabalhadores. As actividades e os programas de tipo C (Prevenção de comportamentos de risco/Promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis), ainda eram as menos frequentes entre nós, a seguir aos Programas sociais e de bem-estar (E). É a existência de sistemas de gestão integrados de SH&ST, e não o tamanho da empresa ou outra característica sociodemográfica ou técnico-organizacional, que permite predizer a frequência de políticas de saúde mais activas e mais inovadores. Os três principais motivos ou razões que levam as empresas portuguesas a investir na protecção e promoção da saúde dos seus trabalhadores eram, por ordem de frequência, (i) o absentismo em geral; (ii) a produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade, e (iii) a filosofia de gestão ou cultura organizacional. Quanto aos três principais benefícios que são reportados, surge em primeiro lugar (i) a melhoria da saúde dos trabalhadores, seguida da (ii) melhoria do ambiente do ambiente de trabalho e, por fim, (iii) a melhoria da produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade.Quanto aos três principais obstáculos que se põem, em geral, ao desenvolvimento das iniciativas de saúde, eles seriam os seguintes, na percepção dos respondentes: (i) a falta de empenho dos trabalhadores; (ii) a falta de tempo; e (iii) os problemas de articulação/ comunicação a nível interno. Por fim, (i) o empenho das estruturas hierárquicas; (ii) a cultura organizacional propícia; e (iii) o sentido de responsabilidade social surgem, destacadamente, como os três principais factores facilitadores do desenvolvimento da política de saúde no trabalho. Tantos estes factores como os obstáculos são de natureza endógena, susceptíveis portanto de controlo por parte dos gestores. Na sua generalidade, os resultados deste trabalho põem em evidência a fraqueza teóricometodológica de grande parte das iniciativas de saúde, realizadas na década de 1990. Muitas delas seriam medidas avulsas, que se inserem na gestão corrente das nossas empresas, e que dificilmente poderão ser tomadas como expressão de uma política de saúde no local de trabalho, (i) definida e assumida pela gestão de topo, (ii) socialmente concertada, (iii) coerente, (iv) baseada na avaliação de necessidades e expectativas de saúde dos trabalhadores, (v) divulgada, conhecida e partilhada por todos, (vi) contingencial, flexível e integrada, e, por fim, (vii) orientada por custos e resultados. Segundo a Declaração do Luxemburgo (1997), a promoção da saúde engloba o esforço conjunto dos empregadores, dos trabalhadores, do Estado e da sociedade civil para melhorar a segurança, a saúde e o bem-estar no trabalho, objectivo isso que pode ser conseguido através da (i) melhoria da organização e das demais condições de trabalho, da (ii) participação efectiva e concreta dos trabalhadores bem como do seu (iii) desenvolvimento pessoal. Abstract Health at work policies: a sociological inquiry into Portuguese corporations Portuguese literature on workplace health policies, programs and activities is still scarce. With this research project the author intends (i) to improve knowledge on the Occupational Health and Safety (shortly thereafter, OSH) management systems and (ii) contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives at a corporate level. Five categories of workplace health initiatives have been identified: (i) Occupational Hygiene and Safety / Improvement of Physical Working Environment (type A programs); (ii) Health Screening, Medical Surveillance and Other Occupational Health Care Provision (type B programs); (iii) Preventing Risk Behaviours / Promoting Healthy Life Styles (type C programs); (iv) Organisational Change / Improvement of Psycho-Social Working Environment (type D programs); and (v) Industrial and Social Welfare (type E programs). A mail questionnaire was sent to the Chief Executive Officer of the 1500 largest Portuguese companies, operating in the primary and secondary sectors (≥ 100 employees) or tertiary sector (≥ 75 employees). Response rate has reached about 20% (259 respondents, representing about 300 companies). Carried out between Spring 1997 and Summer 1998, the fieldwork has encompassed two direct mailings and one phone follow-up. Sample is considered to be representative of the two thousand largest companies. One in four is a multinational. Union membership rate is about 30%, but only 16% has reported the existence of a workers’ health and safety representative. The most frequent workplace health initiatives were those under the traditional scope of the OSH field (type A and B programs) (57% of total) (e.g., Periodical Medical Examinations; Individual Protective Equipment; Assessment of Working Ability). In SMEs (< 250) it was less likely to find out some time-consuming and expensive activities (e.g., Training on OSH knowledge and skills, Improvement of environmental parameters as ventilation, lighting, heating).There were significant differences in SMEs, when compared with the larger ones (≥ 250) concerning type B programs such as Periodical medical examinations, GP consultation, Nursing care, Other medical and non-medical specialities (e.g., psychiatrist, psychologist, ergonomist, physiotherapist, occupational social worker). With regard to type C programs, there were a greater percentage of programs centred on Substance abuse (tobacco, alcohol, and drug) than on Other health risk behaviours. SMEs representatives reported very few prevention- oriented programs in the field of Drug abuse, Nutrition, Physical activity, Off- job accidents, Blood pressure or Weight control. Frequency of type D programs included Training on Human Resources Management, Training on Organisational Behaviour, Total Quality Management, Job Design/Ergonomics, and Workplace rehabilitation. In general, implementation of this type of programs (Organisational Change / Improvement of Psychosocial Working Environment) is not largely driven by health considerations. Concerning Industrial and Social Welfare (Type E programs), the larger employers are in a better position than SMEs to offer to their employees a large spectrum of health resources and facilities (e.g., Restaurant, Canteen, Resting room, Transport, Infra-structures for physical activity, Surgery, Complementary social protection, Support to recreational and cultural activities, Magazine or newsletter, Intranet). Other workplace health promotion programs like Training on Stress Management, Employee Assistance Programs, or Self-help groups are uncommon in the Portuguese worksites. The existence of integrated OSH management systems, not the company size, is the main variable explaining the implementation of more active and innovative workplace health policies in Portugal. The three main prompting factors reported by employers for health protection and promotion initiatives are: (i) Employee absenteeism; (ii) Productivity, quality and/or competitiveness; and (iii) Corporate culture/management philosophy. On the other hand, (i) Improved staff’s health, (ii) Improved working environment and (iii) Improved productivity, quality and/or competitiveness were the three main benefits reported by companies’ representatives, as a result of successful implementation of workplace health initiatives. (i) Lack of staff commitment; (ii) Lack of time; and (iii) Problems of co-operation and communication within company or establishment (iii) are perceived to be the main barriers companies must cope with. Asked about the main facilitating factors, these companies have pointed out the following ones: (i) Top management commitment; (ii) Corporate culture; and (iii) Sense of social responsibility. This sociological research report shows the methodological weaknesses of workplace health initiatives, carried out by Portuguese companies during the last ‘90s. In many cases, these programs and actions were not part of a corporate health strategy and policy, (i) based on the assessment of workers’ health needs and expectancies, (ii) advocated by the employer or the chief executive officer, (ii) planned and implemented with the staff consultation and participation or (iv) evaluated according to a cost-benefit analysis. In short, corporate health policy and action were still rather based on more traditional OSH approaches and should be reoriented towards Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) approach. According to the Luxembourg Declaration of Workplace Health Promotion in the European Union (1997), WHP is “a combination of: (i) improving the work organisation and environment; (ii) promoting active participation; (iii) encouraging personal development”.Résumée Politique(s) de santé au travail: une enquête sociologique aux entreprises portugaises Au Portugal on ne sait presque rien des politiques de santé au travail, adoptés par les entreprises. Avec ce projet de recherche, on veut (i) améliorer la connaissance sur les systèmes de gestion de la santé et de la sécurité au travail et, au même temps, (ii) contribuer au développement de la promotion de la santé des travailleurs. Une typologie a été usée pour identifier les politiques, programmes et actions de santé au travail: A. Amélioration des conditions de travail / Sécurité au travail; B. Médecine du travail /Santé au travail; C. Prévention des comportements de risque / Promotion de styles de vie sains; D. Interventions organisationnelles / Amélioration des facteurs psychosociaux au travail; E. Gestion de personnel et bien-être social. Un questionnaire postal a été envoyé au représentant maximum des grandes entreprises portugaises, industrielles (≥ 100 employés) ou des services (≥ 75 employés). Le taux de réponse a été environ 20% (259 répondants, concernant trois centaines d’entreprises et d’établissements). La recherche de champ, conduite du printemps 1997 à l’été 1998, a compris deux enquêtes postales et un follow-up téléphonique. L´échantillon est représentatif de la population des deux miles plus grandes entreprises. Un quart sont des multinationales. Le taux de syndicalisation est d’environ 30%. Toutefois, il y a seulement 16% de lieux de travail avec des représentants du personnel pour la santé et sécurité au travail. Les initiatives de santé au travail les plus communes sont celles concernant le domaine plus traditionnel (types A et B) (57% du total): par exemple, les examens de médecine du travail, l’équipement de protection individuelle, les tests d’aptitude au travail. En ce qui concerne les programmes de type C, les plus fréquents sont le contrôle et la prévention des addictions (tabac, alcool, drogue). Les interventions dans le domaine de du système technique et organisationnelle du travail peuvent comprendre les courses de formation en gestion de ressources humaines ou en psychosociologie des organisations, l’ergonomie, le travail posté ou la gestion de la qualité totale. En général, la protection et la promotion de la santé des travailleurs ne sont pas prises en considération dans l’implémentation des initiatives de type D. Il y a des différences quand on compare les grandes entreprises et les moyennes en matière de politique de gestion du personnel e du bien-être (programmes de type E, y compris l’allocation de ressources humaines ou logistiques comme, par exemple, restaurant, journal d’entreprise, transports, installations et équipements sportifs). D’autres activités de promotion de la santé au travail comme la formation en gestion du stress, les programmes d’ assistance aux employés, ou les groupes de soutien et d’auto-aide sont encore très peu fréquents dans les entreprises portugaises. C’est le système intégré de gestion de la santé et de la sécurité au travail, et non pas la taille de l’entreprise, qui aide à prédire l’existence de politiques actives et innovatrices dans ce domaine. Les trois facteurs principaux qui encouragent les actions de santé (prompting factors, en anglais) sont (i) l’absentéisme (y compris la maladie), (ii) les problèmes liés à la productivité, qualité et/ou la compétitivité, et aussi (iii) la culture de l’entreprise/philosophie de gestion. Du coté des bénéfices, on a obtenu surtout l’amélioration (i) de la santé du personnel, (ii) des conditions de travail, et (iii) de la productivité, qualité et/ou compétitivité.Les facteurs qui facilitent les actions de santé au travail sont (i) l’engagement de la direction, (ii) la culture de l’entreprise, et (iii) le sens de responsabilité sociale. Par contre, les obstacles à surmonter, selon les organisations qui ont répondu au questionnaire, seraient surtout (i) le manque d’engagement des travailleurs et de leur représentants, (ii) le temps insuffisant, et (iii) les problèmes de articulation/communication au niveau interne de l’entreprise/établissement. Ce travail de recherche sociologique montre la faiblesse méthodologique des services et activités de santé et sécurité au travail, mis en place par les entreprises portugaises dans les années de 1990, à la suite des accords de concertation sociale de 1991. Dans beaucoup de cas, (i) ces politiques de santé ne font pas partie encore d’un système intégré de gestion, (ii) il n’a pas d’évaluation des besoins et des expectatives des travailleurs, (iii) c’est très bas ou inexistant le niveau de participation du personnel, (iv) on ne fait pas d’analyse coût-bénéfice. On peut conclure que les politiques de santé au travail sont plus proches de la médecine du travail et de la sécurité au travail que de la promotion de la santé des travailleurs. Selon la Déclaration du Luxembourg sur la Promotion de la Santé au Lieu de Travail dans la Communauté Européenne (1997), celle-ci « comprend toutes les mesures des employeurs, des employés et de la société pour améliorer l'état de santé et le bien être des travailleurs » e « ceci peut être obtenu par la concentration des efforts dans les domaines suivants: (i) amélioration de l'organisation du travail et des conditions de travail ; (ii) promotion d'une participation active des collaborateurs ; (iii) renforcement des compétences personnelles ».

Parámetros ambientales y residuo de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COPs) en el litoral costero de Pisco - Paracas, Perú. Invierno austral 2005

Analiza el litoral costero de Pisco-Paracas y las características físico-químicas del mar en las áreas.

Évaluation d’indices de comparaison pour la substitution des solvants en milieu de travail

La substitution est une méthode de prévention primaire qui permet l’élimination à la source des dangers pour les travailleurs. Une des étapes de la démarche est la comparaison des options afin de procéder au choix final. Divers indices de comparaison, basés sur des paramètres physicochimiques, sanitaires et environnementaux des substances, permettent de guider ce choix. Toutefois, aucune évaluation de ces indices n’a été effectuée dans le cas de la substitution des solvants. Une recherche de développement a été entreprise afin de proposer une méthodologie améliorée de comparaison des solvants. La démarche d’analyse de substitution et la comparaison des options de remplacement à l’aide du rapport de danger de vapeur (« Vapour Hazard Ratio », VHR) ont été appliquées à un cas réel de substitution de solvants en entreprise. Trois indices de potentiel de surexposition (IPS) (VHR, « Måleteknisk Arbejdshygiejnisk Luftbehov » (MAL) et « SUBstitution FACtor » (SUBFAC)) et trois indices globaux de hiérarchisation des dangers (indice air (ψiair), « Indiana Relative Chemical Hazard Score » (IRCHS) et « Final Hazard Score » (FHS)) ont été évalués et comparés à partir de listes de 56 et 67 solvants respectivement. La problématique de la non-idéalité des mélanges a aussi été considérée par rapport aux IPS par l’évaluation et la comparaison de 50 mélanges de solvant. Une méthodologie d’établissement d’une valeur limite d’exposition (VLE), pour les solvants n’en possédant pas, a été développée par modélisation de type relations quantitatives propriété-propriété (QPPR). La modélisation QPPR des VLE, effectuée sur une liste de 88 solvants possédant une VLE, a été effectuée à partir des coefficients de partage octanol:air, octanol:eau, sang:air et des constantes métaboliques. L’étude de cas a montré que l’utilisation du VHR facilitait la comparaison des options, bien qu’elle puisse se heurter à l’absence de VLE. Les indices VHR et SUBFAC ont été identifiés comme des méthodes très proches, caractérisées par une forte corrélation (R=0,99) alors que l’indice MAL se distingue des deux autres IPS par une perte d’information sur la volatilité résultant en une corrélation plus faible avec le VHR (R=0,75). L’impact de la non idealité, évalué par le calcul de coefficients d’activité sur une série de 50 mélanges, a permis d’établir que les ratios entre les indices VHR corrigés et non corrigés variaient entre 0,57 et 2,7, suggérant un facteur de sécurité de cinq lors de la comparaison de mélanges. Les analyses de corrélation et de sensibilité ont montré que les indices de hiérarchisation des dangers différaient de façon importante sur leur prise en compte de paramètres comme la volatilité, les VLE, l’exposition cutanée, l’inflammabilité, la cancérogénicité et les divers paramètres environnementaux. Aucun de ces indices ne peut être recommandé pour la substitution des solvants. Deux modèles QPPR ont été développés afin de prédire des VLE et des VHR, et 61 % et 87 % des VHR prédits variaient respectivement d’un facteur maximal de deux et de cinq par rapport aux VHR calculés. Nos résultats mènent à proposer une démarche améliorée de comparaison en deux étapes. Après un tri selon des critères prioritaires de santé, de sécurité et d’environnement, la comparaison devrait se baser sur le calcul du VHR tout en considérant d’autres paramètres selon la situation concrète de l’entreprise ou du procédé. La comparaison devra tenir compte de la non-idéalité pour les mélanges, et de VLE estimées pour les solvants n’en possédant pas.

Isolation and Characterization of Agglutinin in the Hemolymph of Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

The present study is an attempt to find out the ralation between RNA/DNA ratio, protein,percentage growth rate and specific growth rate of prawn,Penaeus indicus with respect to Nervous system, Eyestalk and Muscle tissues during ontogenesis. We have isolated and purified a natural agglutinin in the hemolymph of P.indicus with antigenecity, agglutinating, hemolytic and antibacterial properties. The influence of growth and environmental parameters on the level of agglutinin in the hemolymph was studied. Agglutinin concentration during normal growth process was compared. The agglutinin concentration in the hemolymph was quantified through developing ELISA, which is useful in health monitoring studies of individual species. Complete amino acid composition of both the subunits of P.indicus agglutinin were analysed. P.indicus agglutinin showed similarity to those proteins having antigenecity,hemolytic and agglutinating properties.Hence, agglutinin was considered as a natural defence protein in the hemolymph of P.indicus responsible for immune surveillance. The humoral defence mechanism of agglutinin was a co-operative effort with hemocytes and complement system. The composition of isolated agglutinin of P.indicus amino acids will be helpful in the synthesis of new antibacterial analogues which can be used against disease causing organisms.

Geochemistry of transition, non-transition and rare-earth elements in the surficial sediments of continental shelf of Kerala and an annex to the Cochin estuarine system

The metals present in the surface sediments have high demand on a global perspective, and the main reservoir of these elements is believed to be the ocean floor. A lot of studies on metals are going on throughout the world for its quantification and exploitation. Even though, some preliminary attempts have been made in selected areas for the quantitative study of metals in the western continental shelf of India, no comprehensive work has been reported so far. The importance of this study also lies on the fact that there has not been a proper evaluation of the impact of the Great Tsunami of 2004 on the coastal areas of the south India. In View of this, an attempt has been made to address the seasonal distribution, behavior and mechanisms which control the deposition of metals in the sediments of the western continental shelf and Cochin Estuary, an annex to this coastal marine region.Surface sediment samples were collected seasonally from two subenvironemnts of southwest coast of India, (continental shelf of Kerala and Cochin estuarine system), to estimate the seasonal distribution and geochemical behavior of non-transition, transition, rare-earth elements, Th and U. Bottom water samples were also taken from each station, and analysed for temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, hence the response of redox sensitive elements to oxygen minimum zone can be addressed. In addition, other sedimentary parameters such as sand, silt, clay fractions, CaCO3 and organic carbon content were also estimated to evaluate the control factors on level of metals present in the sediment. The study used different environmental data analysis techniques to evaluate the distribution and behavior of elements during different seasons. This includes environmental parameters such as elemental normalisation, enrichment factor, element excess, cerium and europium anomalies and authigenic uranium.

Response of Eastern Arabian Sea to Extreme climatic Events with Special Reference to Selected Pelagic Fishes

The thesis attempts to study the changes in oceanographic parameters associated with extreme climatic events,the influence of oceanographic as well as meteorological parameters on fishes.The characteristics of major pelagic fishes of southwest coast of India(Oil sardine and Indian mackerel) have been described here.A description on study area and period of study is also described .The impact of extreme climatic events on the oceanographic variability of Eastern Arabian Sea.The extreme climatic event,the Indian Ocean Dipole associated with EI Nino Southern Oscillation is taken into consideration.The variability in oil sardine and mackerel landings of southwest coast of India during the study period.The trend analysis of the landings has been done and also a prediction model is applied for the landings.The influence of environmental parameters on oil sardine as well as mackerel fishery has been explained .With regression analysis ,the significant relation between environmental parameters and fish landings are also been recognized.The prediction of landings is done with these environmental parameters.

Chemodynamics and Ecohydrology of a Tropical Estuary

The amplified human role in shaping natural processes makes it imperative to understand the interactions between abiotic and biotic processes, whcih pertain particularly to the most dyanamic aboitic factor,water. The assessment of environmental parameters is indispensable for the sustainable management of the aqutic system .The conscious harnessing and pampering to protect the characteristics of the ecosystems is the of the day.This thesis attempts to characterize the chemical dynamacity of a tropical estury in relation to the bio, geo and physical processes and thereby to propose a management scheme for its sustainability. Micro speciation is used as a tool for this.

Macrobenthosof the cotinental margin(200-1000 m) of South Eastern Arabian Sea with special reference to Polychaetes

This thesis Entitled macrobenthos of the continental margin (200-1000m) of south eastern arabian sea with special reference to polychaetes. The continental margins are geologically complex and hydrodynamically active regions of the ocean, where vital biogeochemical processes take place from a global perspective. The Eastern Arabian Sea is one of the most productive regions of the world, and as a result, vast amount of organic matter is supplied to the sub surface waters and sea bed of the Arabian Sea. In this study, data on faunal abundance, standing crop and faunal composition, together with sedimentary and environmental parameters were collected from three depths (200m, 500m & 1000m) in nine bathymetric transects along the South Eastern Arabian Sea (from Cape Comorin to Karwar) during three surveys. In the present study, five textural classes of sediments were identified from the SEAS margin, viz. sand, silty sand, sandy silt, clayey silt and admixture of sand, silt and clay. The composition of sand was higher in the southern region and decreased progressively towards the north. On the shelf edge and upper slope regions in the south (Cape to Kollam) in particular, sandy sediments dominated .

Studies on the macrobenthos of mudbanks of Southwest cost of India

The present study was undsrtaken.with the objectives to assess the distribution and density of population of benthic animals with special reference to macrofauna from the south west coast of India from ' Malippursa 1 in the north to Alleppey in the south, to evaluate significant difference, if any, in the number and distribution of animals in th md bank regions and other intermittent stations, to examine the influence of bottom stability on the distribution of fauna, to observe the effect of the environmental parameters on the distribution pattern of nacrofauna, and to evaluate the nature and depthpwise distribution of the benthic fishery. The region selected for the investigation is one of the nest important fishing grounds in India for bottom fishing especially for prawns, covering a distance of about 60 kns in length.total number of thirty stations in five transects at right angles to the coast, each consisting of six stations were surveyed. The six stations in a transect were at depths of 5 m, 10m, 20:, 30:, 35m and 45m respectively formation of the Iudbanke, popularly known as 'Ghaknra' in the local language, is a peculiar phenomenon along the ooaet of Kerala and provides a good fishing ground.quantitative distribution of the mecrofauna chewed that the maximum number of organism was near the 35 n contour line in the first three profiles whereas in the fourth and fifth profiles it was at 20 n and 30 m depth respectively. The density of the fauna wee comparatively poor in shallow water etatione at depths 5-‘IO M.was a general decline in the numerical abundance and biomass of the bottom fauna in all the stations during the monsoon period. There has been very little yearly change in the composition of the fauna during the two years‘ study.

Studies on the planktonic copepods calanoida scolecithricidae of the Indian Ocean

The main purpose of the Study is to outline the main distributional features of the species of the calonoid copepod family seolecithricidae in the Indian Ocean Expedition collections and to distinguish and describe their niches. In the present thesis 27 species belonging to 7 genera were identified of which 2 were new records from the Indian Ocean and one was described as a new species. In addition to the general treatment of the taxonomy, zoogeography and species diversity in relation to various environmental parameters are also attempted

Biodegradation of phenolic compounds in different ecosystems in Cochin

The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of specifically adapted bacteria to degrade phenol and to quantify the rate of biodegradation at. Different concentrations by mixed as well as individual isolates. Regular quantitative analysis of phenolics and aerobic phenololytic heterotrophs from five different ecosystems were done during 1990-1991, and the ability of microorganisms isolated from those areas, to utilize phenol, o-cresol and orcinol was also studied. In addition, data on environmental parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, organic carbon and nutrients were also collected during the period of study The present study is one of its first kind in natural aquatic environment and has aimed to bring out some idea about the potential phenol biodegrades in such environments where the phenol concentration is beyond permitted level.

Studies on the benthose of the mud bank regions of the Kerala coast

There is very little information on the subtidal bottom fauna of the shelf regions in the seas around India. What little is known is restricted to macro benthos. The paucity of the work on bottom fauna and the importance of mud banks in the fishery of the South West Coast of India has initiated the present study. Attempts have been made to obtain a picture of the bottom fauna of a mud bank region of the Kerala Coast. The difficulties involved in the sampling and analysis, especially the availability of a suitable vessel during the S.W. Monsoon, resulted in the work being restricted mainly to the Narakal mud bank region 6 Km. north of Cochin Detailed sampling is conducted using grab, dredge and to a small extent beam trawl, to assess the qualitative and quantitative nature of the macro benthos. Important species contributing to the fauna are identified and the standing crop estimated for different seasons. The meiobenthos was studied using core samples taken from the grab. Animals were identified to the major taxa. Standing crop of meiobenthos and the quantitative importance of different groups were also studied. The data collected have been interpreted and discussed. As an understanding of the physico-chemical aspects of the environment is essential in order to obtain a true picture of the benthos, attempts were made in this direction. Environmental parameters such as temperature of the sediment, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in the overlying water were studied .during the period of benthos investigation. Monthly observations on the dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus in the area of investigation have been made. The physico-chemical nature of the sediment was also studied. Influence of these ecological variables on the bottom fauna is discussed.

Studies on the littoral processes in relation to stability of beaches around Cchin

The coastal and nearshore areas have played vital role in the trade and economic development of coastal nations since ancient times. In recent years, the demands for utilization of these areas have increased for purposes of navigation, setting up of offshore structures for oil industry, exploitation of the available fishery and mineral resources, and to provide recreational facilities along the coast as a part of the coastal zone management. It is in this context the studies on nearshore processes receive greater priorities. Stability of beaches is controlled by the interaction of various physical parameters such as winds, waves, currents, tides and the nature and constituents of the beaches. The results of studies carried out by the author on the dynamical effects of these environmental parameters on the shoreline processes along the beaches around Cochin are presented in this thesis. The section of the coast investigated is about 57 km of shore from Azhikode to Anthakaranazhi situated on the central Kerala coast. Four regions namely Narakkal, Malipuram, Fort Cochin and Anthakaranazhi were chosen for detailed study