Incorporação do vínculo de suavidade no ajuste de histórico de reservatórios de petróleo

The history match procedure in an oil reservoir is of paramount importance in order to obtain a characterization of the reservoir parameters (statics and dynamics) that implicates in a predict production more perfected. Throughout this process one can find reservoir model parameters which are able to reproduce the behaviour of a real reservoir.Thus, this reservoir model may be used to predict production and can aid the oil file management. During the history match procedure the reservoir model parameters are modified and for every new set of reservoir model parameters found, a fluid flow simulation is performed so that it is possible to evaluate weather or not this new set of parameters reproduces the observations in the actual reservoir. The reservoir is said to be matched when the discrepancies between the model predictions and the observations of the real reservoir are below a certain tolerance. The determination of the model parameters via history matching requires the minimisation of an objective function (difference between the observed and simulated productions according to a chosen norm) in a parameter space populated by many local minima. In other words, more than one set of reservoir model parameters fits the observation. With respect to the non-uniqueness of the solution, the inverse problem associated to history match is ill-posed. In order to reduce this ambiguity, it is necessary to incorporate a priori information and constraints in the model reservoir parameters to be determined. In this dissertation, the regularization of the inverse problem associated to the history match was performed via the introduction of a smoothness constraint in the following parameter: permeability and porosity. This constraint has geological bias of asserting that these two properties smoothly vary in space. In this sense, it is necessary to find the right relative weight of this constrain in the objective function that stabilizes the inversion and yet, introduces minimum bias. A sequential search method called COMPLEX was used to find the reservoir model parameters that best reproduce the observations of a semi-synthetic model. This method does not require the usage of derivatives when searching for the minimum of the objective function. Here, it is shown that the judicious introduction of the smoothness constraint in the objective function formulation reduces the associated ambiguity and introduces minimum bias in the estimates of permeability and porosity of the semi-synthetic reservoir model

Avaliação da dispersão de efluente líquido de refinaria de petróleo

Neste trabalho são apresentadas duas técnicas para a avaliação da dispersão, num corpo d'água receptor, do efluente líquido de uma refinaria de petróleo. Assim, a pluma de dispersão foi caracterizada por medidas em campo de condutividade elétrica e por simulação computacional (simulador Cormix). Como caso de estudo, escolheu-se uma refinaria de petróleo cujo efluente é lançado no rio Atibaia (Paulínia/SP). O comportamento do efluente foi avaliado em um trecho de 1000 m após o ponto de lançamento. Os resultados demonstraram que a medição da condutividade elétrica é uma técnica adequada para a avaliação da dispersão de efluentes líquidos de refinaria de petróleo, pois apresentam alta condutividade elétrica e, com isso, há um forte contraste entre os valores do efluente e do rio. Além disso, outros parâmetros de qualidade da água do rio seguiram comportamento de dispersão semelhante ao da condutividade. A pluma de dispersão gerada pelo simulador computacional apresentou uma elevada concordância com os dados obtidos em campo. Nesse sentido, a simulação computacional pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação da dispersão do efluente considerando-se cenários hipotéticos, e para projetos de emissários.

Aplicação da técnica de caminhamento elétrico em área contaminada por derivados de petróleo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Metodologia para determinar parâmetros petrofísicos de corte em um campo de petróleo: o caso Socororo, bacia do Oriente, Venezuela

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cartera de inversiones de los países exportadores de petróleo: diversificación orientada hacia América Latina

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Modelo AC para el despacho combinado de contratos bilaterales y bolsa de energía considerando restricciones de seguridad

Reliability is a key aspect in power system design and planning. Maintaining a reliable power system is a very important issue for their design and operation. Under the new competitive framework of the electricity sector, power systems find ever more and more strained to operate near their limits. Under this new scenario, it is crucial for the system operator to use tools that facilitate an energy dispatch that minimizes possible power cuts. This paper presents a mathematical model to calculate an energy dispatch that considers security constraints (single contingencies in transmission lines and transformers). The model involves pool markets and fixed bilateral contracts. Traditional methodologies that include security constraints are usually based in multistage dispatch processes. In this case, we propose a single-stage model that avoids the economic inefficiencies which result when conventional multi-stage dispatch approaches are applied. The proposed model includes an AC representation of the transport system and allows calculating the cost overruns incurred in due to reliability restrictions. We found that complying with fixed bilateral contracts, when they go above certain levels, might lead to congestion problems in transmission lines.

Utilização do coque verde de petróleo da Petrobras em substituição parcial ao carvão mineral das misturas injetadas em altos fornos

The Petrobras produced green petroleum coke (GPC) is a carbon rich fuel, virtually ash-free, with low sulfur content, and is a fuel suitable to replace metallurgical coke in blast furnaces. The GPC was tested in a pulverized coal injection simulator built in the Volta Redonda research center. It presented a low burning efficiency due to low volatile material content and high substitution rate by the carbon content. The tests were carried out in blast furnaces with ≤ 50% Petrobras GPC in the coal blends. The injected coal/CVP mixtures produced no negative side effects in the blast furnace grinding systems, pneumatic conveying, or operating process. The mixture burning process inside the blast furnace showed a decrease in fuel consumption, with a significant reduction in metallurgical coke consumption. The industrial-scale tests of the GPC mixtures did not reach the 70% maximum for lack of the GPC feedstock, which is necessary to continue with standard coal mixtures.

Experiencias relevantes de marcos institucionales y contratos en agua potable y alcantarillado

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Efectos del alza del precio del petróleo en la competitividad de las exportaciones manufactureras de Centroamérica, México y la República Dominicana

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Dilema del suministro de gas natural en México

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Interacciones intergubernamentales entre los impuestos sobre el petróleo y el gas y la protección ambiental

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La volatilidad de los precios del petróleo y su impacto en América Latina

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Gestión de la industria petrolera en período de altos precios del petróleo en países seleccionados de América Latina

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El alza del precio del petróleo y su impacto en los fletes marítimos de productos exportados por Chile en contenedores

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El Fondo de Estabilización de Precios del Petróleo (FEPP) y el mercado de los derivados en Chile

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