Toimintamalli ympäristömyötäisen tuotesuunnittelun roolin kasvattamiseksi

Työn ensimmäisenä tavoitteena oli parantaa Abloy Oy:n tietämystä yrityksen tarjoamien mekaanisten ja mekatronisten tuotteiden ympäristönäkökohdista ja -vaikutuksista. Työn toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää, voidaanko Abloy Oy:n mekaanisten ja mekatronisten tuotteiden elinkaaren aikaisten ympäristönäkökohtien ja -vaikutusten arviointia kehittää osana nykyistä tuotekehitysprosessia. Tuotteiden ympäristönäkökohtia käsiteltiin kestävän kehityksen, yritysvastuun, ympäristöstrategian ja yksittäisen tuotteen osalta. Ympäristöstrategioiden pohjalta kehitettiin toimintamalleja. Toimintamalleilla kuvataan, mitä toimenpiteitä yrityksen tulisi tehdä, jotta tietty ympäristöstrategian taso saavutetaan. Työn tulos on, että kehitetyillä toimintamalleilla on potentiaalia kehittää Abloy Oy:n mekaanisten ja mekatronisten tuotteiden elinkaaren aikaisten ympäristönäkökohtien ja -vaikutusten arviointia osana nykyistä tuotekehitysprosessimallia.

Optimal Recycling Combination of Ash in South-East Finland

The present world energy production is heavily relying on the combustion of solid fuels like coals, peat, biomass, municipal solid waste, whereas the share of renewable fuels is anticipated to increase in the future to mitigate climate change. In Finland, peat and wood are widely used for energy production. In any case, the combustion of solid fuels results in generation of several types of thermal conversion residues, such as bottom ash, fly ash, and boiler slag. The predominant residue type is determined by the incineration technology applied, while its composition is primarily relevant to the composition of fuels combusted. An extensive research has been conducted on technical suitability of ash for multiple recycling methods. Most of attention was drawn to the recycling of the coal combustion residues, as coal is the primary solid fuel consumed globally. The recycling methods of coal residues include utilization in a cement industry, in concrete manufacturing, and mine backfilling, to name few. Biomass combustion residues were also studied to some extent with forest fertilization, road construction, and road stabilization being the predominant utilization options. Lastly, residues form municipal solid waste incineration attracted more attention recently following the growing number of waste incineration plants globally. The recycling methods of waste incineration residues are the most limited due to its hazardous nature and varying composition, and include, among others, landfill construction, road construction, mine backfilling. In the study, environmental and economic aspects of multiple recycling options of thermal conversion residues generated within a case-study area were studied. The case-study area was South-East Finland. The environmental analysis was performed using an internationally recognized methodology — life cycle assessment. Economic assessment was conducted applying a widely used methodology — cost-benefit analysis. Finally, the results of the analyses were combined to enable easier comparison of the recycling methods. The recycling methods included the use of ash in forest fertilization, road construction, road stabilization, and landfill construction. Ash landfilling was set as a baseline scenario. Quantitative data about the amounts of ash generated and its composition was obtained from companies, their environmental reports, technical reports and other previously published literature. Overall, the amount of ash in the case-study area was 101 700 t. However, the data about 58 400 t of fly ash and 35 100 t of bottom ash and boiler slag were included in the study due to lack of data about leaching of heavy metals in some cases. The recycling methods were modelled according to the scientific studies published previously. Overall, the results of the study indicated that ash utilization for fertilization and neutralization of 17 600 ha of forest was the most economically beneficial method, which resulted in the net present value increase by 58% compared to ash landfilling. Regarding the environmental impact, the use of ash in the construction of 11 km of roads was the most attractive method with decreased environmental impact of 13% compared to ash landfilling. The least preferred method was the use of ash for landfill construction since it only enabled 11% increase of net present value, while inducing additional 1% of negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a following recycling route was proposed in the study. Where possible and legally acceptable, recycle fly and bottom ash for forest fertilization, which has strictest requirements out of all studied methods. If the quality of fly ash is not suitable for forest fertilization, then it should be utilized, first, in paved road construction, second, in road stabilization. Bottom ash not suitable for forest fertilization, as well as boiler slag, should be used in landfill construction. Landfilling should only be practiced when recycling by either of the methods is not possible due to legal requirements or there is not enough demand on the market. Current demand on ash and possible changes in the future were assessed in the study. Currently, the area of forest fertilized in the case-study are is only 451 ha, whereas about 17 600 ha of forest could be fertilized with ash generated in the region. Provided that the average forest fertilizing values in Finland are higher and the area treated with fellings is about 40 000 ha, the amount of ash utilized in forest fertilization could be increased. Regarding road construction, no new projects launched by the Center of Economic Development, Transport and the Environment in the case-study area were identified. A potential application can be found in the construction of private roads. However, no centralized data about such projects is available. The use of ash in stabilization of forest roads is not expected to increased in the future with a current downwards trend in the length of forest roads built. Finally, the use of ash in landfill construction is not a promising option due to the reducing number of landfills in operation in Finland.

Methodology To model the energy and greenhouse gas emissions of electronic software distributions

A new electronic software distribution (ESD) life cycle analysis (LCA)methodology and model structure were constructed to calculate energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to counteract the use of high level, top-down modeling efforts, and to increase result accuracy, a focus upon device details and data routes was taken. In order to compare ESD to a relevant physical distribution alternative,physical model boundaries and variables were described. The methodology was compiled from the analysis and operational data of a major online store which provides ESD and physical distribution options. The ESD method included the calculation of power consumption of data center server and networking devices. An in-depth method to calculate server efficiency and utilization was also included to account for virtualization and server efficiency features. Internet transfer power consumption was analyzed taking into account the number of data hops and networking devices used. The power consumed by online browsing and downloading was also factored into the model. The embedded CO2e of server and networking devices was proportioned to each ESD process. Three U.K.-based ESD scenarios were analyzed using the model which revealed potential CO2e savings of 83% when ESD was used over physical distribution. Results also highlighted the importance of server efficiency and utilization methods.

Introducing "ecoputation": a universal systems design process

A universal systems design process is specified, tested in a case study and evaluated. It links English narratives to numbers using a categorical language framework with mathematical mappings taking the place of conjunctions and numbers. The framework is a ring of English narrative words between 1 (option) and 360 (capital); beyond 360 the ring cycles again to 1. English narratives are shown to correspond to the field of fractional numbers. The process can enable the development, presentation and communication of complex narrative policy information among communities of any scale, on a software implementation known as the "ecoputer". The information is more accessible and comprehensive than that in conventional decision support, because: (1) it is expressed in narrative language; and (2) the narratives are expressed as compounds of words within the framework. Hence option generation is made more effective than in conventional decision support processes including Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis, Life Cycle Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis.The case study is of a participatory workshop in UK bioenergy project objectives and criteria, at which attributes were elicited in environmental, economic and social systems. From the attributes, the framework was used to derive consequences at a range of levels of precision; these are compared with the project objectives and criteria as set out in the Case for Support. The design process is to be supported by a social information manipulation, storage and retrieval system for numeric and verbal narratives attached to the "ecoputer". The "ecoputer" will have an integrated verbal and numeric operating system. Novel design source code language will assist the development of narrative policy. The utility of the program, including in the transition to sustainable development and in applications at both community micro-scale and policy macro-scale, is discussed from public, stakeholder, corporate, Governmental and regulatory perspectives.

Avaliação do ciclo de vida no Brasil: uma investigação nas principais bases científicas nacionais

A avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma metodologia de avaliação de impacto ambiental de produtos e sistemas de produção considerando todo o ciclo de vida, desde a aquisição de matérias-primas até a disposição final. Este trabalho consistiu na investigação do progresso dos estudos sobre ACV no Brasil, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica em eventos e periódicos oficiais ou reconhecidos pela Associação Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção e na base de dados SciELO Brasil. Foram identificados 80 artigos, a maioria de instituições das regiões Sul e Sudeste. A Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) apresentaram o maior número de publicações dentre as 50 instituições identificadas. Verificou-se que 17 artigos aplicaram efetivamente a metodologia ACV em um estudo de caso, sendo que 11 utilizaram a metodologia para avaliar processo produtivo e 6 para comparar materiais ou processos

Environmental evaluation of cogeneration scenarios in sugar industry

The development of new techniques that allow the analysis and optimization of energy systems bearing in mind environmental issues is indispensable in a world with finite natural resources and growing demand of energy. Among the energy systems that deserve special attention, cogeneration in the sugar industry must be pointed out, because it uses efficiently a common fuel for generation of useful heat and power. Within this frame, thermoeconomical optimization - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics analysis by exergy function and economic evaluation of the thermal system - gradually is taking importance as a powerful tool to assist to the decision making process. Also, the explicit consideration of environmental issues offers a better way to explore trade-offs between different aspects to support the decisions that must be made. In this work it is used the technique of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) which allows to consider environmental matters as an integral part of the problem, in opposite to most of the environmental approaches that only reduce residuals generation , without taking into account impacts associated to other related processes. On the other hand, the consideration of environmental issues in optimization of energy systems is a novel and promissory contribution in the state of the art of energy optimization and LCA. The system under study is a sugar plant of Tucumán (Argentina) given the particular importance that this industry had inside the regional economy of the Argentinean Northwest. Although cogeneration comes being used a while ago in sugar industry, being the main objective the generation of heat and as secondary objective the electric power generation and mechanic power to cover several needs of working machineries, to the date it is no available a versatile tool that allows to analyze economical feasible alternatives bearing in mind environmental issues. At sugar plants, steam is generated in boilers using as fuel bagasse - cellulosic fiber waste obtained crushing the sugar cane- and it is used to give useful heat and shaft work to the plant, but it can also be used to generate electricity with export opportunities to the electrical network. The great number of process alternatives outlines a serious decision making problem in order to take advantage of the resources. Although the problem turns out to be a mixed non-linear problem (MINLP), the main contribution of this work is the development of a hybrid strategy to evaluate cogeneration alternatives that combines optimization approaches with environmental indicators. This powerful tool for its versatility and robustness to analyze cogeneration systems, will be of great help in the decision making process, because of their easy implementation to analyze the kind of problems presented in the sugar industry.

Estudo de viabilidade de implantação, operação e monitoramento de aterros sanitários: uma abordagem econômica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da aplicabilidade dos conceitos da manufatura sustentável no rerrefino de óleos lubrificantes usados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aplicabilidade da metodologia ecodesign à produção de calçados femininos

Pós-graduação em Design - FAAC

Popularion biology of abdominant fish species of the Santa Bárbara river, a tributary of the Nova Avanhandava reservoir (low Tietê river, São Paulo State, Brazil)

The aim of this study is to characterize some population biology parameters of P. squamosissimus, A. altiparanae and S. maculatus, the dominant fish species of the Santa Bárbara river, a tributary of the Nova Avanhandava reservoir, low Tietê river. Fish samplings were performed monthly between September/2002 and August/2003, using gill nets with different mesh sizes. Females of all species have larger standard lengths than males (Mann-Whitney, p < 0.0001), and are more frequent in superior size classes (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, p < 0.0001). All populations presented isometric growth, but differences between males and females were observed. Only P. squamosissimus presented a gender ratio different from 1:1, with a higher proportion of males (1:2, X2, p < 0.05). The onset of gonadal maturation occurs at 15 cm in P. squamosissimus, 9 cm in S. maculatus and at 8.9 cm in A. altiparanae. In all species populations, the adults predominate over juveniles. The allometric condition factor (K) of P. squamosissimus and S. maculatus presented higher values in the periods from March-May and June-August, and A. altiparanae in the period from March-May (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05). These results indicate that the populations successfully exploit the lentic environment, and present life cycle tactics adapted to their particular means of environment occupation.

Environmental impact of coldset against inkjet in newspaper production: a Study

[EN] Comparative of the environmental impacts of a printed newspaper for different impacts categories using the tool of Life Cycle Assessment. The study describes the methodology, the different phases using the usual technology by coldset-offset comparing  to the new digital-inkjet printing.

Tecniche di risparmio idrico a livello locale e mondiale. Approfondimento sulle buone pratiche agricole per un uso sostenibile dell'acqua

Oltre un miliardo di persone non ha oggi accesso all’acqua potabile; più di due miliardi è il numero di coloro che vivono in condizioni igienico-sanitarie realmente proibitive. Sono 80 i paesi nel mondo (con il 40% della popolazione totale) in cui si riscontra difficoltà di approvvigionamento e presenza di risorse idriche che mancano dei requisiti che dovrebbero essere assicurati per la tutela della salute: quotidianamente e sistematicamente il diritto di accesso all’acqua, che nessun individuo dovrebbe vedersi negato, viene violato. Scarsità di acqua e non omogenea distribuzione sulla superficie terrestre sono fattori che concorrono alla crisi della risorsa, cui contribuiscono processsi di natura ambientale (cambiamenti climatici, desertificazione), di natura economica (le sorti dell’industria agroalimentare, la globalizzazione degli scambi, il bisogno crescente di energia), di natura sociale (migrazioni, urbanizzazione, crescita demografica, epidemie), di natura culturale (passaggio dal rurale all’urbano, dall’agricoltura di sussistenza a quella di profitto). Nell’ottica di uno sviluppo sostenibile un aumento indiscriminato dell’offerta non può costituire soluzione al continuo incremento della domanda di acqua. Si rende pertanto necessaria la definizione di politiche e strumenti di cambiamento nei modelli di consumo e nella pianificazione che consentano una riduzione degli squilibri nella distribuzione e nella gestione della risorsa a livello domestico e civile, industriale, agricolo. L’uso efficiente, e quindi sostenibile, dell’acqua è da perseguirsi secondo le modalità: • Risparmio, inteso come minore consumo di acqua all’inizio del ciclo. • Riciclo dell’acqua in circuito chiuso, inteso come riuso dell’acqua di scarico, o uso multiplo dell’acqua. Una idonea utilizzazione dipende da una idonea progettazione, che abbia come finalità: • La destinazione in via prioritaria delle fonti e delle risorse di più elevata qualità agli usi idropotabili, con una graduale sostituzione del consumo per altri usi con risorse di minore pregio. • La regolamentazione dell’uso delle acque sotterranee, mediante la limitazione del ricorso all’impiego di pozzi solo in mancanza di forniture alternative per uso civile, industriale, agricolo. • L’incentivazione ad un uso razionale della risorsa, anche mediante l’attuazione di idonee politiche tariffarie. • L’aumento dell’efficienza delle reti di adduzione e distribuzione, sia civili che irrigue. • La promozione di uso efficiente, riciclo e recupero di acqua nell’industria. • Il miglioramento dell’efficienza ed efficacia delle tecniche di irrigazione. • La promozione del riutilizzo delle acque nei vari settori. • La diffusione nella pratica domestica di apparati e tecnologie progettati per la riduzione degli sprechi e dei consumi di acqua. In ambito agricolo la necessità di un uso parsimonioso della risorsa impone il miglioramento dell’efficienza irrigua, pari appena al 40%. La regione Emilia Romagna a livello locale, Israele a livello internazionale, forniscono ottimi esempi in termini di efficacia dei sistemi di trasporto e di distribuzione, di buona manutenzione delle strutture. Possibili soluzioni verso le quali orientare la ricerca a livello mondiale per arginare la progressiva riduzione delle riserve idriche sono: • Revisione dei costi idrici. • Recupero delle riserve idriche. • Raccolta dell’acqua piovana. • Miglioramento degli impianti di distribuzione idrica. • Scelta di metodi di coltivazione idonei alle caratteristiche locali. • Scelta di colture a basso fabbisogno idrico. • Conservazione della risorsa attraverso un sistema di irrigazione efficiente. • Opere di desalinizzazione. • Trasferimento idrico su vasta scala da un’area all’altra. Si tratta di tecniche la cui attuazione può incrementare la disponibilità media pro capite di acqua, in particolare di coloro i quali non ne posseggono in quantità sufficiente per bere o sono privi di sistemi igienico-sanitari sufficienti.

Impianti per la generazione distribuita di biometano e per l'immissione nelle reti di distribuzione del gas naturale.

Studio dell'avvento di nuove realtà produttive energetiche da fonti rinnovabili nel settore del gas naturale. Il settore analizzato risulta quello relativo all'allacciamento di impianti di produzione di biometano alla rete del gas naturale. La finalità è la valutazione degli effetti della generazione distribuita di biometano nel futuro sistema del gas naturale (Smart Grid Gas) in termini di progettazione e conduzione del sistema nel suo complesso.