Brazilian network for the surveillance of maternal potentially life threatening morbidity and maternal near-miss and a multidimensional evaluation of their long term consequences

Background. It has been suggested that the study of women who survive life-threatening complications related to pregnancy (maternal near-miss cases) may represent a practical alternative to surveillance of maternal morbidity/mortality since the number of cases is higher and the woman herself is able to provide information on the difficulties she faced and the long-term repercussions of the event. These repercussions, which may include sexual dysfunction, postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, may persist for prolonged periods of time, affecting women's quality of life and resulting in adverse effects to them and their babies. Objective. The aims of the present study are to create a nationwide network of scientific cooperation to carry out surveillance and estimate the frequency of maternal near-miss cases, to perform a multicenter investigation into the quality of care for women with severe complications of pregnancy, and to carry out a multidimensional evaluation of these women up to six months. Methods/Design. This project has two components: a multicenter, cross-sectional study to be implemented in 27 referral obstetric units in different geographical regions of Brazil, and a concurrent cohort study of multidimensional analysis. Over 12 months, investigators will perform prospective surveillance to identify all maternal complications. The population of the cross-sectional component will consist of all women surviving potentially life-threatening conditions (severe maternal complications) or life-threatening conditions (the maternal near miss criteria) and maternal deaths according to the new WHO definition and criteria. Data analysis will be performed in case subgroups according to the moment of occurrence and determining cause. Frequencies of near-miss and other severe maternal morbidity and the association between organ dysfunction and maternal death will be estimated. A proportion of cases identified in the cross-sectional study will comprise the cohort of women for the multidimensional analysis. Various aspects of the lives of women surviving severe maternal complications will be evaluated 3 and 6 months after the event and compared to a group of women who suffered no severe complications in pregnancy. Previously validated questionnaires will be used in the interviews to assess reproductive function, posttraumatic stress, functional capacity, quality of life, sexual function, postpartum depression and infant development. © 2009 Cecatti et al.

Molecular basis for defining the pineal gland and pinealocytes as targets for tumor necrosis factor

The pineal gland, the gland that translates darkness into an endocrine signal by releasing melatonin at night, is now considered a key player in the mounting of an innate immune response. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the first pro-inflammatory cytokine to be released by an inflammatory response, suppresses the translation of the key enzyme of melatonin synthesis (arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase, Aanat). Here, we show that TNF receptors of the subtype 1 (TNF-R1) are expressed by astrocytes, microglia, and pinealocytes. We also show that the TNF signaling reduces the level of inhibitory nuclear factor kappa B protein subtype A (NFKBIA), leading to the nuclear translocation of two NFKB dimers, p50/p50, and p50/RelA. The lack of a transactivating domain in the p50/p50 dimer suggests that this dimer is responsible for the repression of Aanat transcription. Meanwhile, p50/RelA promotes the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the production of nitric oxide, which inhibits adrenergically induced melatonin production. Together, these data provide a mechanistic basis for considering pinealocytes a target ofTNF and reinforce the idea that the suppression of pineal melatonin is one of the mechanisms involved in mounting an innate immune response. © 2011 Carvalho-Sousa, da Silveira Cruz-Machado, Tamura, Fernandes, Pinato, Muxel, Cecon and Markus.

Ecuador: defining and measuring multidimensional poverty, 2006-2010

Includes bibliography

Defining trade facilitation at the international level

The present issue completes a series of articles which began with FAL Bulletin No. 167 and continued with FAL Bulletin Nos. 171, 175, 178, 181, 184 and 187. A compendium of these studies has been published in Spanish as Document No. 19 of the ECLAC Comercio internacional series (December 2001) under the title 'Facilitación del comercio: un concepto urgente para un tema recurrente'. The present issue of the FAL Bulletin summarizes that study.

Caracterização molecular dos genótipos G e P de rotavírus tipo G9 provenientes de crianças com gastrenterite aguda na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará, no período de 1999 a 2007

O rotavírus (RV) é o principal agente viral associado às gastrenterites, ocasionando em média 39% dos casos diarreicos que culminam em hospitalizações, sendo responsável por cerca de 520.000 óbitos entre crianças menores de cinco anos de idade a cada ano. Pertencem à família Reoviridae, gênero Rotavirus, possui RNA de dupla fita (dsRNA) com 11 segmentos codificando 12 proteínas, sendo seis estruturais (VPs) e seis não estruturais (NSPs). A proteína VP4, juntamente com a VP7, compõem a camada externa do RV, designando os genótipos P e G, respectivamente. Até o momento foram descritos 23 tipos G e 31 tipos P. O genótipo G9 emergiu em escala global e é possivelmente associado a manifestação clínica mais grave, estando geralmente acompanhado do genótipo P[8]. O genótipo G9 possui 6 linhagens distintas e o P[8] 4 linhagens. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar os genes VP7 e VP4 de RV do genótipo G9, circulantes na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará, no período de 1999 a 2007. O dsRNA viral de 38 amostras selecionadas foi extraído a partir das suspensões fecais e submetido à eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida para determinação dos eletroferotipos, seguido da reação de seqüenciamento. Na presente investigação, foi possível a análise de 32 amostras selecionadas, sendo todas genótipo G9P[8] associadas ao eletroferotipo longo. A análise filogenética do gene VP7 demonstrou que as amostras G9 agruparam na linhagem 3 com elevados índices de similaridade, apresentando 8 substituições nucleotídicas. Contudo, apenas três modificações aminoacídicas foram observadas nas posições 43 (I→V), 66 (A→V) e 73 (Q→R), sendo estes resíduos 43 e 73 exclusivos das amostras do ano de 2007. A análise do gene VP4 demonstrou que as amostras P[8] agruparam na linhagem 3, identificando-se 15 substituições nucleotídicas, as quais ocasionaram quatro modificações aminoacídicas nos resíduos 108 (V→I), 172 (R→K), 173 (I→V) e 275 (K→R). As modificações nos resíduos 172 e 275 são exclusivos das amostras dos anos de 1999 a 2002. As amostras do presente estudo apresentaram elevada similaridade ao longo do tempo estudado. As amostras de 2007 foram as mais divergentes, tanto para o gene VP4 quanto para o gene VP7. É importante se proceder ao contínuo monitoramento do genótipo G9 na região metropolitana de Belém, a fim de detectar possíveis variantes emergentes que possam representar um desafio as estratégias de imunização atuais.

A comparison of larval, ovitrap and MosquiTRAP surveillance for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti

In Brazil, the entomological surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is performed by government-mandated larval surveys. In this study, the sensitivities of an adult sticky trap and traditional surveillance methodologies were compared. The study was performed over a 12-week period in a residential neighbourhood of the municipality of Pedro Leopoldo, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An ovitrap and a MosquiTRAP were placed at opposite ends of each neighbourhood block (60 traps in total) and inspections were performed weekly. The study revealed significant correlations of moderate strength between the larval survey, ovitrap and MosquiTRAP measurements. A positive relationship was observed between temperature, adult capture measurements and egg collections, whereas precipitation and frequency of rainy days exhibited a negative relationship.

Entomological surveillance, spatial distribution, and diversity of culicidae (diptera) immatures in a rural area of the atlantic forest biome, state of sao paulo, brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Defining a fish bio-assessment tool to monitoring the biological condition of a cascade reservoirs system in tropical area

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Defining functional urban regions in Bahia, Brazil, using roadway coverage and population density variables

The concept of Functional Urban Regions (FURs), also called Metropolitan Regions (MRs), is not simple. It is clear, though, that they are not simply a combination of adjacent municipalities or areas. Different methods can be used for their definition. However, especially in developing countries, the application of some methods is not possible, due to the unavailability of detailed data. Alternative approaches have been developed based on spatial analysis methods and using variables extracted from available data. The objective of this study is to compare the results of two spatial analysis methods exploring two variables: population density and an indicator of transport infrastructure supply. The first method regards Exploratory Spatial Data Analyses tools, which define uniform regions based on specific variables. The second method used the same variables and the spatial analysis technique available in the computer program SKATER - Spatial 'K'luster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal. Assuming that those classifications of regions with similar characteristics can be used for identifying potential FURS, the results of all analyses were compared with one another and with the 'official' MR. A combined approach was also considered for comparison, but none of the results match the existing MR boundaries, what challenges the official definitions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Defining suitable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis on human sertoli cells after 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Advanced Molecular Surveillance of Hepatitis C Virus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Novel expert system for defining power quality compensators

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Opportunistic pathogens and elements of the resistome that are common in bottled mineral water support the need for continuous surveillance

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Rabies surveillance in bats in Northwestern State of Sao Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)