915 resultados para Contractual penalty
Resumo:
En los últimos años en la legislación ecuatoriana, y en especial en la jurisprudencia, la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado ha tenido una connotación y un desarrollo importantes, tanto que en el Código Orgánico General de Procesos, que pronto entrará en vigencia en nuestro país, se contempla ya la acción por responsabilidad objetiva del Estado. Pero este desarrollo todavía no alcanza su apogeo, es largo el camino que falta por recorrer y hay que abarcar los varios aspectos que comprende el tema. En realidad, nuestra legislación y jurisprudencia se encuentran bastante rezagadas en relación con la legislación y jurisprudencia de otros países, como por ejemplo Colombia y Argentina. Entre esos aspectos de la responsabilidad contractual de Estado que se encuentran rezagados en su desarrollo está el tema tributario, tan desconocido es en el medio jurídico como en la población en general, que hablar de indemnización por daños y perjuicios por responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado en materia tributaria causa hasta asombro. De ahí el objetivo del presente trabajo de plasmar, aun cuando sea a breves rasgos, las características que reviste esta acción de indemnización de daños y perjuicios, sus dificultades y sus vacíos, focalizados a través de la revisión de la jurisprudencia y legislación nacional referentes al tema y de la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado en general. Para llegar a cumplir el objetivo de analizar el tema planteado se ha recurrido a la bibliografía y a la casuística, en el primer caso revisando la bibliografía existente al respecto y en el segundo exponiendo tres casos que reúnen todas las falencias que pueden producirse en el desenvolvimiento de estos procesos, sin que con ello se quiera decir que todos los procesos por esta acción vayan a tener el mismo tratamiento y conclusión. Como aporte esta tesis presenta un panorama amplio de la evolución del tema responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado.
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El presente trabajo investigativo pretende ventilar la problemática existente en el derecho ecuatoriano referente a la arbitrabilidad de los actos administrativos que se derivan de la existencia de una relación contractual en donde una de las partes es la Administración. El conflicto se origina cuando a pesar del reconocimiento del arbitraje como un mecanismo heterocompositivo de solución de disputas en la Constitución de la República y en el resto del ordenamiento jurídico vigente, existe vaguedad en la Ley de Arbitraje y Mediación sobre la arbitrabilidad de los actos administrativos, lo que impide a los árbitros ejercer su competencia a cabalidad, pues existe el riesgo que ante tal vacío, la declaratoria de competencia del Tribunal resulte en violaciones a derechos constitucionales como la tutela judicial efectiva, el debido proceso, o a nivel legal la nulidad de la decisión proferida. Para ello, en el primer capítulo de este trabajo académico se estudiará el marco teórico que rige a los actos administrativos, a la contratación pública y al arbitraje, a partir de tres criterios: el legal ecuatoriano, el doctrinario y el derecho comparado. Atender las similitudes en otros derechos permitirá al Ecuador determinar la existencia de una solución al problema jurídico planteado. En el segundo capítulo, se desarrollará la institución arbitral en el Ecuador, estudiado desde un punto de vista histórico, revisando los requisitos constitucionales y legales que imperan dentro del mismo, y los elementos que permiten la existencia del arbitraje, la transigibilidad y la competencia arbitral. Finalmente dentro de este capítulo se estudiará y resolverá el fondo de la problemática, analizando los tres escenarios posibles en cuanto al problema: i) arbitrabilidad total, ii) negativa a la arbitrabilidad de los actos administrativos y, iii) una posición intermedia. Para finalizar, se detallarán las conclusiones de este trabajo y se consignarán algunas recomendaciones que solucionen la problemática.
Resumo:
El tema materia de esta tesis comprende dos partes: (i) La responsabilidad del Estado análisis conceptual, doctrinario y jurídico de la responsabilidad directa, indirecta, patrimonial, contractual, extracontractual, análisis de las teorías de responsabilidad del Estado para profundizar sobre la acción de repetición, generalidades y características, objetivos, evolución histórica, evolución constitucional en nuestra legislación. (ii) Fundamentos constitucionales y legales de la acción de repetición, el servicio público, los servidores públicos y sus tipos de responsabilidades como las responsabilidades administrativa y civil, la acción de repetición a través de la historia constitucional, la acción de repetición en la constitución de la república del 2008, la acción de repetición en la normativa vigente, la acción de repetición en materia constitucional, procedimiento actual, el legitimado activo, requisitos de la demanda, documentos que debe acompañar a la demanda , Juez competente, la acción de repetición en el Código Orgánico de la Función Judicial, Procedimiento, De la jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa, Recurso de Apelación, el análisis comparativo con la legislación colombiana, requisitos para la acción de repetición, aspectos sustanciales, procesales. Si bien en la norma actual no existe un procedimiento específico y eficaz para demandar la acción de repetición hasta obtener una sentencia ejecutable, el problema central radica precisamente en la dificultad de ejercer el derecho de repetición.El Estado ecuatoriano incorporó a la acción de repetición a partir del 2008 en la Constitución de la República, sin brindarle la importancia que la misma posee dado que se realizaron reformas a leyes existentes tal como es la Ley Orgánica de Garantías Jurisdiccionales y Control Constitucional y el Código Orgánico de la Función Judicial, los cuales no poseen un procedimiento claro y uniforme que permita ejercerla.
Will the PRIPs' KID live up to its promise to protect investors? ECMI Commentary No. 33, 6 July 2012
Resumo:
Unveiled by the European Commission on July 3rd, the proposed Regulation on key information documents (KID) for packaged retail investment products (PRIPs) represents a step forward in enhancing the protection of retail investors and advancing the single market for financial services. While acknowledging in this Commentary that the KID is a commendable effort, ECMI/CEPS researcher Mirzha de Manuel Aramendía observes that pre-contractual disclosure is just one of the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle of investor protection and regrets that other pieces, such as MiFID and the IMD, are not so ambitiously constructed.
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The systems used for the procurement of buildings are organizational systems. They involve people in a series of strategic decisions, and a pattern of roles, responsibilities and relationships that combine to form the organizational structure of the project. To ensure effectiveness of the building team, this organizational structure needs to be contingent upon the environment within which the construction project takes place. In addition, a changing environment means that the organizational structure within a project needs to be responsive, and dynamic. These needs are often not satisfied in the construction industry, due to the lack of analytical tools with which to analyse the environment and to design appropriate temporary organizations. This paper presents two techniques. First is the technique of "Environmental Complexity Analysis", which identifies the key variables in the environment of the construction project. These are classified as Financial, Legal, Technological, Aesthetic and Policy. It is proposed that their identification will set the parameters within which the project has to be managed. This provides a basis for the project managers to define the relevant set of decision points that will be required for the project. The Environmental Complexity Analysis also identifies the project's requirements for control systems concerning Budget, Contractual, Functional, Quality and Time control. The process of environmental scanning needs to be done at regular points during the procurement process to ensure that the organizational structure is adaptive to the changing environment. The second technique introduced is the technique of "3R analysis", being a graphical technique for describing and modelling Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships. A list of steps is introduced that explains the procedure recommended for setting up a flexible organizational structure that is responsive to the environment of the project. This is by contrast with the current trend towards predetermined procurement paths that may not always be in the best interests of the client.
Resumo:
Although much literature on construction procurement is based on personal experiences, there is little data available to undertake realistic comparison between regions or from one year to another. A survey was undertaken in the UK to examine the feasibility of developing a replicable survey technique that will enable longitudinal studies and international comparisons. The survey showed that a majority felt traditional procurement methods were inappropriate. However, traditional general contracting is still the most common form of procurement. There was strong agreement that economic muscle compels weaker contracting parties to accept onerous contractual terms. There is no relationship between the size of a project and its procurement method, contrary to popular belief. The findings indicate that wider surveys would generate useful data about attitudes.
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The context of construction management (CM) reveals that this method of procurement is as much a management philosophy as a contract structure. It is important to consider legal and contractual issues in this context. The interplay between management and law is complex and often misunderstood. Before considering specific issues, the use of contractual remedies in business agreements is discussed. In addition, the extent to which standardising a form of contract detracts or contributes to the success of projects is also considered. The dearth of judicial decisions, and the lack of a standard form, render it difficult to be specific about legal issues. Therefore, the main discussion of legal issues is centred around a recently completed research project which involved eliciting the views of a cross-section of experienced construction management clients, consultants and trade contractors. These interviews are used as the basis for highlighting some of the most important legal points to consider when setting up CM projects. The interviews revealed that the advantage of CM is the proximity of the client to the trade contractors and the disadvantage is that it depends on a high degree of professionalism and experience; qualities which are unfortunately difficult to find in the UK construction industry.
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Financial Protection in the UK Building Industry provides comprehensive treatment of a complex aspect of construction management which is increasingly important in modern construction contracts. The term 'Financial Protection' refers to refers to the various mechanisms by which funds are made available to ensure the due performance of a partys contractual obligations. This book is based on material written for a research project funded by the Reading Construction Forum. Financial Protection in the UK Building Industry looks at the legal and economic background to the problem of providing financial protection to clients to guard against poor performance and or the insolvency of contractors, consultants and sub-contractors. The inclusion of practical guidance notes and summaries makes this a valuable guide for the construction professional as well as for the researcher. * provides in-depth analysis of financial protection measures * explores the ways in which financial protection can increase efficiency in the industry * financial protection in construction is beset with problems - this book points toward practical solutions
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The basic premise of transaction-cost theory is that the decision to outsource, rather than to undertake work in-house, is determined by the relative costs incurred in each of these forms of economic organization. In construction the "make or buy" decision invariably leads to a contract. Reducing the costs of entering into a contractual relationship (transaction costs) raises the value of production and is therefore desirable. Commonly applied methods of contractor selection may not minimise the costs of contracting. Research evidence suggests that although competitive tendering typically results in the lowest bidder winning the contract this may not represent the lowest project cost after completion. Multi-parameter and quantitative models for contractor selection have been developed to identify the best (or least risky) among bidders. A major area in which research is still needed is in investigating the impact of different methods of contractor selection on the costs of entering into a contract and the decision to outsource.
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The SCoTLASS problem-principal component analysis modified so that the components satisfy the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) constraint-is reformulated as a dynamical system on the unit sphere. The LASSO inequality constraint is tackled by exterior penalty function. A globally convergent algorithm is developed based on the projected gradient approach. The algorithm is illustrated numerically and discussed on a well-known data set. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Formal and analytical risk models prescribe how risk should be incorporated in construction bids. However, the actual process of how contractors and their clients negotiate and agree on price is complex, and not clearly articulated in the literature. Using participant observation, the entire tender process was shadowed in two leading UK construction firms. This was compared to propositions in analytical models and significant differences were found. 670 hours of work observed in both firms revealed three stages of the bidding process. Bidding activities were categorized and their extent estimated as deskwork (32%), calculations (19%), meetings (14%), documents (13%), off-days (11%), conversations (7%), correspondence (3%) and travel (1%). Risk allowances of 1-2% were priced in some bids and three tiers of risk apportionment in bids were identified. However, priced risks may sometimes be excluded from the final bidding price to enhance competitiveness. Thus, although risk apportionment affects a contractor’s pricing strategy, other complex, microeconomic factors also affect price. Instead of pricing in contingencies, risk was priced mostly through contractual rather than price mechanisms, to reflect commercial imperatives. The findings explain why some assumptions underpinning analytical models may not be sustainable in practice and why what actually happens in practice is important for those who seek to model the pricing of construction bids.
Resumo:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which clients amend standard form contracts in practice, the locus of the amendments, and how contractors respond to the amendments when putting together a bid. Design/methodology/approach – Four live observational case studies were carried out in two of the top 20 UK construction firms. The whole process used to review the proposed terms and conditions of the contract was shadowed using participant observation, interview and documentary analysis. Findings – All four cases showed strong evidence of amendments relating mostly to payment and contractual aspects: 83 amendments in Case Study 1 (CS1), 80 in CS2, 15 in CS3 and 29 in CS4. This comprised clauses that were modified (37 per cent), substituted (23 per cent), deleted (7 per cent) and new additions (33 per cent). Risks inherent in the amendments were mostly addressed through contractual rather than price mechanisms, to reflect commercial imperatives. “Qualifications” and “clarifications” were included in the tender submissions for post-tender negotiations. Thus, the amendments did not necessarily influence price. There was no evidence of a “standard-form contract“ being used as such, although clients may draw on published “standard-form contracts” to derive the forms of contract actually used in practice. Practical implications – Contractors should pay attention to clauses relating to contractual and financial aspects when reviewing tender documents. Clients should draft equitable payment and contractual terms and conditions to reduce risk of dispute. Indeed, it is prudent for clients not to pass on inestimable risks. Originality/value – A better understanding of the extent and locus of amendments in standard form contracts, and how contractors respond, is provided.
Resumo:
This research examines dynamics associated with new representational technologies in complex organizations through a study of the use of a Single Model Environment, prototyping and simulation tools in the mega-project to construct Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport, London. The ambition of the client, BAA. was to change industrial practices reducing project costs and time to delivery through new contractual arrangements and new digitally-enabled collaborative ways of working. The research highlights changes over time and addresses two areas of 'turbulence' in the use of: 1) technologies, where there is a dynamic tension between desires to constantly improve, change and update digital technologies and the need to standardise practices, maintaining and defending the overall integrity of the system; and 2) representations, where dynamics result from the responsibilities and liabilities associated with sharing of digital representations and a lack of trust in the validity of data from other firms. These dynamics are tracked across three stages of this well-managed and innovative project and indicate the generic need to treat digital infrastructure as an ongoing strategic issue.
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The efficacy of explicit and implicit learning paradigms was examined during the very early stages of learning the perceptual-motor anticipation task of predicting ball direction from temporally occluded footage of soccer penalty kicks. In addition, the effect of instructional condition on point-of-gaze during learning was examined. A significant improvement in horizontal prediction accuracy was observed in the explicit learning group; however, similar improvement was evident in a placebo group who watched footage of soccer matches. Only the explicit learning intervention resulted in changes in eye movement behaviour and increased awareness of relevant postural cues. Results are discussed in terms of methodological and practical issues regarding the employment of implicit perceptual training interventions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The aim of this chapter is to examine what the construction sector brings to our understanding of the procurement of complex performance. The chapter is divided into the following parts: fi rst, an overview of the various matters that contribute to the complexity of construction procurement is provided. Second, the most important contractual incentive schemes found in construction contracts are discussed, and this is followed by, third, an examination of the changes associated with the shift towards procuring complex performance (PCP) (service provision). Fourth, the main findings of the authors’ recent research on PCP contracts are summarised, followed by the conclusion. It should be noted that the procurement of services is referred to as ‘PCP’ in this chapter.