A religiosidade no processo de viver envelhecendo

Este estudo teve o objetivo identificar como a religiosidade e as práticas espirituais são vivenciadas nas diferentes faixas etárias durante processo de envelhecimento. Foi um estudo observacional do tipo transversal, realizado na cidade de Chapecó-SC, no período de Julho de 2008 a Janeiro de 2009. A amostra foi de 2160 pessoas com 720 indivíduos entrevistados em cada faixa etária. A análise foi descritiva univariada, com a obtenção das frequências simples e relativas para cada variável. Os dados finais receberam tratamento estatístico com o software SPSS 13.0. Observou-se que 77,6% dos pesquisados eram católicos, que quanto mais velhos mais religiosos; 50,6% dos pesquisados rezam uma vez por dia, 38,3% destes rezam para agradecer e 30,4% rezam na posição deitada. Concluiu-se que a religiosidade é um recurso valioso no enfrentamento das crises da vida cotidiana e um fator que interfere de maneira positiva na saúde física e mental, principalmente das pessoas idosas.

The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: A Reconstruction of Spain's Fiscal Position, 1560-1598

The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereign debt crises. Four times during his reign the king failed to honor his debts and had to renegotiate borrowing contracts. In this paper, we reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Spain. New archival evidence allows us to derive comprehensive estimates of debt and revenue. These show that primary surpluses were sufficient to make the king's debt sustainable in most scenarios. Spain's debt burden was manageable up to the 1580s, and its fiscal position only deteriorated for good after the defeat of the "Invincible Armada." We also estimate fiscal policy reaction functions, and show that Spain under the Habsburgs was at least as "responsible" as the US in the 20th century or as Britain in the 18th century. Our results suggest that the outcome of uncertain events such as wars may influence on a history of default more than strict adherence to fiscal rules.

Institutions, Public Debt and Foreign Finance

We study the role of domestic financial institutions in sustaining capital flows to the private and public sector of a country whose government can default on its debt. As in recent public debt crises, in our model public defaults weaken banks' balance sheets, disrupting domestic financial markets. This effect leads to a novel complementarity between private capital inflows and public borrowing, where the former sustain the latter by boosting the government's cost of default. Our key message is that, by shaping the direction of private capital flows, financial institutions determine whether financial integration improves or reduces government discipline. We explore the implications of this complementarity for financial liberalization and debt-financed bailouts of banks. We present some evidence consistent with complementarity.

China´s Economic Security Police Towards ASEAN From

After the economic reforms of 1978, China started rising very fast and started engaging other countries in the region which has served to increase its confidence in the region. In the post cold war period, China was seen as a big threat for the region because of its claims on the South China Sea. Nevertheless, this image was eliminated when China engaged ASEAN and other multilateral and regional organizations. This paper is studying China’s economic and security policies towards ASEAN. Globalization Theory is the theory being used to explain the nature of China-ASEAN relations. This research paper argues that China’s rise is promoting peace in the region. With the engagement policy, China started promoting trade and security co operations based on mutual benefits and dialogues for the peaceful resolutions of the disputes in the region. This contributed greatly to improve China’s image in the region. Additionally, China’s posture during the economic crises of 1997 also greatly contributed to improve its image. Thus, the rise of China is providing opportunity to the other countries in East Asia. Chapter One: Background On China-ASEAN Relations The use of Soft Power and engagement policy by the Chinese government has helped to change China’s image in the region. By using these policies China has been able to clear the feeling of suspicion and mistrust among the Asian states. China has increased its participation in multilateral and regional organizations, such as ASEAN. Due to this China has been able to promote economic and security co-operation among countries in the region. Thus, from being a potential threat China became a potential co-operative partner. Chapter Two: A Look into ASEAN ASEAN was originally formed on 8th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Nevertheless, ASEAN was not the first regional group created to act as forum for dialogue between the leaders of different countries. Thought, it is the only one which could work in the region. The aim of the foundation of ASEAN was to promote peace and stability in the Abstract 2 region and also contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. For this reason, China did not engage ASEAN until 1990. However, in 1978 with the establishment of the open up policy China started engaging other countries. It started building trust among its neighboring countries by using soft power. By 1992, China formalized its diplomatic ties with ASEAN as a group. The diplomatic ties between China and ASEAN focus on multilateralism and co-operation as the best way for a more peaceful Asia and the search for common security. Thus, security in the region is promoted through economic co-operation among the states. Therefore the relation between China – ASEAN emphasizes the five principles of peaceful coexistence, mutual benefits in economic co-operation, dialogue promoting trust and the peaceful settlement of disputes. Chapter Three: China-ASEAN Economic Relations Since 1978 The economic reform of 1978 has greatly contributed to the economic development of China. After the adoption of the open up policy, China has been able to establish economic and trade relations with the outside world. The realist school of thought had predicted that Asia will not be stable in the post cold war period. Nevertheless, this has not been the case in Asia. China is growing peacefully with the co-operation of countries in the region. China is establishing strong ties with its neighboring countries. China and ASEAN relations focus on mutual benefit instead of being a zero sum game. Thus these relations are aimed at encouraging trust and economic co-operation in the region. China and ASEAN have agreed on Free Trade to assure that the two parties benefit from the co-operation. The ACFTA will have a great impact on economic, political and security issues. This will enable China to increase its influence in Asia and counterbalance the influences that Japan and U.S have in the region. Chapter Four: China ASEAN Relations in the Security Perspective This Chapter is about China and ASEAN relations on security issue. The new security issues of the post cold war period need to be solved in multilateral way. China as a major power in the region, through its engagement policy has solved most Abstract 3 of the disputes in the region using multilateral means. China has also found ways to solve the dispute over Spratly Islands peacefully, through dialogue using ASEAN. Additionally, China signed the Treaty of Amity in 2003, promoted security initiatives through ARF, Declaration on Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and documents covering non-traditional security threats, economic co-operation and agricultural co-operation in November 2002, and the Joint Declaration on Strategic. Chapter Five: Finding and Analysis This chapter provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the date collected throughout this research. It provides an analysis of how the rise of China is promoting peace in the region. China has been promoting mutual beneficial trade and security co-operation which has increased its influence in the region. China has also been able to solve most of the territorial and border dispute in the region through ASEAN. Thus, ASEAN has amended China’s relations with other countries in the region. Therefore, China’s foreign policy in the region has a big impact in shaping the dynamic relations in East Asia. Conclusion and Recommendations This paper concluded that the relationships between China and ASEAN are contributing to peace in the region. After China engaged ASEAN, it has been able to promote multilateral trade based on mutual benefit. This is clearly emphasized by the CAFTA. Additionally, China has solved most of the dispute in the region. It has also found way for a peaceful resolution of the dispute over Spratly Island. Nowadays, the ASEAN countries don’t see China as a threat to the region. Nevertheless, they’ve adopted deterrence measures such as establishing diplomatic relations with other big powers in the region to assure that the region continues to grow peacefully. Concerning this deterrence measures, I recommend as another way for a continued peaceful growth, the resolution of the outstanding dispute.

Relatório de Progresso de Execução dos Objectivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio

Cabo Verde aceitou o desafio lançado pela ONU para implementar medidas de políticas, para que até o ano 2015 um conjunto de objectivos e metas seja realizado. Essa assumpção teve como corolário a integração das metas e indicadores dos ODM nas políticas públicas nacionais. Cabo Verde já produziu dois relatórios sobre o cumprimento dos ODM. O primeiro relatório avaliou o progresso de realização dos objectivos, metas e indicadores à escala nacional; e o segundo (2007/2008) avaliou o progresso de realização dos objectivos à escala nacional e municipal. Este terceiro relatório avalia o progresso de realização dos objectivos à escala nacional novamente. Esta foi mais uma ocasião e oportunidade para reforçar o diálogo institucional. A produção deste relatório constitui, a um só tempo, um importante momento de seguimento dos engajamentos assumidos em relação aos 8 objectivos fixados; de integração interinstitucional, envolvendo as instituições públicas (nacionais, regionais e locais), privadas e comunitárias. A publicação de dados e indicadores resultantes dos exercícios estatísticos mais recentes (2006 e 2007) conduzidos pelo INE e pelos ministérios em colaboração com o INE (Emprego e formação profissional, agricultura, segurança alimentar, etc.) vem trazer maior consistência à análise. A situação a nível internacional em 2009 foi desastrosa. As crises económica, financeira, alimentar e do mercado imobiliário da habitação deste ano e do precedente afectou profundamente o desemprego, que foi massivo, e o sector financeiro e bancário viram abaladas as suas estruturas de base.

Evolução Demográfica da Ilha de São Vicente do Descobrimento a 1950

Este trabalho propõe-se analisar a evolução demográfica da ilha de São Vicente, desde o seu descobrimento até 1950. A análise é complementada pelo estudo da natalidade e mortalidade desta ilha que, à semelhança do resto do arquipélago, foi marcada histórica e demograficamente por cíclicas crises de mortalidade e uma elevada natalidade. As particularidades da ilha prendem-se com o seu povoamento tardio e com a sua ligação ao Porto Grande que lhe deu uma dinâmica diferente do resto do país. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nos arquivos da Conservatória do Registo Civil de São Vicente e da Câmara Municipal de São Vicente. The present work aims at analysing the demographic evolution on the island of S. Vicente since its discovery till 1950, being the analysis complemented by a study on birth and mortality rates on this island. Similarly to the other islands, these rates were marked, both historically and demographically, by recurrent mortality crises, as well as by high birth-rate. The island particularities not only result from its late settlement, but also from its close relationship with the “Porto Grande” harbour, which conferred it a different dynamic, if compared to other parts of this country. This research was based on the files recorded at the Registry Office and the Town-Hall, both in S. Vicente.

Sobre o Escândalo Político em Ccabo Verde

Cabo Verde será realmente um país com condições excepcionais de transparência, como é geralmente reconhecido pela comunidade internacional ? Os governantes cabo-verdeanos fi zeram sempre questão de se apresentarem como uma excepção em África. Ora, podemos interrogar-nos sobre as condições sociais de sucesso das denúncias da grande corrupção em Cabo Verde e sobre o quadro moral instaurado à volta dos assuntos de Estado desde a abertura ao multipartidarismo. Uma análise dos principais escândalos salienta simultaneamente as estatégias organizadas no processo de denúncia e os jogos de verifi cação a que se submetem os actores políticos durante as crises políticas ligadas a estes escândalos. Isto permite elucidar tanto as condições de possibilidade de denúncia como a pertinência das redes de corrupção nesta democracia pequena e recente.

Taming SIFIs

We model a Systemically Important Financial Institution (SIFI) that is too big(or too interconnected) to fail. Without credible regulation and strong supervision,the shareholders of this institution might deliberately let its managers take excessiverisk. We propose a solution to this problem, showing how insurance againstsystemic shocks can be provided without generating moral hazard. The solutioninvolves levying a systemic tax needed to cover the costs of future crises and moreimportantly establishing a Systemic Risk Authority endowed with special resolutionpowers, including the control of bankers' compensation packages during crisisperiods.

Segurança Alimentar e Preços dos Alimentos Básicos no Mercado Nacional e Internacional: A Importância da “Eficiência” dos Mercados em Cabo Verde

A Segurança Alimentar e a disponibilidade de alimentos são temas vitais em qualquer processo de desenvolvimento económico sustentável, em especial para Cabo Verde. Com grandes limites de disponibilidade de recursos naturais (10% de terra arável) e com grandes restrições edafoclimáticas para a produção agrícola, o país depende dos mercados externos para o seu regular abastecimento em produtos alimentares básicos. A presente dissertação tem como objectivo o estudo do comportamento dos mercados de produtos básicos, quer em termos nacionais quer internacionais, ao mesmo tempo que pretende analisar o trabalho da ANSA – Agência Nacional de Segurança Alimentar, no sentido de “regular” e regulamentar esses mesmos mercados garantindo a Segurança Alimentar do país. Avalia-se a evolução dos mercados (em especial dos preços), procurando comparar o comportamento do mercado nacional com o mercado internacional para os bens alimentares básicos, utilizando vários indicadores designadamente para avaliar a “eficiência do mercado”. Os resultados demonstram que a estabilidade dos preços dos produtos básicos (produtos locais e importados) em Cabo Verde foi maior comparativamente ao sucedido no mercado internacional. A volatilidade do mercado de Cabo Verde em produtos básicos quase não se fez sentir, apesar das recentes crises, evidenciando-se o trabalho de “regulação” que foi possível efectuar pela ANSA, com grande benefício para os consumidores.

Gestão Estratégica da Comunicação de Crise

No cenário competitivo e ambiente complexo, com os stakeholders cada vez mais exigentes, investimentos por parte das empresas na gestão da comunicação de crise, é uma necessidade que se faz sentir. Crises são fenómenos disruptivos que acontecem na vida das organizações e que não raro abalem toda a estrutura organizacional, que se não resolvidos a tempo poderão afectar gravemente a reputação da empresa. Neste contexto tomou-se por objecto de estudo cinco empresas nacionais que actuam em sectores diferentes, no sentido de descobrir o que tem feito, se o tem feito no sentido de gerirem as crises organizacionais. Metodologicamente procedeu-se a uma abordagem teórica no que concerne aos elementos pertinentes do tema em análise. Também fez-se uma análise PEST perspectivando uma melhor compreensão do ambiente na qual operam as empresas cabo-verdianas, assim como uma análise sobre a forma como utilizam a sua comunicação. Realizou-se também uma pesquisa quantitativa tendo por finalidade descobrir o que as empresas têm feito no sentido de prevenirem, gerirem e aprenderem com as crises.

On the impact of fundamentals, liquidity and coordination on market stability

We develop a coordination game to model interactions betweenfundamentals and liquidity during unstable periods in financial markets.We then propose a flexible econometric framework for estimationof the model and analysis of its quantitative implications. The specificempirical application is carry trades in the yen dollar market, includingthe turmoil of 1998. We find a generally very deep market, withlow information disparities amongst agents. We observe occasionallyepisodes of market fragility, or turmoil with up by the escalator, downby the elevator patterns in prices. The key role of strategic behaviorin the econometric model is also confirmed.

Financial development, financial fragility and growth

This paper studies the apparent contradiction between two strands of the literature on the effects of financial intermediation on economic activity. On the one hand, the empirical growth literature finds a positive effect of financial depth as measured by, for instance, private domestic credit and liquid liabilities (e.g., Levine, Loayza, and Beck 2000). On the other hand, the banking and currency crisis literature finds that monetary aggregates, such as domestic credit, are among the best predictors of crises and their related economic downturns (e.g., Kaminski and Reinhart 1999). The paper accounts for these contrasting effects based on the distinction between the short- and long-run impacts of financial intermediation. Working with a panel of cross-country and time-series observations, the paper estimates an encompassing model of short- and long-run effects using the Pooled Mean Group estimator developed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (1999). The conclusion from this analysis is that a positive long-run relationship between financial intermediation and output growth co-exists with a, mostly, negative short-run relationship. The paper further develops an explanation for these contrasting effects by relating them to recent theoretical models, by linking the estimated short-run effects to measures of financial fragility(namely, banking crises and financial volatility), and by jointly analyzing the effects of financial depth and fragility in classic panel growth regressions.

The sustainable debts of Philip II: A reconstruction of Castile's fiscal position, 1566-1596

The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereigndebt crises. We reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Castile, derivingcomprehensive estimates of revenue, debt, and expenditure from new archivaldata. The king s debts were sustainable. Primary surpluses were large and rising.Debt-to-revenue ratios remained broadly unchanged during Philip s reign.Castilian finances in the sixteenth century compare favorably with those of otherearly modern fiscal states at the height of their imperial ambitions, includingBritain. The defaults of Philip II therefore reflected short-term liquidity crises,and were not a sign of unsustainable debts.

Financial integration, productivity and capital accumulation

Understanding the mechanism through which financial globalization affect economic performance is crucial for evaluating the costs and benefits of opening financial markets. This paper is a first attempt at disentangling the effects of financial integration on the two main determinants of economic performance: productivity (TFP)and investments. I provide empirical evidence from a sample of 93 countries observed between 1975 and 1999. The results suggest that financial integration has a positive direct effect on productivity, while it spurs capital accumulation only with some delay and indirectly, since capital follows the rise in productivity. I control for indirect effects of financial globalization through banking crises. Such episodes depress both investments and TFP, though they are triggered by financial integration only to a minor extent. The paper also provides a discussion of a simple model on the effects of financial integration, and shows additional empirical evidence supporting it.

Why do emerging economies borrow short term?

We argue that one reason why emerging economies borrow short term is that it is cheaperthan borrowing long term. This is especially the case during crises, as in these episodes therelative cost of long-term borrowing increases. We construct a unique database of sovereignbond prices, returns, and issuances at di¤erent maturities for 11 emerging economies from 1990to 2009 and present a set of new stylized facts. On average, these countries pay a higher riskpremium on long-term than on short-term bonds. During crises, the di¤erence between the tworisk premia increases and issuance shifts towards shorter maturities. To illustrate our argument,we present a simple model in which the maturity structure is the outcome of a risk sharingproblem between an emerging economy subject to rollover crises and risk averse internationalinvestors.