Implementação de conversor de polarização linear-circular para antenas de microfita usando metasuperfícies

This work aims to propose a new model of metasurface with simplified basic cell, able to convert linearly polarized signals generated by planar antenna array in circularly polarized signals, for the ISM frequency band (2.45 GHz), with good bandwidth of return loss and axial ratio. To study the behavior of the proposed structure, the metasurface is coupled to three different structures. First, initial tests are made with the metasurface coupled to a microstrip antenna in its simple configuration. Then the metasurface is coupled to an array with two elements of patch type. And later it is coupled to an optimized array, that uses a stub in its main feed, to get a better impedance matching. The structures are analyzed numerically through Ansoft HFSS™, and to validate these results, the structures are characterized experimentally. The characteristics of transmissions simulated and measures are presented. A good agreement between simulated and measured results was obtained. The structure proposed here has the advantage of meeting the desired characteristics, with a simple geometry to be built using a low-cost substrate (FR-4).

Método híbrido para projeto de superfícies seletivas em frequência

This thesis presents a hybrid technique of frequency selective surfaces project (FSS) on a isotropic dielectric layer, considering various geometries for the elements of the unit cell. Specifically, the hybrid technique uses the equivalent circuit method in conjunction with genetic algorithm, aiming at the synthesis of structures with response single-band and dual-band. The equivalent circuit method allows you to model the structure by using an equivalent circuit and also obtaining circuits for different geometries. From the obtaining of the parameters of these circuits, you can get the transmission and reflection characteristics of patterned structures. For the optimization of patterned structures, according to the desired frequency response, Matlab™ optimization tool named optimtool proved to be easy to use, allowing you to explore important results on the optimization analysis. In this thesis, numeric and experimental results are presented for the different characteristics of the analyzed geometries. For this, it was determined a technique to obtain the parameter N, which is based on genetic algorithms and differential geometry, to obtain the algebraic rational models that determine values of N more accurate, facilitating new projects of FSS with these geometries. The optimal results of N are grouped according to the occupancy factor of the cell and the thickness of the dielectric, for modeling of the structures by means of rational algebraic equations. Furthermore, for the proposed hybrid model was developed a fitness function for the purpose of calculating the error occurred in the definitions of FSS bandwidths with transmission features single band and dual band. This thesis deals with the construction of prototypes of FSS with frequency settings and band widths obtained with the use of this function. The FSS were initially reviewed through simulations performed with the commercial software Ansoft Designer ™, followed by simulation with the equivalent circuit method for obtaining a value of N in order to converge the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of the FSS analyzed, then the results obtained were compared. The methodology applied is validated with the construction and measurement of prototypes with different geometries of the cells of the arrays of FSS.

Método híbrido para projeto de superfícies seletivas em frequência

This thesis presents a hybrid technique of frequency selective surfaces project (FSS) on a isotropic dielectric layer, considering various geometries for the elements of the unit cell. Specifically, the hybrid technique uses the equivalent circuit method in conjunction with genetic algorithm, aiming at the synthesis of structures with response single-band and dual-band. The equivalent circuit method allows you to model the structure by using an equivalent circuit and also obtaining circuits for different geometries. From the obtaining of the parameters of these circuits, you can get the transmission and reflection characteristics of patterned structures. For the optimization of patterned structures, according to the desired frequency response, Matlab™ optimization tool named optimtool proved to be easy to use, allowing you to explore important results on the optimization analysis. In this thesis, numeric and experimental results are presented for the different characteristics of the analyzed geometries. For this, it was determined a technique to obtain the parameter N, which is based on genetic algorithms and differential geometry, to obtain the algebraic rational models that determine values of N more accurate, facilitating new projects of FSS with these geometries. The optimal results of N are grouped according to the occupancy factor of the cell and the thickness of the dielectric, for modeling of the structures by means of rational algebraic equations. Furthermore, for the proposed hybrid model was developed a fitness function for the purpose of calculating the error occurred in the definitions of FSS bandwidths with transmission features single band and dual band. This thesis deals with the construction of prototypes of FSS with frequency settings and band widths obtained with the use of this function. The FSS were initially reviewed through simulations performed with the commercial software Ansoft Designer ™, followed by simulation with the equivalent circuit method for obtaining a value of N in order to converge the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of the FSS analyzed, then the results obtained were compared. The methodology applied is validated with the construction and measurement of prototypes with different geometries of the cells of the arrays of FSS.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de algoritmos criptográficos para redes de sensores sem fio, utilizando técnicas de programação genética

Cryptography is the main form to obtain security in any network. Even in networks with great energy consumption restrictions, processing and memory limitations, as the Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN), this is no different. Aiming to improve the cryptography performance, security and the lifetime of these networks, we propose a new cryptographic algorithm developed through the Genetic Programming (GP) techniques. For the development of the cryptographic algorithm’s fitness criteria, established by the genetic GP, nine new cryptographic algorithms were tested: AES, Blowfish, DES, RC6, Skipjack, Twofish, T-DES, XTEA and XXTEA. Starting from these tests, fitness functions was build taking into account the execution time, occupied memory space, maximum deviation, irregular deviation and correlation coefficient. After obtaining the genetic GP, the CRYSEED and CRYSEED2 was created, algorithms for the 8-bits devices, optimized for WSNs, i.e., with low complexity, few memory consumption and good security for sensing and instrumentation applications.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de algoritmos criptográficos para redes de sensores sem fio, utilizando técnicas de programação genética

Cryptography is the main form to obtain security in any network. Even in networks with great energy consumption restrictions, processing and memory limitations, as the Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN), this is no different. Aiming to improve the cryptography performance, security and the lifetime of these networks, we propose a new cryptographic algorithm developed through the Genetic Programming (GP) techniques. For the development of the cryptographic algorithm’s fitness criteria, established by the genetic GP, nine new cryptographic algorithms were tested: AES, Blowfish, DES, RC6, Skipjack, Twofish, T-DES, XTEA and XXTEA. Starting from these tests, fitness functions was build taking into account the execution time, occupied memory space, maximum deviation, irregular deviation and correlation coefficient. After obtaining the genetic GP, the CRYSEED and CRYSEED2 was created, algorithms for the 8-bits devices, optimized for WSNs, i.e., with low complexity, few memory consumption and good security for sensing and instrumentation applications.

Estratégia de navegação com planejamento dinâmico e algoritmo genético aplicada a robôs móveis terrestres

This work proposes a new autonomous navigation strategy assisted by genetic algorithm with dynamic planning for terrestrial mobile robots, called DPNA-GA (Dynamic Planning Navigation Algorithm optimized with Genetic Algorithm). The strategy was applied in environments - both static and dynamic - in which the location and shape of the obstacles is not known in advance. In each shift event, a control algorithm minimizes the distance between the robot and the object and maximizes the distance from the obstacles, rescheduling the route. Using a spatial location sensor and a set of distance sensors, the proposed navigation strategy is able to dynamically plan optimal collision-free paths. Simulations performed in different environments demonstrated that the technique provides a high degree of flexibility and robustness. For this, there were applied several variations of genetic parameters such as: crossing rate, population size, among others. Finally, the simulation results successfully demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of DPNA-GA technique, validating it for real applications in terrestrial mobile robots.

Estratégia de navegação com planejamento dinâmico e algoritmo genético aplicada a robôs móveis terrestres

This work proposes a new autonomous navigation strategy assisted by genetic algorithm with dynamic planning for terrestrial mobile robots, called DPNA-GA (Dynamic Planning Navigation Algorithm optimized with Genetic Algorithm). The strategy was applied in environments - both static and dynamic - in which the location and shape of the obstacles is not known in advance. In each shift event, a control algorithm minimizes the distance between the robot and the object and maximizes the distance from the obstacles, rescheduling the route. Using a spatial location sensor and a set of distance sensors, the proposed navigation strategy is able to dynamically plan optimal collision-free paths. Simulations performed in different environments demonstrated that the technique provides a high degree of flexibility and robustness. For this, there were applied several variations of genetic parameters such as: crossing rate, population size, among others. Finally, the simulation results successfully demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of DPNA-GA technique, validating it for real applications in terrestrial mobile robots.

Estratégias distribuídas para a coexistência de redes de banda larga sem fio em bandas não-licensiadas

The increasing demand for Internet data traffic in wireless broadband access networks requires both the development of efficient, novel wireless broadband access technologies and the allocation of new spectrum bands for that purpose. The introduction of a great number of small cells in cellular networks allied to the complimentary adoption of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies in unlicensed spectrum is one of the most promising concepts to attend this demand. One alternative is the aggregation of Industrial, Science and Medical (ISM) unlicensed spectrum to licensed bands, using wireless networks defined by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). While IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) networks are aggregated to Long Term Evolution (LTE) small cells via LTE / WLAN Aggregation (LWA), in proposals like Unlicensed LTE (LTE-U) and LWA the LTE air interface itself is used for transmission on the unlicensed band. Wi-Fi technology is widespread and operates in the same 5 GHz ISM spectrum bands as the LTE proposals, which may bring performance decrease due to the coexistence of both technologies in the same spectrum bands. Besides, there is the need to improve Wi-Fi operation to support scenarios with a large number of neighbor Overlapping Basic Subscriber Set (OBSS) networks, with a large number of Wi-Fi nodes (i.e. dense deployments). It is long known that the overall Wi-Fi performance falls sharply with the increase of Wi-Fi nodes sharing the channel, therefore there is the need for introducing mechanisms to increase its spectral efficiency. This work is dedicated to the study of coexistence between different wireless broadband access systems operating in the same unlicensed spectrum bands, and how to solve the coexistence problems via distributed coordination mechanisms. The problem of coexistence between different networks (i.e. LTE and Wi-Fi) and the problem of coexistence between different networks of the same technology (i.e. multiple Wi-Fi OBSSs) is analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively via system-level simulations, and the main issues to be faced are identified from these results. From that, distributed coordination mechanisms are proposed and evaluated via system-level simulations, both for the inter-technology coexistence problem and intra-technology coexistence problem. Results indicate that the proposed solutions provide significant gains when compare to the situation without distributed coordination.

Modelagem e análise dinâmica de um sistema de conversão de energia eólica dotado de gerador síncrono de imã permanente utilizando a plataforma ATP

Human development requires a broad balance between ecological, social and economic factors in order to ensure its own sustainability. In this sense, the search for new sources of energy generation, with low deployment and operation costs, which cause the least possible impact to the environment, has been the focus of attention of all society segments. To do so, the reduction in exploration of fossil fuels and the encouragement of using renewable energy resources for distributed generation have proved interesting alternatives to the expansion of the energy matrix of various countries in the world. In this sense, the wind energy has acquired an increasingly significant role, presenting increasing rates of power grid penetration and highlighting technological innovations such as the use of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG). In Brazil, this fact has also been noted and, as a result, the impact of the inclusion of this source in the distribution and sub-transmission power grid has been a major concern of utilities and agents connected to Brazilian electrical sector. Thus, it is relevant the development of appropriate computational tools that allow detailed predictive studies about the dynamic behavior of wind farms, either operating with isolated load, either connected to the main grid, taking also into account the implementation of control strategies for active/reactive power generation and the keeping of adequate levels of voltage and frequency. This work fits in this context since it comprises mathematical and computational developments of a complete wind energy conversion system (WECS) endowed with PMSG using time domain techniques of Alternative Transients Program (ATP), which prides itself a recognized reputation by scientific and academic communities as well as by electricity professionals in Brazil and elsewhere. The modeling procedures performed allowed the elaboration of blocks representing each of the elements of a real WECS, comprising the primary source (the wind), the wind turbine, the PMSG, the frequency converter, the step up transformer, the load composition and the power grid equivalent. Special attention is also given to the implementation of wind turbine control techniques, mainly the pitch control responsible for keeping the generator under the maximum power operation point, and the vector theory that aims at adjusting the active/reactive power flow between the wind turbine and the power grid. Several simulations are performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of the wind farm when subjected to different operating conditions and/or on the occurrence of wind intensity variations. The results have shown the effectiveness of both mathematical and computational modeling developed for the wind turbine and the associated controls.

Estudo dos harmônicos entre diferentes sistemas de excitação de máquinas síncronas

Dissertação (Mestrado)

Reconstrução e reconhecimento de imagens binárias utilizando o algoritmo Máquina de Boltzmann

The objective of this work is to use algorithms known as Boltzmann Machine to rebuild and classify patterns as images. This algorithm has a similar structure to that of an Artificial Neural Network but network nodes have stochastic and probabilistic decisions. This work presents the theoretical framework of the main Artificial Neural Networks, General Boltzmann Machine algorithm and a variation of this algorithm known as Restricted Boltzmann Machine. Computer simulations are performed comparing algorithms Artificial Neural Network Backpropagation with these algorithms Boltzmann General Machine and Machine Restricted Boltzmann. Through computer simulations are analyzed executions times of the different described algorithms and bit hit percentage of trained patterns that are later reconstructed. Finally, they used binary images with and without noise in training Restricted Boltzmann Machine algorithm, these images are reconstructed and classified according to the bit hit percentage in the reconstruction of the images. The Boltzmann machine algorithms were able to classify patterns trained and showed excellent results in the reconstruction of the standards code faster runtime and thus can be used in applications such as image recognition.

Projeto iterativo, simulação, análise e otimização de máquina a relutância variável monofásica

Variable reluctance motors have been increasingly used as an alternative for variable speed and high speed drives in many industrial applications, due to many advantages like the simplicity of construction, robustness, and low cost. The most common applications in recent years are related to aeronautics, electric and hybrid vehicles and wind power generation. This paper explores the theory, operation, design procedures and analysis of a variable reluctance machine. An iterative design methodology is introduced and used to design a 1.25 kW prototype. For the analysis of the machine two methods are used, an analytical method and the finite element simulation. The results obtained by both methods are compared. The results of finite element simulation are used to determine the inductance profiles and torque of the prototype. The magnetic saturation is examined visually and numerically in four critical points of the machine. The data collected in the simulation allow the verification of design and operating limits for the prototype. Moreover, the behavior of the output quantities is analyzed (inductance, torque and magnetic saturation) by variation of physical dimensions of the motor. Finally, a multiobjective optimization using Differential Evolution algorithms and Genetic Algorithms for switched reluctance machine design is proposed. The optimized variables are rotor and stator polar arcs, and the goals are to maximize the average torque, the average torque per copper losses and the average torque per core volume. Finally, the initial design and optimized design are compared.

Análise computacional do desempenho de estratégia para o religamento controlado de linhas de transmissão

The search for mitigation solutions, with respect to the effects of overvoltages linked to the energization and reclosing maneuvers of transmission lines include a challenging subject with strong impact on the insulation coordination of electrical systems. Although the recognition of classical and commercial proposals to mitigate these phenomena, other possibilities are certainly still worthwhile highlighting and investigations. In this context, the present work is grounded in the exposure of the physical and mathematical foundations of a strategy based on controlled switchings, whose moments to the line reclosing are pre-programmed. The computational evaluation of the effectiveness of the methodology is made using the ATP simulator, which are studies in a typical electrical system subjected to the action of short-circuits fallowed by shutdowns and subsequent reclosing, under the action of technology here focused and lack thereof.

Serious Game no tratamento de obesidade infantil: uma proposta de interação natural com monitoramento remoto

The number of overweight people has increased in the last few years. Factors such as attention to diet and changes in lifestyle are crucial in the prevention and control of obesity and diseases related to it. Experts believe that such actions are most effective when initiated during childhood, and that children raised in an environment that encourages physical activity ultimately become healthier adults. However, to arouse and maintain interest in such activities represent a major challenge, which are initially perceived as repetitive and boring, and, thus, soon abandoned. Computer games, traditionally seen as stimulants to a sedentary lifestyle are changing this perception using non-conventional controls that require constant movement of the player. Applications that combine the playfulness of such games to physical activity through devices, like Microsoft Kinect, might become interesting tools in this scenario, by using the familiarity of Natural User Interfaces along with the challenge and the fun of video games, in order to make attractive exercise routines for schoolchildren. The project carried out consists of an exergame composed of several activities designed and implemented with the participation of a Physical Educator, aimed at children between eight and ten years old, whose performance and progress can be remotely monitored by a professional via web interface. The application arising from this work was accompanied by tests with a group of graduating Physical Education students from the University of Rio Verde GO, and subsequently validated through questionnaires whose results are shown on this work.

Utilização da transformada de wavelet para detecção de variações anormais de tensão em sistemas elétricos com geração distribuída

The increasing demand in electricity and decrease forecast, increasingly, of fossil fuel reserves, as well as increasing environmental concern in the use of these have generated a concern about the quality of electricity generation, making it well welcome new investments in generation through alternative, clean and renewable sources. Distributed generation is one of the main solutions for the independent and selfsufficient generating systems, such as the sugarcane industry. This sector has grown considerably, contributing expressively in the production of electricity to the distribution networks. Faced with this situation, one of the main objectives of this study is to propose the implementation of an algorithm to detect islanding disturbances in the electrical system, characterized by situations of under- or overvoltage. The algorithm should also commonly quantize the time that the system was operating in these conditions, to check the possible consequences that will be caused in the electric power system. In order to achieve this it used the technique of wavelet multiresolution analysis (AMR) for detecting the generated disorders. The data obtained can be processed so as to be used for a possible predictive maintenance in the protection equipment of electrical network, since they are prone to damage on prolonged operation under abnormal conditions of frequency and voltage.