Synoptic review of the Literature on the southern oyster drill Thais haemastoma floridana

This literature search identifies a majority of the publications in the period 1880-1980 concerned with the marine gastropod, Thais haemastomafloridmul (Conrad). The southern oyster drill is an economically important oyster predator in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico littoral. Major contributions of each paper to our knowledge of the drill's biology are briefly categorized. Hitherto unpublished research by the author on the snail's biology is documented. (PDF file contains 15 pages.)

The Linear Ordering Problem Revisited

The Linear Ordering Problem is a popular combinatorial optimisation problem which has been extensively addressed in the literature. However, in spite of its popularity, little is known about the characteristics of this problem. This paper studies a procedure to extract static information from an instance of the problem, and proposes a method to incorporate the obtained knowledge in order to improve the performance of local search-based algorithms. The procedure introduced identifies the positions where the indexes cannot generate local optima for the insert neighbourhood, and thus global optima solutions. This information is then used to propose a restricted insert neighbourhood that discards the insert operations which move indexes to positions where optimal solutions are not generated. In order to measure the efficiency of the proposed restricted insert neighbourhood system, two state-of-the-art algorithms for the LOP that include local search procedures have been modified. Conducted experiments confirm that the restricted versions of the algorithms outperform the classical designs systematically. The statistical test included in the experimentation reports significant differences in all the cases, which validates the efficiency of our proposal.

Potential Application of Adsorptive Media to Enhance Phosphorus Uptake in Stormwater Basins and Wetlands at Lake Tahoe : literature review. Report to the University of California Davis Tahoe Research Group

Phosphorus removal by wetlands and basins in Lake Tahoe may be improved through designing these systems to filter storm water through media having higher phosphorus removal capabilities than local parent material. Substrates rich in iron, aluminum and calcium oftentimes have enhanced phosphorus removal. These substrates can be naturally occurring, byproducts of industrial or water treatment processes, or engineered. Phosphorus removal fundamentally occurs through chemical adsorption and/or precipitation and much of the phosphorus can be irreversibly bound. In addition to these standard media, other engineered substrates are available to enhance P removal. One such substrate is locally available in Reno and uses lanthanum coated diatomaceous earth for arsenate removal. This material, which has a high positive surface charge, can also irreversibly remove phosphorus. Physical factors also affect P removal. Specifically, specific surface area and particle shape affect filtration capacity, contact area between water and the surface area, and likelihood of clogging and blinding. A number of substrates have been shown to effectively remove P in case studies. Based upon these studies, promising substrates include WTRs, blast furnace slag, steel furnace slag, OPC, calcite, marble Utelite and other LWAs, zeolite and shale. However, other nonperformance factors such as environmental considerations, application logistics, costs, and potential for cementification narrow the list of possible media for application at Tahoe. Industrial byproducts such as slags risk possible leaching of heavy metals and this potential cannot be easily predicted. Fly ash and other fine particle substrates would be more difficult to apply because they would need to be blended, making them less desirable and more costly to apply than larger diameter media. High transportation costs rule out non-local products. Finally, amorphous calcium products will eventually cementify reducing their effectiveness in filtration systems. Based upon these considerations, bauxite, LWAs and expanded shales/clays, iron-rich sands, activated alumina, marble and dolomite, and natural and lanthanum activated diatomaceous earth are the products most likely to be tested for application at Tahoe. These materials are typically iron, calcium or aluminum based; many have a high specific surface area; and all have low transportation costs. (PDF contains 21 pages)

The contribution of fish intake, aquaculture, and small-scale fisheries to improving nutrition security: a literature review

Much of fish consumed by the poor are caught by household members and traded in local markets. These fish are rarely or poorly included in national statistics, and it is therefore difficult to estimate precisely the real contribution of fish to the rural poor households. This report is the first global overview of the role played by fish in improving nutrition. Fish consumption patterns of the poor, the nutritional value of fish, and small-scale fisheries and aquaculture activities are considered. It also highlights the gap in knowledge where more research is needed.

Techniques of producing monosex or sterile population of fish for aquaculture -- a review of selected literature

The need to develop techniques that can make the male grow faster in many species of fish as well as the female in some other species cannot be over-emphasized. Monosex culture of the faster growing sex can increase production if the method is reliable. The use of such techniques as manual sexing, sterilisation, hybridization, gynogenesis, androgenesis polyploidy and sex-reversal can provide solutions or partial solutions to the problems associated with sexual difference, sexual maturation and unwanted reproduction

Overview and bibliography of the literature of socio-economic relevance to the fisheries of Lake Victoria

An overview is provided of the literature of socio-economic relevance to the fisheries of Lake Victoria. It covers the following areas: marketing studies; management; changes to the structure of the fishery; and, base-line studies. The bibliography provides a guide to the more important documents on Lake Victoria's socio-economy and includes a total of 177 references

Crystal Coulomb energies: I. Organic donor-acceptor complexes--a review. II. Classical Ewald calculations of the Coulomb binding energy of four donor-acceptor crystals and Wurster's blue perchlorate. III. A rapid-convergence quantum-mechanical formalism for crystal electronic energies

Chapter I

Theories for organic donor-acceptor (DA) complexes in solution and in the solid state are reviewed, and compared with the available experimental data. As shown by McConnell et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S., 53, 46-50 (1965)), the DA crystals fall into two classes, the holoionic class with a fully or almost fully ionic ground state, and the nonionic class with little or no ionic character. If the total lattice binding energy 2ε₁ (per DA pair) gained in ionizing a DA lattice exceeds the cost 2ε_o of ionizing each DA pair, ε₁ + ε_o less than 0, then the lattice is holoionic. The charge-transfer (CT) band in crystals and in solution can be explained, following Mulliken, by a second-order mixing of states, or by any theory that makes the CT transition strongly allowed, and yet due to a small change in the ground state of the non-interacting components D and A (or D⁺ and A^-). The magnetic properties of the DA crystals are discussed.

Chapter II

A computer program, EWALD, was written to calculate by the Ewald fast-convergence method the crystal Coulomb binding energy E_C due to classical monopole-monopole interactions for crystals of any symmetry. The precision of E_C values obtained is high: the uncertainties, estimated by the effect on E_C of changing the Ewald convergence parameter η, ranged from ± 0.00002 eV to ± 0.01 eV in the worst case. The charge distribution for organic ions was idealized as fractional point charges localized at the crystallographic atomic positions: these charges were chosen from available theoretical and experimental estimates. The uncertainty in E_C due to different charge distribution models is typically ± 0.1 eV (± 3%): thus, even the simple Hückel model can give decent results.

E_C for Wurster's Blue Perchl orate is -4.1 eV/molecule: the crystal is stable under the binding provided by direct Coulomb interactions. E_C for N-Methylphenazinium Tetracyanoquino- dimethanide is 0.1 eV: exchange Coulomb interactions, which cannot be estimated classically, must provide the necessary binding.

EWALD was also used to test the McConnell classification of DA crystals. For the holoionic (1:1)-(N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-para- phenylenediamine: 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethan) E_C = -4.0 eV while 2ε_o = 4.6₅ eV: clearly, exchange forces must provide the balance. For the holoionic (1:1)-(N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-para- phenylenediamine:para-Chloranil) E_C = -4.4 eV, while 2ε_o = 5.0 eV: again EC falls short of 2ε₁. As a Gedankenexperiment, two nonionic crystals were assumed to be ionized: for (1:1)-(Hexamethyl- benzene:para-Chloranil) E_C = -4.5 eV, 2ε_o = 6.6 eV; for (1:1)- (Napthalene:Tetracyanoethylene) E_C = -4.3 eV, 2ε_o = 6.5 eV. Thus, exchange energies in these nonionic crystals must not exceed 1 eV.

Chapter III

A rapid-convergence quantum-mechanical formalism is derived to calculate the electronic energy of an arbitrary molecular (or molecular-ion) crystal: this provides estimates of crystal binding energies which include the exchange Coulomb inter- actions. Previously obtained LCAO-MO wavefunctions for the isolated molecule(s) ("unit cell spin-orbitals") provide the starting-point. Bloch's theorem is used to construct "crystal spin-orbitals". Overlap between the unit cell orbitals localized in different unit cells is neglected, or is eliminated by Löwdin orthogonalization. Then simple formulas for the total kinetic energy Q^(XT)_λ, nuclear attraction [λ/λ]^XT, direct Coulomb [λλ/λ'λ']^XT and exchange Coulomb [λλ'/λ'λ]^XT integrals are obtained, and direct-space brute-force expansions in atomic wavefunctions are given. Fourier series are obtained for [λ/λ]^XT, [λλ/λ'λ']^XT, and [λλ/λ'λ]^XT with the help of the convolution theorem; the Fourier coefficients require the evaluation of Silverstone's two-center Fourier transform integrals. If the short-range interactions are calculated by brute-force integrations in direct space, and the long-range effects are summed in Fourier space, then rapid convergence is possible for [λ/λ]^XT, [λλ/λ'λ']^XT and [λλ'/λ'λ]^XT. This is achieved, as in the Ewald method, by modifying each atomic wavefunction by a "Gaussian convergence acceleration factor", and evaluating separately in direct and in Fourier space appropriate portions of [λ/λ]^XT, etc., where some of the portions contain the Gaussian factor.

Literature Review of Integrated Impact Assessment Models of Climate Change with Emphasis on Damage Functions

35 p.

Resolution and noise in ghost imaging with classical thermal light

The resolution and classical noise in ghost imaging with a classical thermal light are investigated theoretically. For ghost imaging with a Gaussian Schell model source, the dependences of the resolution and noise on the spatial coherence of the source and the aperture in the imaging system are discussed and demonstrated by using numerical simulations. The results show that an incoherent source and a large aperture will lead to a good image quality and small noise.

Classical correlated imaging from the perspective of coherent-mode representation

We use coherent-mode representation of partially coherent fields to analyze correlated imaging with classical light sources. This formalism is very useful to study the imaging quality. By decomposing the unknown object as the superposition of different coherent modes, the components corresponding to small eigenvalues cannot be well imaged. The generated images depend crucially on the distribution of the eigenvalues of the coherent-mode representation of the source and the decomposition coefficients of the objects. Three kinds of correlated imaging schemes are analyzed numerically.

Fiber-optic integration and efficient detection schemes for optomechanical resonators

With the advent of the laser in the year 1960, the field of optics experienced a renaissance from what was considered to be a dull, solved subject to an active area of development, with applications and discoveries which are yet to be exhausted 55 years later. Light is now nearly ubiquitous not only in cutting-edge research in physics, chemistry, and biology, but also in modern technology and infrastructure. One quality of light, that of the imparted radiation pressure force upon reflection from an object, has attracted intense interest from researchers seeking to precisely monitor and control the motional degrees of freedom of an object using light. These optomechanical interactions have inspired myriad proposals, ranging from quantum memories and transducers in quantum information networks to precision metrology of classical forces. Alongside advances in micro- and nano-fabrication, the burgeoning field of optomechanics has yielded a class of highly engineered systems designed to produce strong interactions between light and motion.

Optomechanical crystals are one such system in which the patterning of periodic holes in thin dielectric films traps both light and sound waves to a micro-scale volume. These devices feature strong radiation pressure coupling between high-quality optical cavity modes and internal nanomechanical resonances. Whether for applications in the quantum or classical domain, the utility of optomechanical crystals hinges on the degree to which light radiating from the device, having interacted with mechanical motion, can be collected and detected in an experimental apparatus consisting of conventional optical components such as lenses and optical fibers. While several efficient methods of optical coupling exist to meet this task, most are unsuitable for the cryogenic or vacuum integration required for many applications. The first portion of this dissertation will detail the development of robust and efficient methods of optically coupling optomechanical resonators to optical fibers, with an emphasis on fabrication processes and optical characterization.

I will then proceed to describe a few experiments enabled by the fiber couplers. The first studies the performance of an optomechanical resonator as a precise sensor for continuous position measurement. The sensitivity of the measurement, limited by the detection efficiency of intracavity photons, is compared to the standard quantum limit imposed by the quantum properties of the laser probe light. The added noise of the measurement is seen to fall within a factor of 3 of the standard quantum limit, representing an order of magnitude improvement over previous experiments utilizing optomechanical crystals, and matching the performance of similar measurements in the microwave domain.

The next experiment uses single photon counting to detect individual phonon emission and absorption events within the nanomechanical oscillator. The scattering of laser light from mechanical motion produces correlated photon-phonon pairs, and detection of the emitted photon corresponds to an effective phonon counting scheme. In the process of scattering, the coherence properties of the mechanical oscillation are mapped onto the reflected light. Intensity interferometry of the reflected light then allows measurement of the temporal coherence of the acoustic field. These correlations are measured for a range of experimental conditions, including the optomechanical amplification of the mechanics to a self-oscillation regime, and comparisons are drawn to a laser system for phonons. Finally, prospects for using phonon counting and intensity interferometry to produce non-classical mechanical states are detailed following recent proposals in literature.

A common axiom for classical division rules for claims problems

In this paper we introduce a new axiom, denoted claims separability, that is satisfied by several classical division rules defined for claims problems. We characterize axiomatically the entire family of division rules that satisfy this new axiom. In addition, employing claims separability, we characterize the minimal overlap rule, given by O'Neill (1982), Piniles rule and the rules in the TAL-family, introduced by Moreno-Ternero and Villar (2006), which includes the uniform gains rule, the uniform losses rule and the Talmud rule.

Some theorems in classical elastodynamic

This investigation is concerned with various fundamental aspects of the linearized dynamical theory for mechanically homogeneous and isotropic elastic solids. First, the uniqueness and reciprocal theorems of dynamic elasticity are extended to unbounded domains with the aid of a generalized energy identity and a lemma on the prolonged quiescence of the far field, which are established for this purpose. Next, the basic singular solutions of elastodynamics are studied and used to generate systematically Love's integral identity for the displacement field, as well as an associated identity for the field of stress. These results, in conjunction with suitably defined Green's functions, are applied to the construction of integral representations for the solution of the first and second boundary-initial value problem. Finally, a uniqueness theorem for dynamic concentrated-load problems is obtained.

Invisível, sutil e palpável: Shén神 nas dimensões diagnose e terapêutica da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa

Shén神 é uma categoria chinesa de sentidos múltiplos e abrangentes, presente na filosofia e na medicina. Direcionaria o processo de surgimento de todas as coisas no universo, como uma força configuradora. Na pessoa, atuaria sobre todos os estágios de desenvolvimento corporal e pessoal, do nascimento até a morte, caracterizando-a como pessoa única no universo. Teve seus sentidos reduzidos pela Medicina Chinesa Contemporânea, hegemônica na China e instituída após a Revolução comunista. Costuma ser traduzida como Espírito ou Mente no ocidente e é indissociável do corpo físico. Está presente em todas as dimensões da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa, observando-se na literatura convencional, grande abrangência de sentidos quando tratada pela dimensão cosmológica, porém costuma ser reduzida aos sentidos de mente, segundo definições ocidentais, quando tratada pelas dimensões de ordem prática: diagnose e terapêutica. O desafio desta tese foi elaborar uma síntese entre os sentidos cosmológicos e as dimensões práticas. Para isso, procedeu a uma pesquisa teórico conceitual, a partir de leituras e interpretações ocidentais de textos clássicos chineses, elaboradas por autores com critério filológico apurado. Observou-se que os sentidos de Shén神 se fazem presentes em ressonância recíproca com diversas outras categorias da Doutrina Médica Chinesa, como Qì氣, Xuè血, Jīng精, Qìng情, Emoções, Zàng-Fǔ贓腑, Órgãos e Vísceras, entre outras. Cada uma delas com atribuições específicas, que, porém, se reorganizariam em ressonância com as outras. Assim, ao proceder a diagnose e instituir uma terapêutica direcionada a cada uma dessas categorias, o terapeuta estaria interferindo diretamente sobre Shén神 e vice versa. Shén神 poderia assumir sentidos diversos, numa visão de totalidade. A partir daí, percebeu-se a necessidade de estudar essas categorias em ressonância com Shén神, além da própria diagnose e da terapêutica, à luz das premissas do Pensamento Chinês. Categorias como processo, totalidade, potencial ou eficácia ajudaram a apreender, não só os amplos sentidos de Shén神, e suas ressonâncias, mas também as peculiaridades do ato de diagnosticar e tratar na Racionalidade Médica Chinesa. Foi, então, elaborada uma visão da Diagnose e da Terapêutica capaz de contemplar Shén神 e suas ressonâncias, que se espera poder utilizar nos serviços de saúde, contribuindo para estratégias de promoção da saúde, estreitamento de vínculos terapeuta-paciente e maior eficácia terapêutica na prática da Racionalidade Médica Chinesa.