Counter-ion effect on surfactant-DNA gel particles as controlled DNA delivery systems

The ability to entrap drugs within vehicles and subsequently release them has led to new treatments for a number of diseases. Based on an associative phase separation and interfacial diffusion approach, we developed a way to prepare DNA gel particles without adding any kind of cross-linker or organic solvent. Among the various agents studied, cationic surfactants offered particularly efficient control for encapsulation and DNA release from these DNA gel particles. The driving force for this strong association is the electrostatic interaction between the two components, as induced by the entropic increase due to the release of the respective counter-ions. However, little is known about the influence of the respective counter-ions on this surfactant-DNA interaction. Here we examined the effect of different counter-ions on the formation and properties of the DNA gel particles by mixing DNA (either single- (ssDNA) or double-stranded (dsDNA)) with the single chain surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTA). In particular, we used as counter-ions of this surfactant the hydrogen sulfate and trifluoromethane sulfonate anions and the two halides, chloride and bromide. Effects on the morphology of the particles obtained, the encapsulation of DNA and its release, as well as the haemocompatibility of these particles, are presented, using the counter-ion structure and the DNA conformation as controlling parameters. Analysis of the data indicates that the degree of counter-ion dissociation from the surfactant micelles and the polar/hydrophobic character of the counter-ion are important parameters in the final properties of the particles. The stronger interaction with amphiphiles for ssDNA than for dsDNA suggests the important role of hydrophobic interactions in DNA.

Moderata Fonte y María Zambrano: por cuenta propia

In this paper, Rosa Rius thinks about feminine identity and its history, based on the expressions of freedom of two authors living four centuries apart: the Venetian humanist Moderata Fonte (1555-1592) and the Malagan philosopher María Zambrano (1904-1991). The fact that these women¿s freedom is taken as one of their main identifying elements, and straining the historical action of this freedom, unforeseen by the establishment, does not at all imply that the undeniable discrimination inflicted upon women throughout centuries is forgotten or goes on without protest.

Hepatitis G virus infection in primary Sjögren's syndrome: analysis in a series of 100 patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in a large cohort of patients with primary Sjögren¿s syndrome (SS). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 100 consecutive patients (92 female and eight male), with a mean age of 62 years (range 31¿80) that were prospectively visited in our unit. All patients fulfilled the European Community criteria for SS and underwent a complete history, physical examination, as well as biochemical and immunological evaluation for liver disease. Two hundred volunteer blood donors were also studied. The presence of HGV-RNA was investigated in the serum of all patients and donors. Aditionally, HBsAg and antibodies to hepatitis C virus were determined. RESULTS Four patients (4%) and six volunteer blood donors (3%) presented HGV-RNA sequences in serum. HGV infection was associated with biochemical signs of liver involvement in two (50%) patients. When compared with primary SS patients without HGV infection, no significant differences were found in terms of clinical or immunological features. HCV coinfection occurs in one (25%) of the four patients with HGV infection. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HGV infection in patients with primary SS is low in the geographical area of the study and HCV coinfection is very uncommon. HGV infection alone does not seen to be an important cause of chronic liver injury in the patients with primary SS in this area.

Un dibujo inédito de Rogelio de Egusquiza, copia del dibujo preparatorio de la Sibila Líbica de Miguel Ángel

Rogelio de Egusquiza (1845-1915) pintor y grabador, cosmopolita y wagneriano de pro, recogió en su obra tanto las lecciones de los clásicos, como las influencias de los artistas del momento que más admiraba: Messonier, Menzel o Fortuny, de cuyo cenáculo formó parte. Ya muy joven, a los 22 años, manifestó su estimación por los clásicos al pintar un cuadro representando a Miguel Ángel postrándose delante del cadáver de Vittoria Colonna , con el que obtuvo una mención honorífica de segunda clase en la Exposición Nacional de 1867. Una pintura -actualmente en paradero desconocido- citada por Beruete como propiedad de Dña. Consuelo Egusquiza, hermana del pintor y que, según transcripción de Carretero y Bedia, aparecía en el listado descriptivo de obras propiedad del pintor, realizado por sus descendientes con motivo de la reclamación que éstos hicieron a los distintos centros de recuperación organizados en la posguerra española. Y, si bien el motivo del cuadro evidencia un gran interés por la figura de Miguel Ángel, además, en el mismo listado aparece, como signo inequívoco de veneración hacia el genio renacentista, ¿una cabeza en bronce tamaño natural, mascarilla de Miguel Ángel?, el objeto de culto de los mitómanos novecentistas.

Treatment patterns and health care resource utilization in a 1-year observational cohort study of outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics

Purpose: To describe (1) the clinical profiles and the patterns of use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence with oral antipsychotics, and in those who started treatment with LAI antipsychotics, (2) health care resource utilization and associated costs. Patients and methods: A total of 597 outpatients with schizophrenia at risk of nonadherence, according to the psychiatrist's clinical judgment, were recruited at 59 centers in a noninterventional prospective observational study of 1-year follow-up when their treatment was modified. In a post hoc analysis, the profiles of patients starting LAI or continuing with oral antipsychotics were described, and descriptive analyses of treatments, health resource utilization, and direct costs were performed in those who started an LAI antipsychotic. Results: Therapy modifications involved the antipsychotic medications in 84.8% of patients, mostly because of insufficient efficacy of prior regimen. Ninety-two (15.4%) patients started an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment. Of these, only 13 (14.1%) were prescribed with first-generation antipsychotics. During 1 year, 16.3% of patients who started and 14.9% of patients who did not start an LAI antipsychotic at recruitment relapsed, contrasting with the 20.9% who had been hospitalized only within the prior 6 months. After 1 year, 74.3% of patients who started an LAI antipsychotic continued concomitant treatment with oral antipsychotics. The mean (median) total direct health care cost per patient per month during the study year among the patients starting any LAI antipsychotic at baseline was 1,407 ( 897.7). Medication costs (including oral and LAI antipsychotics and concomitant medication) represented almost 44%, whereas nonmedication costs accounted for more than 55% of the mean total direct health care costs. Conclusion: LAI antipsychotics were infrequently prescribed in spite of a psychiatrist-perceived risk of nonadherence to oral antipsychotics. Mean medication costs were lower than nonmedication costs.

Catalogue des livres, principalement relatifs aux sciences et aux beaux-arts, à l'histoire et à l'archéologie, qui composaient la bibliothèque de feu M. le Vte L.-E.-F. Héricart de Thury,... : [Vente le 18 décembre 1854 et jours suivants, rue des Bons-Enfants, 28.]...

[Vente (Livres). 1854-12-18. Paris]

Catalogue des livres composant la bibliothèque de M. François Arago... [Vente le 19 juin 1854 et jours suivants, rue Serpente, 37.]...

[Vente (Livres). 1854-06-19. Paris]

Cau Oliveros, Miguel Angel: Cerámica tardorromana de cocina de las Islas Baleares, estudio arqueométrico, BAR International Series 1182, 2003.

La sensació que un té quan acaba de llegir el llibre Cerámica tardorromana de cocina de las Islas Baleares. Estudio arqueométrico, de Miguel Angel Cau Ontiveros, és la d'haver llegit diversos libres en un de sol. No sé si hi ha intencionalitat en aquest fet o simplement és fruit d'una preocupa ció més amplia que l'estrictament proposada pel títol de l'obra. Per una part, el propi estudi arqueometric, on les referencies arqueologiques es prenen d'estudis previs fets per altres autors, a excepció deljaciment de Sa Mesquida (Calvia, Mallorca), amb una finalitat clarament historica, la caracterització d'una serie de ceramiques, totes atribuIble s a l'ambit de la cuina en una epoca concreta, per tal de poder determinar basicament el grau d'autosuficiencia d'uns espais insulars.

Beltrán Fortes, José, García García, Miguel Ángel y Rodríguez Oliva, Pedro: Los sarcófagos romanos de Andalucía Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. España, I, 3. Murcia, 2006

Este libro es un nuevo fascículo del volumen I del proyecto CSIR-España, que a modo de corpus reúne, con carácter general y de modo minuciosamente sistemático, los sarcófagos romanos decorados de Andalucía, cuyo mayor número ya había sido objeto de publicación. La investigación histórica e iconográfica sobre los sarcófagos hispanos (en especial para los ejemplares paleocristianos) es deudora fundamentalmente de los estudios realizados por Sotomayor (1966: 77-99; 1975) y, más recientemente, por Koch (2000), además de dos de los autores que firman este trabajo, que en los últimos años se han detenido metódicamente sobre los sarcófagos béticos de tema profano (Beltrán, 1999; Rodríguez Oliva, 2001: 107-127).

El Solutrense en la costa de Málaga: contexto paleoambiental y cronocultural.

La franja costera de la provincia de Málaga aporta algunos de los mejores yacimientos para el estudio del Solutrense en el sur de la península Ibérica. En este trabajo se analiza el estado de conocimiento de los principales registros conocidos hasta el momento en este ámbito geográfico. La secuencia paleoambiental se aborda principalmente a partir de la nueva información obtenida en Bajondillo, donde se han realizado análisis micromorfológicos, sedimentarios, polínicos e isotópicos. Los aspectos culturales, que se definen a través de los análisis tecnológicos, económicos, simbólicos o funcionales, nos ayudan a identificar los principales rasgos culturales del Solutrense en este ámbito geográfico. La interrelación de todos estos datos arroja una secuencia que participa en términos generales de las características del Solutrense del ámbito mediterráneo ibérico. No obstante, se han encontrado ciertas particularidades en el ámbito económico o secuencial.