ARTE E CIDADE. CONSIDERAÇÕES CRÍTICAS SOBRE ARTE E VALOR NA SOCIEDADE DE CLASSES

RESUMO O tema do artigo é a relação arte e cidade, mediante o qual busca-se estudar a conformação do valor da arte numa sociedade de classes. Sua estrutura parte de um recorte da pesquisa em curso no âmbito do estágio sênior na Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade de Buenos Aires entre 2013 e 2014. O texto se desenvolve em tópicos de temáticas complementares onde são analisadas as categorias estatuto social da cidade, a mercadoria arte, a alienação e a banalização da criatividade com as dimensões econômico-política, estético-ideológica e moral-educativa da arte que se encontram engendradas historicamente na totalidade das relações sociais de produção configuradas na cidade.

Chlorophyll fluorescence of tropical tree species in a semi-deciduous forest gap

The characterization of different ecological groups in a forest formation/succession is unclear. To better define the different successional classes, we have to consider ecophysiological aspects, such as the capacity to use or dissipate the light energy available. The main objective of this work was to assess the chlorophyll fluorescence emission of tropical tree species growing in a gap of a semi-deciduous forest. Three species of different ecological groups were selected: Croton floribundus Spreng. (pioneer, P), Astronium graveolens Jacq. (early secondary, Si), and Esenbeckia febrifuga A. Juss. (late secondary, St). The potential (Fv/Fm) and effective (deltaF/Fm') quantum efficiency of photosystem II, apparent electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical (qN) and photochemical (qP) quenching of fluorescence were evaluated, using a modulated fluorometer, between 7:30 and 11:00 h. Values of Fv/Fm remained constant in St, decreasing in P and Si after 9:30 h, indicating the occurrence of photoinhibition. Concerning the measurements taken under light conditions (deltaF/Fm', ETR, qP and qN), P and Si showed better photochemical performance, i.e., values of deltaF/Fm', ETR and qP were higher than St when light intensity was increased. Values of qN indicated that P and Si had an increasing tendency of dissipating the excess of energy absorbed by the leaf, whereas the opposite was found for St. The principal component analysis (PCA), considering all evaluated parameters, showed a clear distinction between St, P and Si, with P and Si being closer. The PCA results suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence may be a potential tool to differentiate tree species from distinct successional groups.

Dinâmica da comunidade arbórea em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual montana em Lavras, Minas Gerais, em diferentes classes de solos

Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de mudanças estruturais e a influência de diferentes classes de solos sobre as taxas de dinâmica da comunidade arbórea, um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana (8,7 ha) em Lavras, MG, foi estudado em um período de cinco anos (2000-2005). Os dados foram coletados em 47 parcelas de 20 × 20 m, dispostas em duas transeções, distantes 80 m entre si, cruzando o fragmento no sentido de maior comprimento. No ano de 2000, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP > 5 cm. As informações coletadas para cada indivíduo foram: identificação botânica da espécie e DAP. Em 2005, foram registrados os indivíduos mortos, remensurados os sobreviventes e mensurados e identificados os indivíduos recrutados (DAP > 5 cm). Foram calculadas as taxas de dinâmica: mortalidade, recrutamento, ganho e perda em área basal de cada parcela, para a área total e para cada classe de solo (Nitossolos, Latossolos e Cambissolos). O padrão observado no fragmento foi de redução no número de indivíduos e estabilidade da área basal. Entretanto, não foram identificadas diferenças entre as classes de solos, em relação às taxas de dinâmica. As populações das espécies classificadas como de subdossel aumentaram a dominância ecológica na área. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o fragmento estudado está em uma fase avançada de sucessão pós-distúrbio e as variações espaciais das taxas de dinâmica não apresentaram relações com as classes de solos identificadas na área.

Classes sucessionais e síndromes de dispersão de espécie arbóreas e arbustivas existentes em vegetação ciliar remanescente (Conchal, SP), como subsídio para avaliar o potencial do fragmento como fonte de propágulos para enriquecimento de áreas revegetadas no Rio Mogi-Guaçu, SP

Este estudo foi realizado em fragmento de vegetação ciliar remanescente, localizado à margem direita do rio Mogi-Guaçu, Município de Conchal, SP, tendo como objetivo a avaliação do potencial desse fragmento como fonte de propágulos para projetos de enriquecimento em áreas ciliares implantadas na região de Mogi-Guaçu, SP. Para tanto, foi realizada a caracterização sucessional e da síndrome de dispersão das espécies arbóreas e arbustivas. No local, foram registradas 99 espécies arbóreas e arbustivas, pertencentes a 38 famílias. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae e Rubiaceae. Quanto aos grupos sucessionais, foi verificado equilíbrio na quantidade de espécies secundárias tardias (28,3%) e daquelas típicas de sub-bosque (23,2%). A síndrome de dispersão predominante entre as espécies arbóreas e arbustivas foi a zoocoria, identificada em 64,6% delas, seguida pela anemocoria, que representou 20,2% dos casos. Os resultados gerais apontaram o bom estado de conservação desse fragmento e a viabilidade de sua utilização como fonte de propágulos para ações de revegetação em áreas ciliares da região.

Prognose do crescimento e da produção em classes de diâmetro para povoamentos desbastados de Eucalyptus grandis no sul do Brasil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver modelos de crescimento e produção em classes de diâmetro para plantios de Eucalyptus grandis submetidos a desbastes. Os dados utilizados na modelagem foram provenientes de plantios de Eucalyptus grandis localizados no Município de Telêmaco Borba, Estado do Paraná, e oriundos de parcelas permanentes, temporárias e de inventário pré-corte, com idades variando de 2,5 a 26,5 anos. A função de densidade de probabilidade Weibull foi utilizada para gerar a distribuição diamétrica. O processo de modelagem de atributos do povoamento foi dividido em etapas, considerando-se os estágios de desenvolvimento do povoamento. Dessa maneira, dois sistemas de prognose foram gerados para predizer os atributos na idade do primeiro desbaste, segundo desbaste ou para o corte final. Os atributos modelados foram aqueles necessários para recuperação dos parâmetros da função Weibull nas idades de intervenção pelo método dos momentos. Para avaliação das prognoses, utilizaram-se o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste de identidade L&O proposto por Leite e Oliveira (2002). Os dois sistemas de prognose apresentaram boas estimativas de ajuste e precisão. A metodologia empregada possibilitou simular o crescimento e produção em plantios de Eucalyptus grandis ao longo da rotação, gerando resultados adequados, principalmente, para o corte final, quando são colhidas as melhores árvores com maiores valores agregados.

Estratificação volumétrica por classes de estoque em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no Município de Almeirim, Estado do Pará, Brasil

Este estudo teve como objetivos agrupar as Unidades de Trabalho (UT) da Unidade de Produção Anual (UPA) em classes homogêneas de estoque volumétrico e analisar a composição florística, a diversidade e as estruturas horizontal e diamétrica, por classe de estoque. Os dados procederam do inventário de prospecção, ou censo, com mapeamento de árvores pré-comerciais e potencialmente comerciais e foram disponibilizados, mediante convênio, pela Orsa Florestal. A área de estudo localiza-se no Município de Almeirim, Estado do Pará. No Censo foram consideradas 469 UTs (250 x 400 m), perfazendo 4.690 ha e 191.640 árvores com DAP > 35,0 cm. Foram utilizadas análises de agrupamento (método de Ward) e discriminante (método de Fisher) e obtidas três classes de estoque, ou classes de produtividade. A riqueza e diversidade de espécies arbóreas com DAP > 35 cm da UPA, respectivamente, 540 espécies e 4,52 nats.indivíduo-1, foram muito elevadas, porém realísticas, por se tratar de um censo. A intensidade de corte pode ser ordenada pela capacidade produtiva de cada UT e, dessa forma, resultar em colheitas de mínimo impacto ambiental, se comparada com a máxima intensidade de corte de 30 m³·ha-1 com ciclo de corte inicial de 35 anos para plano de manejo florestal sustentável pleno. As parcelas permanentes também puderam ser distribuídas por classes de produtividade, reduzindo custos e aumentando a precisão das estimativas de crescimento da floresta manejada.

Genetic structure and diversity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. in Cerrado fragments of the São Paulo State, Brazil

The loss of large areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Brazil can lead to reduced biodiversity and to the extinction of species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic fragility of populations of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf exposed to different anthropic conditions in fragments of Cerrado in the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two Experimental Stations operated by the Forest Institute (Assis and Itirapina), in one fully protected conservation unit (Pedregulho) and in one private property (Brotas). Analyses were conducted using leaf samples from 353 adult specimens and eight pairs of microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 13 to 15 in all populations, but the mean number of effective alleles was approximately half this value (7.2 to 9-1). Observed heterozygosity was significant and lower than the expected in all populations. Consequently, all populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expected frequencies. Fixation indexes were significant for all populations, with the Pedregulho population having the lowest value (0.189) and Itirapina having the highest (0.283). The analysis of spatial genetic structure detected family structures at distance classes of 20 to 65 m in the populations studied. No clones were detected in the populations. Estimates of effective population size were low, but the area occupied by each population studied was large enough for conservation, medium and long term. Recent reductions or bottlenecks were detected in all four populations. Mean Gst’ (genetic divergence) indicated that most of the variation was within populations. Cluster structure analysis based on the genotypes detected K= 4 clusters with distinct allele frequencies patterns. The genetic differentiation observed among populations is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and geographic isolation. Therefore, it is essential to adopt conservation strategies that raise the gene flow between fragments.

Quantificação das classes de erosão por tipo de uso do solo no município de Franca - SP

Impactos ambientais causados pelas atividades agropecuárias sobre o meio rural podem ser constatados quando são analisadas as paisagens da região. Vários estudos demonstraram que informações da paisagem obtidas a partir de imagens fotográficas são indispensáveis para o diagnóstico do processo erosivo do solo, aspecto indispensável no planejamento conservacionista. Neste trabalho, utilizando-se de técnicas de fotointerpretação, foi realizada a quantificação das classes de erosão acelerada no município de Franca - SP, relacionando-as com os tipos de cobertura vegetal. A coleção de fotografias aéreas empregadas foi produzida pela Base Aerofotogrametria e Projetos S.A., com escala aproximada 1:35.000, em outubro de 1990. Elaboraram-se cartas temáticas do uso/ocupação do solo e dos estados erosivos presentes em cada tipo de cobertura vegetal do solo, estabelecendo-se, em seguida, as relações entre a erosão acelerada e os tipos de comunidades vegetais do município de Franca. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, nesse município, o solo agrícola encontra-se relativamente conservado, apresentando 74,23% da área com erosão laminar ligeira/moderada. Os diferentes usos/ocupações do solo influenciaram de modos distintos na manifestação do processo erosivo.

Quali/quantitative characterization of biogas produced in batch digesters supplied with six distinct substrates

The present research was carried out at the DER/FCAV, São Paulo State University - Brazil, with the purpose of analyzing the quantity and quality of biogas produced by six types of substrates. The substrates used in the anaerobic digestion were characterized as: 1- Litter of broiler (LB); 2- Grinded broiler litter (GBL); 3- Broiler litter with wood shavings (BLWS); 4- Grinded broiler litter with wood shavings (GBLWS); 5- Broiler litter with peanut hulls (BLPH); 6- Grinded broiler litter with peanut hull (GBLPH). It was concluded from the collected data that: the (GBL) substrate showed a superior biogas accumulated production in relation to the other substrates, while the BLWS presented an inferior accumulated production; the grinded substrates showed higher quantities of accumulated biogas in relation to the non-grinded substrates, except for GBLPH, with 20.9 m³ inferior than BLPH; the period of maximum biogas production started from 45 to 60 days, declining after 120 days; at 57 days after filling up the digesters the biogas produced had levels of CH4 superior than 53%, and from 99 days all of them produced biogas with levels of CH4 superior than 70%; LB and GBL presented higher concentrations of CH4 in the biogas.

Efficiency of distinct data mining algorithms for classifying stress level in piglets from their vocalization

Among the challenges of pig farming in today's competitive market, there is factor of the product traceability that ensures, among many points, animal welfare. Vocalization is a valuable tool to identify situations of stress in pigs, and it can be used in welfare records for traceability. The objective of this work was to identify stress in piglets using vocalization, calling this stress on three levels: no stress, moderate stress, and acute stress. An experiment was conducted on a commercial farm in the municipality of Holambra, São Paulo State , where vocalizations of twenty piglets were recorded during the castration procedure, and separated into two groups: without anesthesia and local anesthesia with lidocaine base. For the recording of acoustic signals, a unidirectional microphone was connected to a digital recorder, in which signals were digitized at a frequency of 44,100 Hz. For evaluation of sound signals, Praat® software was used, and different data mining algorithms were applied using Weka® software. The selection of attributes improved model accuracy, and the best attribute selection was used by applying Wrapper method, while the best classification algorithms were the k-NN and Naive Bayes. According to the results, it was possible to classify the level of stress in pigs through their vocalization.

Pedological characterization and land use and occupation: influences on water quality in a watershed located in the zona da mata (MG)

In order to verify the influence of class and use and occupation of land on water quality, it was performed the characterization and analyzes of land use and monitoring of seven springs inserted in a watershed located in the rural of Viçosa city - Minas Gerais (MG) state, in Brazil. Through soil analyzes, carried out in five different profiles, it was possible to identify three distinct pedological classes: Argisol, Cambisol and Latosol. Furthermore, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni were identified in each of the horizons in the considered profiles. Water samples were collected and analyzed monthly, over eight months, twenty two parameters of water quality. Comparing the results of each survey, it was possible to identify a relation between water quality and land use in the round of the springs, considering color, BOD, DO, E. coli and Mn as the most affected parameters, influenced mainly by soil characteristics and the presence of a large percentage of pasture in the study area.

Mapping of use and occupation of the soil and irrigation water quality in the city of Salto do Lontra-Paraná, Brazil

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.

Differentiation of Metabolically Distinct Areas within Head and Neck Region using Dynamic 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using ¹⁸F-FDG is playing a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cancer. However, the most widely used radiotracer, ¹⁸F-FDG, is not specific for tumours and can also accumulate in inflammatory lesions as well as normal physiologically active tissues making diagnosis and treatment planning complicated for the physicians. Malignant, inflammatory and normal tissues are known to have different pathways for glucose metabolism which could possibly be evident from different characteristics of the time activity curves from a dynamic PET acquisition protocol. Therefore, we aimed to develop new image analysis methods, for PET scans of the head and neck region, which could differentiate between inflammation, tumour and normal tissues using this functional information within these radiotracer uptake areas. We developed different dynamic features from the time activity curves of voxels in these areas and compared them with the widely used static parameter, SUV, using Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm as well as K-means algorithm in order to assess their effectiveness in discriminating metabolically different areas. Moreover, we also correlated dynamic features with other clinical metrics obtained independently of PET imaging. The results show that some of the developed features can prove to be useful in differentiating tumour tissues from inflammatory regions and some dynamic features also provide positive correlations with clinical metrics. If these proposed methods are further explored then they can prove to be useful in reducing false positive tumour detections and developing real world applications for tumour diagnosis and contouring.

Weeds occurrence and importance under distinct intercropping systems

Intercropping systems involving corn are often subjected to stress caused by weeds, which usually result in 30-70 per cent yield loss when no control practice is applied. This study aimed to assess the composition of weed communities due to soil coverage, at neighboring areas submitted to distinct soil managements. The soil was collected at field and the study was conducted under a greenhouse in three steps: (1) weeds composition and importance within each treatment; (2) comparison between treatments (distinct crop and intercropping managements); (3) infestation in the area as a whole. The weed composition in the short term is influenced by the management of the area, but this shift requires some more years to be reflected at the soil seed bank. Some weed species occur in high densities and even this way they may not be the most serious weed species present in a given field. Just a few species are adapted to a given system of management in a level enough to be a troublesome weed. Areas differed in relation to weed infestation as a function of management adopted and number of years the new management was applied.

Phytosociology in agricultural areas submitted to distinct wintercropping management

Studies related to weed dynamics are essential for agricultural sustainability in tropical soils, as their interference can cause significant yield losses, especially in crops with lower competitive ability. This study aimed to assess the composition of weed communities in the third cropping season in areas submitted to distinct wintercroppings for two consecutive years. Evaluations were made in terms of species composition, level of infestation, and severity of occurrence of each weed species in relation to the others within the same area. The wintercropping management systems were: (1) Brachiaria ruziziensis; (2) corn intercropped with B. ruziziensis; (3) corn and (4) cowpea. Plant communities under these wintercrop systems were evaluated in the third year in terms of relative frequency, relative dominance, relative abundance and importance index for each species. Areas were also compared in terms of species composition by the Sorensen's similarity coefficient. Two years of distinct wintercrop managements were not enough to cause a significant shift in terms of weed composition and severity in a given area. There is also evidence that some weed species are more favored by specific crops, although the causes of this selective behavior are not fully explored in this article. The presence of B. ruziziensis, either alone or intercropped with corn, resulted in lower similarity coefficients when compared to areas where this species was not present. It is suggested that several mechanisms briefly discussed may be involved in the impact of the presence of B. ruziziensis on the weed community.