Widespread Signals of Convergent Adaptation to High Altitude in Asia and America

Living at high altitude is one of the most difficult challenges that humans had to cope with during their evolution. Whereas several genomic studies have revealed some of the genetic bases of adaptations in Tibetan, Andean, and Ethiopian populations, relatively little evidence of convergent evolution to altitude in different continents has accumulated. This lack of evidence can be due to truly different evolutionary responses, but it can also be due to the low power of former studies that have mainly focused on populations from a single geographical region or performed separate analyses on multiple pairs of populations to avoid problems linked to shared histories between some populations. We introduce here a hierarchical Bayesian method to detect local adaptation that can deal with complex demographic histories. Our method can identify selection occurring at different scales, as well as convergent adaptation in different regions. We apply our approach to the analysis of a large SNP data set from low- and high-altitude human populations from America and Asia. The simultaneous analysis of these two geographic areas allows us to identify several candidate genome regions for altitudinal selection, and we show that convergent evolution among continents has been quite common. In addition to identifying several genes and biological processes involved in high-altitude adaptation, we identify two specific biological pathways that could have evolved in both continents to counter toxic effects induced by hypoxia.

Holocene vegetation and fire history of the mountains of Northern Sicily (Italy)

Knowledge about vegetation and fire history of the mountains of Northern Sicily is scanty. We analysed five sites to fill this gap and used terrestrial plant macrofossils to establish robust radiocarbon chronologies. Palynological records from Gorgo Tondo, Gorgo Lungo, Marcato Cixé, Urgo Pietra Giordano and Gorgo Pollicino show that under natural or near natural conditions, deciduous forests (Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Fraxinus ornus, Ulmus), that included a substantial portion of evergreen broadleaved species (Q. suber, Q. ilex, Hedera helix), prevailed in the upper meso-mediterranean belt. Mesophilous deciduous and evergreen broadleaved trees (Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium) dominated in the natural or quasi-natural forests of the oro-mediterranean belt. Forests were repeatedly opened for agricultural purposes. Fire activity was closely associated with farming, providing evidence that burning was a primary land use tool since Neolithic times. Land use and fire activity intensified during the Early Neolithic at 5000 bc, at the onset of the Bronze Age at 2500 bc and at the onset of the Iron Age at 800 bc. Our data and previous studies suggest that the large majority of open land communities in Sicily, from the coastal lowlands to the mountain areas below the thorny-cushion Astragalus belt (ca. 1,800 m a.s.l.), would rapidly develop into forests if land use ceased. Mesophilous Fagus-Ilex forests developed under warm mid Holocene conditions and were resilient to the combined impacts of humans and climate. The past ecology suggests a resilience of these summer-drought adapted communities to climate warming of about 2 °C. Hence, they may be particularly suited to provide heat and drought-adapted Fagus sylvatica ecotypes for maintaining drought-sensitive Central European beech forests under global warming conditions.

Is low parental education associated with congenital heart defects?

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are associations between low parental education and congenital heart defects. ^ Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of 281,262 live born singletons, 1765 of whom were identified by the Texas Birth Defects Monitoring Division (TBDMD) as having heart defects without known chromosomal anomalies. Data on the specific diagnoses of these infants were linked to their corresponding birth certificates. Only infants born between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1997, whose mothers resided in the Texas public health regions under surveillance by the TBDMD were included in the study. The number of years of schooling of the most educated parent was used to calculate crude, stratified and adjusted odds ratios. ^ Results. An increase in the likelihood of having an infant with any type of congenital heart defect was found among parents with less than 16 years of education, compared to those with 16 or more years of schooling. The association became more marked with increasing paternal age, and was found among whites and Hispanics but not among blacks. Statistically significant associations with low parental education were found for ventricular septal defects, transposition of the great vessels and miscellaneous heart and vessel defects. Among whites, there was an inverse association between parental education and likelihood of having an infant with a severe ASD. This association was not found among non-whites. The suggestion of an association between low parental education and tetralogy of Fallot, was also found, but was not statistically significant. Parents with ≥16 years of education had a greater likelihood of having an infant with severe endocardial cushion lesions or total anomalous pulmonary return than less well educated parents. ^ Conclusion. This study suggests that parental education is associated with certain types of heart defects, especially among whites and Hispanics. ^

Is H. pylori infection associated with diarrhea in a cohort of 3- to 8-year-old Colombian children?

The Estudio Comunitario sobre la Salud del Niño cohort study followed 326 3- to 8-year-old Colombian children for 4 years to observe the natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection and identify risk factors for acquisition, recurrence and persistence. Acute H. pylori infection during childhood may predispose to other enteric infections and therefore increase the risk of diarrheal disease. This dissertation aimed to estimate the effect of H. pylori infection on the occurrence of diarrhea and parasitic co-infections. The analysis used Generalized Estimating Equations to obtain odds ratios to estimate relative risks for diarrhea and the Zhang-Yu algorithm to estimate relative risks for on parasitic infections. Andersen-Gill models were used to estimate rate ratios for the effect of H. pylori status on the recurrence of parasitic infections. H. pylori status was classified for the entire follow-up duration in 1 of 3 categories: persistently positive, intermittently positive, and persistently negative. Multivariable models included child’s sex, age, symptoms, medication use, and socio-environmental factors. H. pylori infection was weakly and imprecisely associated with diarrheal disease, which occurred at an unexpectedly low frequency in this study. Persistently H. pylori-positive children had a somewhat higher incidence of reported diarrhea than intermittently positive or persistently negative children. Stratified analysis revealed that the presence of specific helminthes modified the effect of persistent H. pylori infection on diarrhea. The incidence of any parasitic infections was higher in children with persistent H. pylori infection relative to those with intermittent or persistently negative status, but this association did not hold when adjusted for the full set of selected covariates. The effects of H. pylori persistent status were similar for the occurrence or recurrence of Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Ascaris lumbricoides. These results show that H. pylori frequently co-exists with other parasites in Andean children and suggest that intermittently H. pylori–positive children might be at a lower risk of parasitic infections than persistently positive children. The relationship of H. pylori infection, helminthic infection and diarrheal disease should be further explored in studies that devote more intensive resources to accurate ascertainment of diarrhea.^

Comportamiento de coníferas bajo riego : Mendoza, Argentina

La provincia de Mendoza, ubicada en el centro-oeste de la Argentina, tiene una extensión de 150 830 km2. Prácticamente todas las actividades agropecuarias y forestales están concentradas en el 3 % de su territorio que es posible irrigar. Al oeste, en el límite con Chile, está la cadena montañosa que forma parte de la región fitogeográfica del Desierto Andino que se extiende por más de 500 km, con un ancho promedio de 100 km. El objetivo del trabajo fue introducir algunas especies de coníferas y evaluar su comportamiento en dicha región fitogeográfica, con la finalidad de lograr un aprovechamiento forestal, proteger el suelo contra la erosión hídrica y/o eólica, modificar el paisaje y desarrollar áreas de explotación turística. Las especies seleccionadas en esta primera etapa fueron: Cedrus deodara, Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Juniperus virginiana, Pinus griffithii, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea y Pinus radiata. Las experiencias se llevaron a cabo en dossitios, separados por más de 150 km, y situados a 1 050 y 2 000 msnm, respectivamente. Se tomaron datos de supervivencia, altura y diámetro de los individuos, y se efectuaron observaciones sobre su hábito de crecimiento y condiciones fitosanitarias. Las principales conclusiones fueron las siguientes: 1. Todas las especies mostraron buen estado fitosanitario sin haberse detectado ninguna plaga o enfermedad de importancia. 2. El hábito de crecimiento fue el correspondiente a cada especie; sólo hubo fustes bifurcados en algunos individuos de Pinus pinea. 3. Las especies que evidenciaron mayor aptitud fueron: Juniperus virginiana, Cupressus arizonica, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster y Cupressus macrocarpa.

Grain-size analyses and bulk chemistry determined in surface sediment samples along the Chilean continental margin in the Southeast Pacific Ocean

Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of a set of surface sediment samples collected along the Chilean continental slope (21-44°S) are used to characterise present-day sedimentation patterns and sediment provenance on the Chilean margin. Despite the presence of several exceptional latitudinal gradients in relief, oceanography, tectonic evolution, volcanic activity and onshore geology, the present-day input of terrigenous sediments to the Chilean continental margin appears to be mainly controlled by precipitation gradients, and source-rock composition in the hinterland. General trends in grain size denote a southward decrease in median grain-size of the terrigenous (Corganic, CaCO3 and Opal-free) fraction, which is interpreted as a shift from aeolian to fluvial sedimentation. This interpretation is supported by previous observations of southward increasing bulk sedimentation rates. North-south trends in sediment bulk chemistry are best recognised in the iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) vs. potassium (K) and aluminium (Al) ratios of the sediments that most likely reflect the contribution of source rocks from the Andean volcanic arc. These ratios are high in the northernmost part, abruptly decrease at 25°S, and then more or less constantly increase southwards to a maximum at ~40°S.

Geochemistry at DSDP Legs 36 and 71 Holes

For Middle Jurassic to Pleistocene times, clay mineralogical and geochemical data provide information on the evolution of continental and marine paleoenvironments. They are a source of information on marginal instability, on the continental and shallow marine environments related to the development of the Southern Ocean during the Middle and Late Jurassic, and on tectonic relaxation of the continental margins at the end of the Late Jurassic. They also provide evidence for the influences of the South Atlantic opening and the movement of the Falkland Plateau in a reduced marine environment until Aptian-Albian times, and the transition to an open marine environment during Albian time; the influences of the Albian-Turonian and Coniacian-Santonian Andean deformations in an open marine environment; the limited tectonic effects and strong influence of marine currents at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary; the influences of the global climatic cooling and inferred bottom water circulation during the late Eocene and Oligocene; the widening of the South Atlantic Ocean during Oligocene time, which was accompanied by an increased influence of the biogenic components on sedimentation; increased carbonate dissolution from late Oligocene to early Miocene, related to the deepening of the ocean; limited mineralogical and important geochemical modifications when the Drake Passage opened in the early Miocene; the influence of the late Miocene development of the Antarctic ice-sheet; the major Antarctic cooling and Patagonian glaciation during Pliocene time; and the change in the Antarctic Bottom Water circulation at the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary.

Cooperación nacional e internacional universitaria

Cumplidos 500 años del descubrimiento de América, la Junta Andalucía (Universidades de Córdoba, Sevilla, Cádiz y Málaga), decide contactarse con Universidades Argentinas (Tucumán, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, La Rioja; San Juan y Mendoza) para trabajar temas de la Región Andina Argentina , poblada por españoles desde siglo XVI. Cuyo cumple entonces un importante rol socioeconómico en la franja árida sudamericana por la fuerte vinculación con Capitanía General de Chile, con dependencia política del Alto Perú. La posterior inclusión de Cuyo en Virreinato del Río de la Plata (1756) significa una decadencia. Pasa a tener posición marginal, gran dependencia del mercado interno y del centralismo de Buenos Aires. La UNCuyo integra el equipo dirigido por la UNTucumán para llevar adelante el programa “Inventario de Recursos y Servicios para la Gestión y Planificación Regional de la Región Andina Argentina ", que consta de subproyectos que encaran las actividades agropecuarias e industrial, los sistemas de asentamientos, ordenamiento del territorio y población.

Impacto del Dique Potrerillos en la dinámica territorial del noroeste de Mendoza

La construcción del dique Potrerillos causa impactos importantes en múltiples aspectos. Las transformaciones que se producen no son sólo a nivel social y económico sino que se evidencian cambios físico-ambientales (relacionadas con zonas a inundar, aparición de nuevos emprendimientos turísticos, flora, fauna, etc.), que involucran no sólo al área inmediata del desarrollo de ésta obra de infraestructura sino que también modifica el comportamiento de la dinámica territorial a nivel regional, especialmente por la posición que la localidad de Potrerillos posee, al encontrarse emplazada dentro del sistema de asentamientos ubicados a lo largo de la Ruta Nacional N° 7, dentro de lo que se denomina Corredor Andino, lo que le da un protagonismo local y regional que hasta hace poco tiempo estaba en manos de la localidad de Uspallata. El propósito de este artículo es establecer la relación entre la disposición de la red vial actual y los nuevos emprendimientos viales en el comportamiento territorial que tiene y tendrá la localidad de Potrerillos dentro del contexto local y regional.

Propiedades químicas del suelo en bosques de Nothofagus antarctica y Austrocedrus chilensis afectados por fuego

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo caracterizar la fertilidad química del suelo superficial nueve meses después de la ocurrencia de fuegos en dos tipos de formaciones del bosque andino patagónico: Nothofagus antarctica y Austrocedrus chilensis. El área de estudio se centró en un sector de suelos de ceniza volcánica que fue afectado por el incendio denominado La Colisión (Chubut, Argentina, febrero 2008) y posteriormente cubierto por ceniza volcánica proveniente del volcán Chaitén (mayo 2008). Se tomaron muestras compuestas de suelo mineral a dos profundidades (0-5 cm y 5-10 cm) en un sector de bosque de N. antarctica y un sector de bosque de A. chilensis, considerando tres niveles de afectación por fuego (control no quemado, poco quemado, muy quemado). En las muestras más superficiales (i.e., 0-5 cm) hubo aumentos significativos de pH y conductividad eléctrica, y disminución de los contenidos de materia orgánica, nitrógeno total, CIC y sodio, como consecuencia del fuego. Las muestras de 5-10 cm evidenciaron disminución de materia orgánica y nitrógeno total y aumento de azufre. El mayor contenido de azufre en los bosques quemados y el aumento observado de fósforo en suelos alofanizados con bajo grado de afectación por fuego, podrían ser beneficiosos para la recuperación de la vegetación.

Tarja (Jujuy, 1955-1960) : la cultura de los bordes

Con este trabajo se pretende poner de relieve la conciencia de la marginalidad que experimentan los miembros de una publicación literaria –Tarja– de una provincia alejada como Jujuy. Pero para que la distancia se haga perceptible debe existir un punto cero o “meridiano de Greenwich" desde donde establecer las diferencias. Ese punto es la ciudad portuaria de Buenos Aires. Las observaciones que registra la revista sobre estos tópicos abre asimismo otra variable: la arbitrariedad de la “provincia" y la relevancia histórico-cultural de la pertenencia a una región. En nuestro caso, una región andina transprovincial y supranacional.

Mineralogy of sediment core GeoB3313-1

Geochemical and clay mineral parameters of a high accumulation marine sediment core from the Chilean continental slope (41°S) provide a 7700 yr record of rainfall variability in southern Chile related to the position of the Southern Westerlies. We especially use the iron content, measured with a time-resolution of ca. 10 yr on average, of 14C-accelerator mass spectrometry dated marine sediments as a proxy for the relative input of iron-poor Coastal Range and iron-rich Andean source rocks. Variations in this input are most likely induced by rainfall changes in the continental hinterland of the core position. Based on these interpretations, we find a pronounced rainfall variability on multi-centennial to millennial time-scales, superimposed on generally more arid conditions during the middle Holocene (7700 to 4000 cal yr B.P.) compared to the late Holocene (4000 to present). This variability and thus changes in the position of the Southern Westerlies are first compared to regional terrestrial paleoclimate data-sets from central and southern Chile. In order to derive possible wider implications and forcing mechanisms of the Holocene latitudinal shifts of the Southern Westerlies, we then compare our data to ice-core records from both tropical South America and coastal Antarctica. These records show similar bands of variability centered at ca. 900 and 1500 yr. Comparisons of band pass filters suggest a close connection of shifts of the Southern Westerlies to changes within the tropical climate system. The correlation to climate conditions in coastal Antarctica shows a more complicated picture with a phase shift at the beginning of the late Holocene coinciding with the onset of the modern state of El Niño-Southern Oscillation system. The presented data provide further evidence that the well known millennial-scale climate variability during the last glacial continued throughout the Holocene.

Sedimentology and geochemistry of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 and Holocene sediments from Laguna Potrok Aike, Patagonia

Seismic reflection studies in the maar lake Laguna Potrok Aike (51°58? S, 70°23? W) revealed an erosional unconformity associated with a sub-aquatic lake-level terrace at a water depth of 30m. Radiocarbon-dated, multi-proxy sediment studies of a piston core from this location indicate that the sediment below this discontinuity has an age of 45kyr BP (Oxygen Isotope Stage 3), and was deposited during an interval of high lake level. In comparison to the Holocene section, geochemical indicators of this older part of the record either point towards a different sediment source or to a different transport mechanism for Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 sediments. Holocene sedimentation started again before 6790cal. yr BP, providing a sediment record of hydrological variability until the present. Geochemical and isotopic data indicate a fluctuating lake level until 5310cal. yr BP. During the late Holocene the lake level shows a receding tendency. Nevertheless, the lake level did not drop below the 30m terrace to create another unconformity. The geochemical characterization of volcanic ashes reveals evidence for previously unknown explosive activity of the Reclús and Mt. Burney volcanoes during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3.

Perspectivas sobre el turismo en la Comunidad Andina de Naciones : Análisis comparativo con el Mercosur

El proyecto de integración al que aspiran los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (can) tiene un carácter exhaustivo, que excede el ámbito de los acuerdos comerciales. En este contexto, la integración en materia de turismo ha despertado un interés creciente entre los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe, por su capacidad de generar divisas y favorecer la inversión privada, la creación de empleo, la inclusión y el encadenamiento de empresas pequeñas y comunidades locales. Asimismo, la actividad turística puede contribuir a reforzar la identidad regional y subregional de los esquemas de integración. El turismo es uno de los rubros económicos más importantes para los países en desarrollo y, a su vez, se lo reconoce como un factor que contribuye a la reducción de la pobreza y al crecimiento económico. Por ello, se lo debe considerar como una oportunidad para el desarrollo de los países de la can, sobre todo porque los miembros del bloque andino cuentan con una oferta turística diversificada compuesta por recursos naturales y culturales de gran atractivo. En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución del flujo de turistas en los países de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones y se esboza un estudio comparativo con el bloque del mercosur. Luego, se elabora una matriz que permite observar, a primera vista, la magnitud del turismo emisivo intrarregional en ambos casos, así como determinar ciertas conclusiones a partir de los datos observados y comparados. Finalmente, se presentan algunas propuestas que los cuatro países de la CAN podrían desarrollar en el ámbito de la cooperación horizontal, en relación con la promoción conjunta y con la participación de las ciudades de la región en la red de Mercociudades

Turismo rural comunitario y diferenciación campesina : Consideraciones a partir de un caso andino

En los últimos años, el turismo rural comunitario se ha presentado como un instrumento adecuado para aumentar la renta de la población campesina y diversificar sus fuentes de ingresos. Pero se trata de una actividad económica que no está exenta de riesgos. A partir de un caso específico (la isla peruana de Amantaní, en el Lago Titicaca) el artículo estudia uno de ellos: el impacto del turismo en la cohesión socioeconómica comunitaria