长江上、下游湖泊中稀土元素地球化学及环境效应研究

随着人口数量的急剧膨胀和工业化、城市化进程日益加快，水环境问题成为一个令人关注的全球性问题。众所周知，人类可利用的淡水有90%以上集中在湖泊中，而湖泊自身的自然特征使其成为一个极易受到污染的水体，一旦污染，治理与恢复将是一项困难且耗时的工程。虽然这一问题已经引起人们的高度重视，但相关的研究仍然滞后。人们至今还无法彻底弄清楚污染物在湖泊水体中是如何迁移转化的，污染物又如何的发生自净化作用，又会在什么样的条件下对湖泊产生二次污染等一系列问题。但人们逐渐认识到悬浮颗粒物在污染物的产生、迁移、沉淀过程中扮演了重要角色，因此水/粒相互作用过程成为研究污染物在湖泊中环境行为特征的关键课题。 稀土元素(REEs)由原子序数57～71的镧系元素(La～Lu)和39号元素Y组成，因其具有非常相似但又有细微差别的特殊化学性质，被广泛用来示踪各类地球化学过程。由于稀土元素在地球化学过程中的变化是随原子序数的增加而连续变化的，它比单个微量元素示踪体系有更好的示踪性。同时， REE对水/粒相互作用过程的响应比较敏感，这是因为稀土元素在水体中主要以胶体方式存在，易于被吸附或解吸，在这个过程中，轻重稀土元素又因它们的吸附及络合行为不同而发生分异，所以表生水体中的稀土元素还具有明显的过程特征，可以用来示踪水体的水/粒相互作用过程。 本项研究的主要目的是通过对湖泊中稀土元素的地球化学行为研究，认识元素在湖泊水体中的水粒相互作用过程，了解它们在水体中的分布特征以及存在形式，并对比不同特征湖泊中稀土元素的地球化学迁移过程，为有关水环境的治理及决策提供科学依据。通过对稀土元素的萃取方法和太湖、巢湖、龙感湖、红枫湖、阿哈湖五个不同湖泊及其周边河流中水化学和稀土元素的研究，得出以下初步结论： 1.从有机膦萃取稀土实验来看，pH是影响有机膦萃取效率的主要因素。实际环境体系中，各种物理、化学参数均不相同，针对不同的表生水体需要调到特定的pH值才能得到最佳的萃取效果。 2．红枫湖和阿哈湖的溶解态稀土平均含量低于世界平均淡水的稀土含量，红枫湖为18.2ng/kg，阿哈湖为6.5ng/kg。太湖、巢湖、龙感湖的溶解态稀土平均含量较高，分别为74. 7ng/kg、104.8ng/kg、64.8ng/kg。环太湖河流丰水期和枯水期溶解态稀土的平均含量分别为649.2ng/kg、35.0ng/kg。丰水期河流的溶解态稀土浓度普遍比枯水期浓度高50%－100%，但合溪和城南河高出110倍和46倍，显然严重的污染导致了这一结果。 3．红枫湖及环红枫湖河流、阿哈湖、太湖流域水体的稀土配分模式为重稀土富集型，但合溪、直湖港、望虞河、胥江、横泾塘、太浦运河和阿哈湖入湖游鱼河等七条河流呈现出有趣的中稀土富集模式。巢湖和龙感湖溶解态稀土为平坦型的配分模式。巢湖稀土元素在丰水期和枯水期的分异在整个湖泊中具有规律性：从西到东（La/Yb）SN值逐渐增大，即轻稀土的相对含量逐渐增高。藻类的吸收作用可能是造成这种现象的主要原因。同时说明，轻稀土可能是促进藻类生长的“催化剂”之一。 4．红枫湖及环红枫湖河流和阿哈湖水体溶解态Ce出现负异常，氧化还原作用是产生这种现象的主要原因之一；化学风化作用可能是红枫湖发生Ce异常现象的另一原因。太湖、巢湖、龙感湖中δCe值约为1，主要原因是四价铈在强的水动力条件下无法通过颗粒物的净化作用而除去，它们仍然以细微颗粒物或胶体的形式保留在水体中。 5．颗粒物含量和pH是控制水体中稀土含量的重要因素。在龙感湖和巢湖，稀土元素的含量均随着pH值的增大而减小；但颗粒物在这两个湖泊中对水体中的溶解态稀土表现出不同的吸附解吸作用。而太湖、红枫湖、阿哈湖这样高碱度水体中，HCO3－通过平衡反应和络合竞争作用使得H+的调节功能和颗粒物的吸附解吸作用大大削弱。 6．碳酸根的络合作用是造成太湖流域、红枫湖流域、阿哈湖水体中稀土元素呈重稀土富集型的主要原因。而水体中细微胶体过多，使得巢湖和龙感湖水体中稀土元素呈现出平坦型的稀土配分模式。阿哈湖入湖河流的中稀土富集现象则反应了矿山开采导致入湖水体受到污染的事实，而太湖周边河流丰水期的中稀土富集则说明了地表径流向河流中输入了大量有机污染物产生的影响。 7．在碱性或中性水体中，Ln(CO3)n3-2n是REE无机络合物中的主要存在形式，五个湖泊流域的平均含量在90.6%-99.8%之间。并且∑Ln(CO3)n3-2n所占的比例越高，其重稀土富集程度也就越高。在富营养化水体中，LnPO4形态稀土含量在1.00%－8.31%之间，LnPO4通常处于过饱和状态，并以无定形沉淀和胶体态的形式保留在水体中。PO43－对水体中溶解态稀土的存在有着很强的限制性作用，反过来颗粒物及胶体上的稀土也可能通过共沉淀作用影响水体中溶解态PO43-的含量。 8．模拟显示在DOC含量高的水体中，稀土有机络合形态将取代碳酸盐的络合形态占主导地位。从整个稀土序列来看，无论是随着溶解有机质浓度还是pH的变化，稀土的有机络合形态的均呈现总体自轻稀土向重稀土增加的趋势，但自Eu至Dy中稀土部分呈现一个上凸的趋势，显示了中稀土与溶解有机质较强的络合作用。 9．悬浮颗粒物相态提取研究结果显示：①铁锰氧化物相富集轻稀土（和中稀土），AEC态更多地富集中稀土，而有机相则明显优先富集重稀土和中稀土，残渣相则大多显示近似平直的类似于页岩的稀土配分模式；②从各相态中相对比例来看，基本的递减顺序为残渣相≥铁锰氧化物相>AEC态和有机结合态。悬浮物携带的稀土中，30％或更少是潜在生物有效的。但是，这个比例对不同的元素和不同的湖泊变化很大。从湖泊颗粒物的相态提取分析，悬浮颗粒物是重金属类物质的主要迁移介质，在迁移和归宿的模式中仍然必须加以考虑。③从颗粒物中稀土元素赋存形态和配分模式，可以精确的示踪水体中的物质来源，并可以对水体中颗粒物的组成进行预测和判断。④由于水体污染程度越重，轻重稀土相对比例在不同相态中变化越明显，残渣态稀土的所占相对比例越小，因此颗粒物中不同形态稀土的相对比例可以作为判断水体的污染轻重的新标准，并可以进行污染负荷量趋势的常规评价。

富磷过铝质岩浆体系的实验研究

富磷过铝质岩浆是过铝质岩浆体系中的一个重要类型，它通常以富P，高ASI[铝饱和指数，Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O+CaO)摩尔比值]，贫Fe、Mg、Ca，强烈亏损REE、Th、Y，与稀有金属(W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta)矿化具有成因联系为特征。富磷过铝质岩浆体系的性状及其演化的地球化学特征、岩浆液态分离、磷酸盐-硅酸盐矿物对平衡对熔体相中磷的制约以及富磷过铝质岩浆－热液体系中微量元素(包括REE)地球化学行为等科学问题尚未得到系统解决，目前更缺乏实验地球化学的直接证据。对上述科学问题的研究、探索，将有助于了解富磷过铝质岩浆体系形成和演化的地球化学特征，有助于揭示磷对微量元素(包括稀有、稀土元素)地球化学行为的影响，这对于理解过铝质岩浆体系成岩、成矿作用过程具有重要的理论和实际意义。 本文以天然钠长花岗岩为初始物，针对上述内容，开展了不同PTX条件下高温高压下实验研究，获得了如下重要认识： 1) 确定了100 MPa条件下磷对过铝质岩浆液相线温度的影响。随着体系中P2O5的含量增大，液相线温度由1.91 wt%P2O5的780 C降至4.83 wt%P2O5的760C、7.71 wt%P2O5的740 C，即体系中每增加1 wt%P2O5，液相线温度降低约7~10 C； 2) 不同PTX条件下的实验产物中均未见不混溶球粒结构、乳滴结构或流动构造，初步推断富磷过铝质岩浆体系中可能不存在单纯由磷引起的岩浆液态分离现象； 3) 锰铝榴石-磷灰石矿物平衡反应制约着形成过铝质初始岩浆中P2O5含量，熔体相中P2O5含量在750 C的0.47~0.80 wt%、830 C的0.35~2.26 wt%范围内。熔体相中的P2O5含量与ASI之间存在二次函数关系(P2O5 wt%=3.5×ASI2-11.3×ASI+9.5 )。锰铝榴石溶解，促使体系中Al2O3活度增大，含锰氟磷灰石的溶解及其端元磷灰石结晶之间的化学平衡，导致熔体相中P2O5的降低，很可能是熔体中P2O5随体系ASI增大而降低的机制。 4) 不同PTX条件下稀有金属元素(W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta)在流体/熔体相间的分配系数(Dif/m)<<0.1，预示着W、Sn、Be、Nb、Ta强烈富集在富磷过铝质熔体相中。由此，可推测富P过铝质岩浆体系的演化晚期，不太可能分异出富含上述成矿元素的成矿流体。随着岩浆分异演化的进行，残余熔体相中最终导致绿柱石、锆石、锡石、铌钽矿物等矿物饱和结晶，形成有经济意义的花岗岩型或伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床。 5) 不同PTX条件下REE在流体/熔体间的分配系数(DREE)随REE的原子序数增大而逐渐降低，构成右倾的平滑曲线，不存在在Nd-Pm、Gd、Ho-Er处的拐点；Y与Ho在流体/熔体相间分配系数的比值(DY/DHo)约为1，不受体系温度、压力和P2O5含量变化的影响。上述实验结果揭示，富磷过铝质量岩浆演化至岩浆-热液过渡阶段，熔体-流体作用不会导致Y-Ho间的分异，不会引起REE间的分异，因此，富磷过铝质岩浆演化晚期的熔体-流体作用过程不可能是产生稀土“四分组”效应的根本机理。

Kinetic study of the accelerating effect of coal-burning additives on the combustion of graphite

The catalytic and accelerating effects of three coal-burning additives (CBA) on the burning of graphite were studied with the help of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The kinetic study on the catalytic oxidation of the graphite doped with CBA was carried out and the results were presented. The results show that the CBA can change the carbon oxidation/combustion course by catalytic action and change the activation energy, thus improving the combustion efficiency.

Highly sensitive determination of the methylated p16 gene in cancer patients by microchip electrophoresis

The p16 tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by promoter region hypermethylation in many types of tumor. Recent studies showed that aberrant methylation of the p16 gene is an early event in many tumors, especially in lung cancer, and may constitute a new biomarker for early detection and monitoring of prevention trials. We detected tumor-associated aberrant hypermethylation of the p16 gene in plasma and tissue DNA from 153 specimens using a modified semi-nested methylation-specific PCR (MSP) combining plastic microchip electrophoresis or slab gel electrophoresis, respectively. Specimens were from 79 lung cancer patients, 15 abdominal tumor patients, 30 positive controls and 30 negative controls. The results showed that the positive rate obtained by microchip electrophoresis was more than 26.6% higher and the same speciticity was kept when compared with slab gel electrophoresis. The microchip electrophoresis can rapidly and accurately analyze the PCR products of methylated DNA and obviously improve the positive rate of diagnosis of cancer patients when compared with gel electrophoresis. This method with the high assay sensitivity might be used for detection of methylation of p16 gene and even to facilitate early diagnosis of cancer patients. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel process for converting coalmine-drained methane gas to syngas over nickel-magnesia solid solution catalysts

A novel process is developed in this paper for utilizing the coalmine-drained methane gas that is usually vented straight into the atmosphere in most coalmines worldwide. It is expected that low-cost syngas can be produced by the combined air partial oxidation and CO2 reforming of methane, because this process utilizes directly the methane, air, and carbon dioxide in the coalmine-drained gas without going through the separation step. For this purpose, a nickel-magnesia solid solution catalyst was prepared and its catalytic performance for the proposed process was investigated. It was found that calcination temperature has significant influence on the catalytic performance due to the different extent of solid solution formation in the catalysts. A uniform nickel-magnesia solid solution catalyst exhibits higher stability than the catalysts in which NiO has not completely formed solid solution with MgO. Its catalytic activity and selectivity remain stable during 120 h of reaction. The product H-2/CO ratio is mainly dependent on the feed gas composition. By changing CO2/air ratio of the feed gases, syngas with a H-2/CO ratio between 1 and 1.9 can be obtained. The influences of reaction temperature and nickel loading on the catalytic performance were also investigated. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Simultaneous and ultrarapid determination of reactive oxygen species and reduced glutathione in apoptotic leukemia cells by microchip electrophoresis

A microchip electrophoresis method coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was established for simultaneous determination of two kinds of intracellular signaling molecules (reactive oxygen species, ROS, and reduced glutathione, GSH) related to apoptosis and oxidative stress. As the probe dihydrorhodamine-123 (DHR123) can be converted intracellularly by ROS to the fluorescent rhodamine-123 (Rh123), and the probe naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) can react quickly with GSH to produce a fluorescent adduct, rapid determination of Rh-123 and GSH was achieved on a glass microchip within 27 s using a 20 mm borate buffer (pH 9.2). The established method was tested to measure the intracellular ROS and GSH levels in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-derived NB4 cells. An elevation of intracellular ROS and depletion of GSH were observed in apoptotic N134 cells induced by arsenic trioxide (AS(2)O(3)) at low concentration (1-2 mu m). Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), in combination with AS(2)O(3) enhanced the decrease of reduced GSH to a great extent. The combined treatment of AS(2)O(3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) led to an inverse relationship between the concentrations of ROS and GSH obtained, showing the proposed method can readily evaluate the generation of ROS, which occurs simultaneously with the consumption of the inherent antioxidant.

Autothermal reforming of n-octane on Ru-based catalysts

In an attempt to effectively integrate catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) and steam reforming (SR) reactions on the same catalyst, autothermal reforming (ATR) of n-octane was addressed based on thermodynamic analysis and carried out on a non-pyrophoric catalyst 0.3 wt.% Ru/K2O-CeO2/gamma-Al2O3. The ATR of n-octane was more efficient at the molar ratio Of O-2/C 0.35-0.45 and H2O/C 1.6-2.2 (independent parameters), respectively, and reforming temperature of 750-800 degrees C (dependent parameter). Among the sophisticated reaction network, the main reaction thread was deducted as: long-chain hydrocarbon -> CH4, short-chain hydrocarbon -> CO2, CO and H-2 formation by steam reforming, although the parallel CPO, decomposition and reverse water gas shift reaction took place on the same catalyst. Low temperature and high steam partial pressure had more positive effect on CH4 SR to produce CO2 other than CO. This was verified by the tendency of the outlet reformate to the equilibrium at different operation conditions. Furthermore, the loss of active components and the formation of stable but less active components in the catalyst in the harsh ATR atmosphere firstly make the CO inhibition capability suffer, then eventually aggravated the ATR performance, which was verified by the characterizations of X-ray fluorescence, BET specific surface areas and temperature programmed reduction. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kulturowy charakter czasu i przestrzeni. Analiza średniowiecznego i wczesnorenesansowego elitarnego budownictwa mieszkalnego i obronnego w Irlandii

Wydział Historyczny: Instytut Prahistorii