Variabilité, circulation et chlorophylle dans la région du Dôme d'Angola en février-mars 1971

In February-March 1971 the hydrological conditions off Angola did not display the thermal dome mapped by Mazeika's averages (1967). Cold water cells observed are connected at the surface to a sinuous boundary between low-salinity coastal waters and high-salinity tropical oceanic waters. That boundary coincides rather regularly with an area where trades and SW winds alternate; photosynthesis growths rapidly in a thermoclinal layer that rises until 10 m of the surface but never outcrops. Below a poor and permanent homogeneous surface layer, chlorophyll concentrations show a distribution which is typical of divergence areas. Geostrophical and measured currents show off a transient process in horizontal and vertical movements, however the general curvature of the circulation is propitious to upwelling. Oxygen oversaturations of about 110%, suggest a moderate potential primary production which confirms slowness and alternation of movements. Also, the regular range of the various chemical and biological levels and moderate chlorophyll concentrations suggest an ecosystem where nutrients supply rapidly equilibrate phytoplankton consumption and not at all a 'phytoplankton bloom' area as that which exists in coastal upwelling. Values of Richardson's number show that instability becomes visible at the bottom of the euphotic layer. An evaluation of the vertical motion is inferred by the peculiar distribution and diurnal alternance of the winds shows that 'doming' structures may be sustained by local meteorological events.

Le courant de Lomonosov dans le fond du Golfe de Guinée en mai 1973

A cruise of the R. V. Capricorne in May 1973, in inner part of the gulf of Guinea, allowed the authors to identify the main part of the Atlantic circulation at the longitude of 5 degrees E, between 4 degrees N and 4 degrees S. It gave new data on the termination of the equatorial undercurrent. At the equator, under the westward south equatorial current flows the Atlantic equatorial undercurrent with a maximum eastward velocity of 90 cm/sec at 30 m depth linked to a salinity maximum higher than 36.20 ppt. Below the equatorial undercurrent, about 80-100 m depth, flows a westward current with a velocity as high as 30 cm/sec. At 4 degrees S, the south equatorial countercurrent is well delineated by a high salinity core (more than 36.10 ppt) at 30 m depth with an eastward velocity core of 40 cm/sec. On the contrary, near 3 degrees 30N, a high salinity core (36.10 ppt) flows westwards with a speed of 40 cm/sec at 40 m depth: it is the "return flow" of the undercurrent (Hisard and Moliere 1974). At 4 degrees N the Guinea current carries eastwards surface salinities of 34.50 ppt at 40 cm/sec. Off Cape Lopez (0 degrees 35'S-8 degrees 42'E) the high salinity core of the undercurrent becomes wider near the shore. It is 25m wide offshore, and 70 m wide near the cape. A part of undercurrent water extends northwards, then flows westwards with the subsurface westward circulation in the inner part of the Gulf of Guinea. Another part flows south-southwestwards in a high salinity tongue along the African coast to 4 degrees S. South-west of Cape Lopez, the trades divergence contributes to an upwelling of cold and high salinity water; this water increases at the Cape Lopez front.

Possible antigravity regions in F (R) theory?

We construct an F(R) gravity theory corresponding to the Weyl invariant two scalar field theory. We investigate whether such F (R) gravity can have the antigravity regions where the Weyl curvature invariant does not diverge at the Big Bang and Big Crunch singularities. It is revealed that the divergence cannot be evaded completely but can be much milder than that in the original Weyl invariant two scalar field theory. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Genetic variation between outer-coastal and fjord populations of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) in the eastern Gulf of Alaska

Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) from the Gulf of Alaska were screened for temporal and spatial genetic variation with 15 microsatellite loci. Thirteen collections were examined in this study: 11 from Southeast Alaska and 2 from Prince William Sound, Alaska. Although FST values were low, a neighbor-joining tree based on genetic distance, homogeneity, and FST values revealed that collectively, the Berners Bay and Lynn Canal (interior) collections were genetically distinct from Sitka Sound and Prince of Wales Island (outer-coastal) collections. Temporal genetic variation within regions (among three years of Berners Bay spawners and between the two Sitka Sound spawners) was zero, whereas 0.05% was attributable to genetic variation between Berners Bay and Sitka Sound. This divergence may be attributable to environmental differences between interior archipelago waters and outer-coast habitats, such as differences in temperature and salinity. Early spring collections of nonspawning Lynn Canal herring were nearly genetically identical to collections of spawning herring in Berners Bay two months later—an indication that Berners Bay spawners over-winter in Lynn Canal. Southeast Alaskan herring (collectively) were significantly different from those in Prince William Sound. This study illustrates that adequate sample size is needed to detect variation in pelagic fish species with a large effective population size, and microsatellite markers may be useful in detecting low-level genetic divergence in Pacific herring in the Gulf of Alaska.

A molecular genetic investigation of the population structure of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)

Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), through landings, support one of the largest commercial fisheries in the United States. Recent consolidation of the once coast-wide reduction fishery to waters within and around Chesapeake Bay has raised concerns over the possibility of the loss of unique genetic variation resulting from concentrated fishing pressure. To address this question, we surveyed variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region and seven nuclear microsatellite loci to evaluate stock structure of Atlantic menhaden. Samples were collected from up to three cohorts of Atlantic menhaden at four geographic locations along the U.S. Atlantic coast in 2006 and 2007, and from the closely related Gulf menhaden (B. patronus) in the Gulf of Mexico. Genetic divergence between Atlantic menhaden and Gulf menhaden, based on the COI gene region sequences and microsatellite loci, was more characteristic of conspecific populations than separate species. Hierarchical analyses of molecular variance indicated a homogeneous distribution of genetic variation within Atlantic menhaden. No significant variation was found between young-of-the-year menhaden (YOY) collected early and late in the season within Chesapeake Bay, between young-of-the-year and yearling menhaden collected in the Chesapeake Bay during the same year, between YOY and yearling menhaden taken in Chesapeake Bay in successive years, or among combined YOY and yearling Atlantic menhaden collected in both years from the four geographic locations. The genetic connectivity between the regional collections indicates that the concentration of fishing pressure in and around Chesapeake Bay will not result in a significant loss of unique genetic variation.

Evolutionary associations between sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus) inferred from morphological characters, mitochondrial DNA, and microsatellite markers

The evolutionary associations between closely related fish species, both contemporary and historical, are frequently assessed by using molecular markers, such as microsatellites. Here, the presence and variability of microsatellite loci in two closely related species of marine fishes, sand seatrout (Cynoscion arenarius) and silver seatrout (C. nothus), are explored by using heterologous primers from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Data from these loci are used in conjunction with morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes to explore the extent of genetic exchange between species offshore of Galveston Bay, TX. Despite seasonal overlap in distribution, low genetic divergence at microsatellite loci, and similar life history parameters of C. arenarius and C. nothus, all three data sets indicated that hybridization between these species does not occur or occurs only rarely and that historical admixture in Galveston Bay after divergence between these species was unlikely. These results shed light upon the evolutionary history of these fishes and highlight the genetic properties of each species that are influenced by their life history and ecology.

Systematics of the North American menhadens: molecular evolutionary reconstructions in the genus Brevoortia (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)

Evolutionary associations among the four North American species of menhadens (Brevoortia spp.) have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, classifications separating the four species into small-scaled and large-scaled groups were evaluated by using DNA data, and genetic associations within these groups were explored. Specifically, data from the nuclear genome (microsatellites) and the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA sequences) were used to elicit patterns of recent and historical evolutionary associations. Nuclear DNA data indicated limited contemporary gene flow among the species, and also indicated higher relatedness within the small-scaled and large-scaled menhadens than between these groups. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the large-scaled menhadens indicated the presence of two ancestral lineages, one of which contained members of both species. This result may indicate genetic diver-gence (reproductive isolation) followed by secondary contact (hybridization) between these species. In contrast, a single ancestral lineage indicated incomplete genetic divergence between the small-scaled menhaden. These results are discussed in the context of the biology and demographics of each species.

Comparing the identification of southern California juvenile rockfishes (genus Sebastes spp.) by restriction site analysis of the mitochondrial ND3/ND4 region and by morphological characteristics

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) juveniles are often difficult to identify by using morphological characters. This study independently applies morphological characters and a key based on mitochondrial restriction site variation to identify juvenile rockf ishes collected in southern California during juvenile rockfish surveys. Twenty-four specimens of Sebastes were examined genetically without knowledge of the morphological assignment. Seventeen fish were identified genetically as S. semicinctus, S. goodei, S. auriculatus, S. jordani, S. levis, S. rastrelliger, and S. saxicola. Identities for the remaining fish were narrowed to two or three species: 1) three fish were either S. carnatus or S. chrysomelas; 2) one fish was either S. chlorosticus, S. eos, or S. rosenblatti; and 3) three fish could have been either S. hopkinsi or S. ovalis, the latter for which we now have distinguishing mitochondrial markers. The genetic and morphological assignments concurred except for the identity of one fish that could only be narrowed down to S. hopkinsi or S. semicinctus by using morphological characters. Genetics excluded more species from multispecies groupings than did the morphological approach, especially species within the subgenus Sebastomus. Species in the genetically unresolvable groups may be similar because of recent divergence or because of interspecies introgression.

Population structure and variance effective size of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico*

We assayed allelic variation at 19 nuclear-encoded microsatellites among 1622 Gulf red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) sampled from the 1995 and 1997 cohorts at each of three offshore localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Localities represented western, central, and eastern subregions within the northern Gulf. Number of alleles per microsatellite per sample ranged from four to 23, and gene diversity ranged from 0.170 to 0.917. Tests of conformity to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations and of genotypic equilibrium between pairs of micro-satellites were generally nonsignificant following Bonferroni correction. Significant genic or genotypic heterogeneity (or both) among samples was detected at four microsatellites and over all microsatellites. Levels of divergence among samples were low (FST ≤0.001). Pairwise exact tests revealed that six of seven “significant” comparisons involved temporal rather than spatial heterogeneity. Contemporaneous or variance effective size (NeV) was estimated from the temporal variance in allele frequencies by using a maximum-likelihood method. Estimates of NeV ranged between 1098 and >75,000 and differed significantly among localities; the NeV estimate for the sample from the northcentral Gulf was >60 times as large as the estimates for the other two localities. The differences in variance effective size could ref lect differences in number of individuals successfully reproducing, differences in patterns and intensity of immigration, or both, and are consistent with the hypothesis, supported by life-history data, that different “demographic stocks” of red snapper are found in the northern Gulf. Estimates of NeV for red snapper in the northern Gulf were at least three orders of magnitude lower than current estimates of census size (N). The ratio of effective to census size (Ne/N) is far below that expected in an ideal population and may reflect high variance in individual reproductive success, high temporal and spatial variance in productivity among subregions or a combination of the two.

Genetic diversity in wild stocks of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii): implications for aquaculture and conservation

The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is cultured widely around the world but little is known about the levels and patterns of genetic diversity in either wild or cultured stocks. Studies have suggested that genetic diversity may be relatively low in some cultured stocks due to the history of how they were founded and subsequent exposure to repeated population bottlenecks in hatcheries. In contrast, wild stocks have an extensive distribution that extends from Southern Asia across Southeast (SE) Asia to the Pacific region. Therefore, wild stocks could be an important resource for genetic improvement of culture stocks in the future. Understanding the extent and patterns of genetic diversity in wild giant freshwater prawn stocks will assist decisions about the direction future breeding programs may take. Wild stock genetic diversity was examined using a 472 base-pair segment of the 16S rRNA gene in 18 wild populations collected from across the natural range of the species. Two major clades ("eastern" and "western") were identifi ed either side of Huxley’s line, with a minimum divergence of 6.2 per cent, which implies separation since the Miocene period (5-10 MYA). While divergence estimates within major clades was small (maximum 0.9 per cent), evidence was also found for population structuring at a lower spatial scale. This will be examined more intensively with a faster evolving mtDNA gene in the future.

Marcadores Inserção/Deleção (Indel): estudo de ancestralidade e identificação humana na população brasileira

Os polimorfismos denominados Indels são variações de comprimento geradas por inserção ou deleção de um ou mais nucleotídeos em uma sequência de DNA. Estes marcadores genéticos vêm apresentando um grande potencial para fins forenses e populacionais por combinar características dos marcadores SNPs, tais como a capacidade de analisar fragmentos curtos (menores que 250pb) e baixas taxas de mutação, com a facilidade da genotipagem dos STR em uma única PCR, seguida de detecção dos fragmentos amplificados por eletroforese. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos Indels em aplicações forenses e esclarecer os detalhes da formação de diferentes populações brasileiras através de dados genéticos, amostras populacionais de diferentes estados brasileiros foram genotipadas através de dois sistemas multiplex. O primeiro (indelplex-HID) foi otimizado para fins de Identificação Humana (HID) e inclui um grupo de 38 marcadores Indels selecionados por apresentarem altos valores de diversidade genética dentro das principais populações continentais. Já o segundo (46-AI-indels), foi selecionado para estudos de ancestralidade e é composto por um conjunto de 46 marcadores informativos de ancestralidade (AIMs). Nesse último caso, ao contrário do anterior, o sistema multiplex inclui marcadores com alta divergência nas frequências alélicas entre populações continentais. Na primeira etapa, o multiplex HID foi aplicado em uma amostra populacional do Rio de Janeiro e em uma amostra populacional dos índios Terena. Um banco de dados de frequências alélicas foi construído para essas duas amostras populacionais. Os valores das frequências alélicas foram utilizados nas comparações estatísticas e parâmetros de vínculos genéticos e forenses foram calculados. O Poder de Discriminação acumulado na população do Rio de Janeiro para os 38 loci testados foi de 0,9999999999999990 e na população dos índios Terena de 0,9999999999997, validando o uso desse sistema numa população heterogênea como a brasileira. A eficiência do indelplex-HID também mostrou-se elevada nas amostras de casos forenses comprometidas, apresentando melhor resultados que marcadores STR em termos de número de loci genotipados e de qualidade de amplificação. Na segunda etapa, o multiplex 46-AI-indels foi aplicado com objetivo de avaliar a ancestralidade em amostras de diferentes estados do Brasil por permitir a identificação de diferenças entre frequências alélicas de grupos populacionais separados geograficamente. A maioria das populações analisadas apresentou elevada herança européia. As populações do Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Mato Grosso do Sul, Amazonas, Alagoas, Minas Gerais e São Paulo apresentaram cerca de 50% de ancestralidade européia, enquanto que nas populações que formam o sul do país e o Espírito Santo este percentual girou em torno de 70%. De uma maneira geral, as contribuições ameríndias e africanas variaram um pouco de acordo com a região. As amostras de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro e dos índios Terena (amostras indicadas como ameríndio-descendentes) de fato mostraram majoritariamente ancestralidade ameríndia (>70%). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os dados gerados a partir da tipagem dos AIMs estão em estreita concordância com os registros históricos e com outros estudos genéticos acerca da formação da população brasileira e os loci do sistema HID evidenciaram que os são altamente informativos, constituindo uma ferramenta importante em estudos de identificação humana e de relações de parentesco.

Progress toward a global genealogy of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences data

As part of a study of genetic variation in the Vietnamese strains of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using direct DNA sequencing of mitochondrial control and ATPase6/8 gene regions, samples from a number of other countries were analyzed for comparison. Results show that the levels of sequence divergence in common carp is low on a global scale, with the Asian carp having the highest diversity while Koi and European carp are invariant. A genealogical analysis supports a close relationship among Vietnamese, Koi, Chinese Color and, to a lesser extent, European carp. Koi carp appear to have originated from a strain of Chinese red carp. There is considerable scope to extend this research through the analysis of additional samples of carp from around the world, especially from China, in order to generate a comprehensive global genealogy of common carp strains.

Mitochondrial gene sequences useful for species identification of western North Atlantic Ocean sharks

Molecular-based approaches for shark species identification have been driven largely by issues specific to the fishery. In an effort to establish a more comprehensive identification data set, we investigated DNA sequence variation of a 1.4-kb region from the mitochondrial genome covering partial sequences from the 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, and the complete valine tRNA from 35 shark species from the Atlantic fishery. Generally, within-species variability was low in relation to interspecific divergence because species haloptypes formed monophyletic groups. Phylogenetic analyses resolved ordinal relationships among Carcharhiniformes and Lamniformes, and revealed support for the families Sphyrnidae and Triakidae (within Carcharhiniformes) and Lamnidae and Alopidae (within Lamniformes). The combination of limited intraspecific variability and sufficient between-species divergence indicates that this locus is suitable for species identification.

Psiquiatria e psicanálise: para além de convergências e divergências.

Nesta dissertação pretende-se investigar qual papel exerce hoje a psicanálise na prática psiquiátrica. A abordagem da psiquiatria e da psicanálise se dá em três campos distintos. Primeiramente é retomada no campo da história, com especial atenção para relação de Freud com os médicos suíços, Jung e Bleuler, no inicio do século XX, e a publicação do DSM-III na década de 1980. A ênfase é colocada nestes dois extremos, pois o que se observa neles, é o contato inicial da psiquiatria com a psicanálise num primeiro momento e uma mudança de paradigma na racionalidade do diagnostico psiquiátrico que é da ordem de um corte epistemológico a partir do qual a psicanálise é rejeitada. Entre esses dois extremos o que se observa é uma influencia maciça da psicanálise dentro da psiquiatria. Partimos então para o campo do discurso, no qual a presença do pensamento de Michel Foucault e a teoria dos quatro discursos de Jacques Lacan irão contribuir para uma leitura da medicina/psiquiatria e da psicanálise enquanto discurso, bem como das possibilidades de inserção do sujeito em cada uma dessas formas de discurso. Por fim, fazemos uma abordagem no campo da ética, na qual propomos a ética e a teoria da psicanálise como um possível regulador para uma psiquiatria que se aliena diante do Outro da ciência e do capital. Essa proposta é colocada após estudarmos como se deu o processo em que o corpo e a saúde entraram no campo da economia de mercado. Trazemos para discussão uma série de vinhetas de casos clínicos que servem para ilustrar nossas colocações acerca do papel da ética e da teoria psicanalítica dentro da prática médica e psiquiátrica.

Aplicação de múltiplas ferramentas no estudo do transporte de sedimentos na margem interna da restinga da Marambaia (baía de Sepetiba, RJ)

Dados sedimentológicos e hidrodinâmicos foram utilizados para estudar a dinâmica sedimentar da margem interna da restinga da Marambaia (baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, SE Brasil). Foram realizadas três campanhas amostrais para coleta de sedimentos ao longo da restinga da Marambaia e na área submersa adjacente. Adicionalmente, em dezembro de 2013, três fundeios simultâneos para aquisição de dados hidrodinâmicos foram conduzidos paralelamente à restinga, ao longo da profundidade média de 6,5 metros. As medições abrangeram dois ciclos de maré (25 horas), incluindo perfilagem com CTDs, perfilagem correntométrica e coleta de amostras de água para determinação das concentrações do material particulado em suspensão. A partir do processamento das amostras de sedimentos em laboratório, foram obtidos os parâmetros estatísticos (média, desvio-padrão e assimetria) para o detalhamento da caracterização sedimentológica da área de estudo, bem como a aplicação de um modelo de tendência direcional de transporte de sedimentos (GisedTrend). A restinga apresenta areias médias e bem selecionadas, enquanto as amostras coletadas na porção submersa, em profundidades maiores que 2 m, passam de areias finas e bem selecionadas a siltes finos e mal selecionados em maiores profundidades. Quatro casos de tendência de transporte foram explorados em um total de 14 possibilidades e os mais significativos foram analisados com o intuito de identificar áreas de acumulação e remoção de sedimentos, podendo estar associados aos processos responsáveis pelo transporte de sedimentos, tais como correntes geradas pelos ventos locais, marés e dispersão de plumas de sedimentos em suspensão. Os dados hidrodinâmicos, durante o período amostrado, permitiram observar o complexo padrão de circulação existente, especialmente na área adjacente à área central da restinga. Dentre as observações realizadas, verificou-se a ocorrência de assimetria da maré, fato já documentado em trabalhos anteriores conduzidos próximo ao principal canal de acesso à baia, com períodos de enchente mais curtos e períodos de vazante mais longos. Diferentemente do que foi reportado nestes trabalhos, os períodos de vazante foram associados às correntes de maior intensidade. As concentrações de material particulado em suspensão situaram-se, em média, entre 10 e 20 mg/L tanto em superfície como próximo ao fundo; no entanto, suas variações temporais não apresentaram qualquer relação com as fases da maré. Possíveis áreas de convergência e divergência da circulação / células de transporte de sedimentos foram identificadas e comparadas aos vetores de tendência de transporte obtidos através do modelo GisedTrend, com resultados satisfatórios.