1990 census of population and housing :

Includes bibliographical references.

Commercial organic analysis. A treatise on the properties, proximate analytical examination, and modes of assaying the various organic chemicals and products employed in the arts, manufactures, medicine, etc., with concise methods for the detection and determination of their impurities, adulterations, and products of decomposition.

v.I. Introduction. Alcohols, neutral alcoholic derivatives, sugars, starch and its isomers, vegetable acids, etc. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v.II. Fixed oils, fats, waxes, glycerol, nitroglycerin and nitroglycerin explosives. Hydrocarbons, petroleum and coal-tar products, asphalt, phenols and creosotes. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v. III, pt.I. Acid derivatives of phenols, aromatic acids, resins, and essential oils. Tannins, dyes, and colouring matters, writing inks. 2d ed., rev. & enl.--v. III, pt.II. Amines and ammonium bases, hydrarzines, bases from tar, vegetable alkaloids. 2d ed., rev. and enl. [1892] --v.III, pt.III. Vegetable alkaloids (concluded), non-basic vegetable bitter principles, animal bases, animal acids, cyanogen and its derivatives. 2d ed., rev. & enl. [1896]--v.IV. Proteids and albuminous principles, proteoïds or albuminoïds. 2d ed., rev. & enl. 1898.

Reactions of fac-[PtMe2(OMe)(H2O)3]+ with halide ions: effect of halide trans effect on methoxide hydrolysis

A solution of fac-[PtMe2(OMe)(H2O)(3)](+) (1) in aqueous perchloric acid underwent very slow hydrolysis of the Pt-OMe bond, over many, weeks. When chloride was added to a solution of 1, two interconverting isomers of [PtMe2(OMe)Cl(H2O)(2)] (with chloride trans to methyl) were formed, and with excess chloride, [PtMe2(OMe)Cl-2(H2O)](-) (both chloride ligands trans to methyl). This solution was stable at ambient temperature, but on heating, methanol was formed and [PtMe2Cl2(H2O)(2)] (both chloride ligands cis to methyl) was produced in the solution. It is proposed that this reaction proceeds via an intermediate complex with chloride bound trans to methoxide. Concentration gave solid [{PtMe2Cl2}n], whose identity was confirmed by conversion to [PtMe(2)Cl(2)py(2)] (pyridine, py, trans to methyl). With bromide and iodide, methoxide hydrolysis occurred at ambient temperature, more slowly with bromide than with iodide, to form solid [{PtMe2X2}(n)] without significant concentrations of [PtMe2X2(H2O)(2)] formed as an intermediate. The greater tendency for Pt-OMe bond to hydrolyse trans to halide compared with 1 was ascribed to the higher trans effect of the halide ligand compared with that of water. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and characterization of cobalt(III) complexes with sinambic amplector ligands

The synthesis of the hexadentate ligand 5,6-dimethyl-2,2,9,9-tetra(methyleneamine)-4,7-dithiadecane (1,2-Me(2)EtN(4)S(2)amp) is reported. The diastereiosomers were separated as cobalt(III) complexes using cation exchange chromatography. The rac and mesa isomers were characterized by NMR (C-13, H-1, Co-59), ESI-MS, UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Single crystals of [Co(rac-1,2-Me(2)EtN(4)S(2)amp)] Cl-2(ClO4) (.) 2H(2)O were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The low-temperature (11 K) absorption spectra of the complexes have been measured in Nafion films and from the observed positions of both spin-allowed (1)A(1g) --> T-1(1g) and (1)A(1g) --> T-1(2g) and spin forbidden (1)A(1g) --> T-3(2g) bands, octahedral ligand-field parameters (10Dq, B and C) were determined. These results, in conjunction with the Co-59 NMR data, are used to further explore the relationship between the Co-59 magnetogyric ratio (gamma(Co)) and the product of the nephelauxetic ratio and the wavelength of the (1)A(1g) --> T-1(1g) transition (beta(DeltaE)(-1)) for complexes of mixed donor nitrogen-thioether ligands. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the efficiency of some finite groups

We describe a new technique for finding efficient presentations for finite groups. We use it to answer three previously unresolved questions about the efficiency of group and semigroup presentations.

Concerning the proposed structure of (+)-laurobtusol: Spectral discrepancies with synthetic, racemic Stereoisomers

Laurobtusol, a minor metabolite from Laurencia obtusa, had been assigned constitution 1 and relative stereochemistry, 2. However, several stereoisomers of this novel, cyclopropane-containing system 1 have now been synthesized and spectral correspondence between the synthesized isomers and laurobtusol is lacking.

Stereocontrol in complexes of cyclam-like macrocycles - influences of chirality

Enforcement of chirality upon a macrocyclic tetramine ligand structure by the introduction of an asymmetric pendent arm which does not significantly modify the macrocycle conformation has no significant effect upon the geometry of the coordination sphere of a bound metal. Where substitution engendering chirality does cause a change in the ligand conformation, in particular for a ligand of restricted stereochemistry, these effects can be much greater. Thus, conversion of 3,7-diazacycloheptane to a macrocycle via attachment of chiral sidearms and ring closure through a template reaction leads to cyclam derivatives with unusual coordination properties. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tuning the metal-to-metal charge transfer energy of cyano-bridged dinuclear complexes

The metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) transitions of a series of Class II mixed valence dinuclear complexes bearing cyano bridging ligands may be varied systematically by variations to either the hexacyanometallate(II) donor or Co-III acceptor moieties. Specifically, the new dinuclear species trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14S(CN)(5)](-) (L-14S = 6-methyl-1,11-diaza-4,8-dithia- cyclotetradecane-6-amine) and trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]-(L-14 = 6-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6-amine) have been prepared and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties are compared with the relative trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14(CN)(5)](-). The crystal structures of Na{trans-[(LCoNCFe)-Co-14S(CN)(5)]}.51/2H(2)O.1/2EtOH, Na{trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]}.3H(2)O and Na{trans-[(LCoNCRu)-Co-14(CN)(5)]}.8H(2)O are also reported. The ensuing changes to the MMCT energy have been examined within the framework of Hush theory, and it was found that the free energy change between the redox isomers was the dominant effect in altering the energy of the MMCT transition.

Quantification and prevalence of Salmonella in beef cattle presenting at slaughter

Aims: A survey to determine the prevalence and numbers of Salmonella in beef cattle presented for slaughter at abattoirs across Australia was conducted between September 2002 and January 2003. Methods and Results: Automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS) was used for detection and isolation of Salmonella enriched from cattle faeces. Salmonella were enumerated from positive samples using a combination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique and AIMS. A total of 310 faecal samples were tested, 155 were from lot-fed cattle and 155 from grass-fed cattle. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 21 (6.8%) of the cattle and the prevalence amongst grass-fed cattle (4.5%) was not significantly different to that found in lot-fed cattle (9%). Counts of Salmonella in positive faeces varied from

The prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli O157 in faeces of cattle from different production systems at slaughter

Aims: To determine the prevalence and concentration of Escherichia coli O157 shed in faeces at slaughter, by beef cattle from different production systems. Methods and Results: Faecal samples were collected from grass-fed (pasture) and lot-fed (feedlot) cattle at slaughter and tested for the presence of E. coli O157 using automated immunomagnetic separation (AIMS). Escherichia coli O157 was enumerated in positive samples using the most probable number (MPN) technique and AIMS and total E. coli were enumerated using Petrifilm. A total of 310 faecal samples were tested (155 from each group). The geometric mean count of total E. coli was 5 x 10(5) and 2.5 x 10(5) CFU g(-1) for lot- and grass-fed cattle, respectively. Escherichia coli O157 was isolated from 13% of faeces with no significant difference between grass-fed (10%) and lot-fed cattle (15%). The numbers of E. coli O157 in cattle faeces varied from undetectable (

The rearrangements of naphthyinitrenes: UV/Vis and IR spectra of azirines, cyclic ketenimines, and cyclic nitrile ylides

Ar matrix photolysis of 1- and 2-naphthyl azides 3 and 4 at 313 nm initially affords the singlet naphthyl nitrenes, (1)1 and (1)2. Relaxation to the corresponding lower energy, persistent triplet nitrenes (3)1 and (3)2 competes with cyclization to the azirines 15 and 18, which can also be formed photochemically from the triplet nitrenes. On prolonged irradiation, the azirines can be converted to the seven-membered cyclic ketenimines 10 and 13, respectively, as described earlier by Dunkin and Thomson. However, instead of the o-quinoid ketenimines 16 and 19, which are the expected primary ring-opening products of azirines 15 and 18, respectively, we observed their novel bond-shift isomers 17 and 20, which may be formally regarded as cyclic nitrile ylides. The existence of such ylidic heterocumulenes has been predicted previously, but this work provides the first experimental observation of such species. The factors which are responsible for the special stability of the ylidic species 17 and 20 are discussed.

Energy profiles for ketene cyclizations. interconversion of 1,3-oxazin-6-ones, mesoionic 1,3-oxazinium olates and acylketenes, imidoylketenes, oxoketenimines, and cyclization products

The energy surface connecting oxazinium olates 9, several possible conformers of ketenes 10 and 11, and the final cyclization products 12, 13 and 14, as well as the isomeric 1,3-oxazine-6-ones 15, ring opening of the latter to N-acylimidoylketenes 16, and subsequent rearrangement of 16 to oxoketenimines 17, azetinones 18, and the cyclization products 19 and 20 are evaluated computationally at the B3LYP/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-311+G*//B3LYP/6-31G* levels. The cyclizations of ketenes to oxazinium olates 9 and oxazines 15 have the characteristics of pseudopericyclic reactions. Plots of the energy vs internal reaction coordinate for the cyclization of transoid acylketenes such as 10 to 9 (via TS1) and 16 to 15 (via TS7) feature two inflection points and indicate that the part of the energy surface above the lower inflection points describe internal rotation of the acyl function in the ketene moiety, and the part below this point describes the cyclization of the cisoid ketene to the planar mesoionic oxazinium olate 9 or oxazinone 15. The 1,3-shifts of the OR group that interconvert ketenes 16 and ketenimines 17 via four-membered cyclic transition states TS8 behave similarly, the first portion (from the ketenimine side) of the activation barrier being due largely to internal rotation of substituents, and the top part being due to the 1,3-shift proper.

Visualizing levels of osteoblast differentiation by a two-color promoter-GFP strategy: Type I collagen-GFPcyan and osteocalcin-GFPtpz

A 3.9 kb DNA fragment of human osteocalcin promoter and 3.6 kb DNA fragment of the rat collagen type1a1 promoter linked with visually distinguishable GFP isomers, topaz and cyan, were used for multiplex analysis of osteoblast lineage progression. Three patterns of dual transgene, expression can be appreciated in primary bone cell cultures derived from the transgenic mice and by histology of their corresponding bones. Our data support the interpretation that strong pOBCol3.6GFPcyan alone is found in newly formed osteoblasts, while strong pOBCol3.6GFPcyan and hOC-GFPtpz are present in osteoblasts actively making a new matrix. Osteoblasts expressing strong hOC-GFPtpz and weak pOBCol3.6GF-Pcyan are also present and may or may not be producing mineralized matrix. This multiplex approach reveals the heterogeneity within the mature osteoblast population that cannot be appreciated by current histological methods. It should be useful to identify and isolate populations of cells within an osteoblast lineage as they progress through stages of differentiation.

Essential oil composition of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) grown in Australia

Ginger oil, obtained by steam distillation of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is used in the beverage and fragrance industries. Ginger oil displays considerable compositional diversity, but is typically characterized by a high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including zingiberene, arcurcumene, beta-bisabolene, and beta-sesquiphellandrene. Australian ginger oil has a reputation for possessing a particular lemony aroma, due to its high content of the isomers neral and geranial, often collectively referred to as citral. Fresh rhizomes of 17 clones of Australian ginger, including commercial cultivars and experimental tetraploid clones, were steam distilled 7 weeks post-harvest, and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oils of 16 of the 17 clones, including the tetraploid clones and their parent cultivar, were found to be of substantially similar composition. These oils were characterized by very high citral levels (51-71%) and relatively low levels of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons typical of ginger oil. The citral levels of most of these oils exceeded those previously reported for ginger oils. The neral-to-geranial ratio was shown to be remarkably constant (0.61 +/- 0.01) across all 17 clones. One clone, the cultivar Jamaican, yielded oil with a substantially different composition, lower citral content and higher levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Because this cultivar also contains significantly higher concentrations of pungent gingerols, it possesses unique aroma and flavor characteristics, which should be of commercial interest.

Isomeric distribution and catalyzed isomerization of cobalt(III) complexes with pentadentate macrocyclic ligands. Importance of hydrogen bonding

We have investigated the isomeric distribution and rearrangement of complexes of the type [CoXLn](2+,3+) (where X = Cl-, OH-, H2O, and L-n represents a pentadentate 13-, 14-, and 15-membered tetraaza or diaza-dithia (N-4 or N2S2) macrocycle bearing a pendant primary amine). The preparative procedures for chloro complexes produced almost exclusively kinetically preferred cis isomers (where the pendant primary amine is cis to the chloro ligand) that can be separated by careful cation-exchange chromatography. For L-13 and L-14 the so-called cis-V isomer is isolated as the kinetic product, and for L-15 the cis-VI form (an N-based diastereomer) is the preferred, while for the L-14(S) complex both cis-V and trans-I forms are obtained. All these complexes rearrange to form stable trans isomers in which the pendent primary amine is trans to the monodentate aqua or hydroxo ligand, depending on pH and the workup procedure. In total 11 different complexes have been studied. From these, two different trans isomers of [CoCIL14S](2+) have been characterized crystallographically for the first time in addition to a new structure of cis-V-[CoCIL14S](2+); all were isolated as their chloride perchlorate salts. Two additional isomers have been identified and characterized by NMR as reaction intermediates. The remaining seven forms correspond to the complexes already known, produced in preparative procedures. The kinetic, thermal, and baric activation parameters for all the isomerization reactions have been determined and involve large activation enthalpies and positive volumes of activation. Activation entropies indicate a very important degree of hydrogen bonding in the reactivity of the complexes, confirmed by density functional theory studies on the stability of the different isomeric forms. The isomerization processes are not simple and even some unstable intermediates have been detected and characterized as part of the above-mentioned 11 forms of the complexes. A common reaction mechanism for the isomerization reactions has been proposed for all the complexes derived from the observed kinetic and solution behavior.