Prospective associations between meth/amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy) use and depressive symptoms in secondary school students

Background Research has raised significant concern regarding the affective consequences of synthetic drug use. However, little evidence from well-controlled longitudinal studies exists on these consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether use of meth/amphetamine (speed) and 63,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is independently predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms in adolescents. Methods A sample of 3880 adolescents from secondary schools in disadvantaged areas of Quebec, Canada, were followed over time (2003e2008). Logistic regression was used to test the association between meth/ amphetamine and MDMA use in grade 10 (ages 15e16 years) and elevated depressive symptoms on an abridged Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale in grade 11, controlling for pre-existing individual and contextual characteristics. Results After adjustment, both MDMA use (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6) and meth/amphetamine use (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3) in grade 10 significantly increased the odds of elevated depressive symptoms in grade 11. These relationships did not vary by gender or pre-existing depressive symptoms. Increased risk was particularly observed in concurrent usage (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9). Conclusions Adolescent use of meth/amphetamine and MDMA (particularly concurrent use) is independently associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. Further enquiry must determine whether these associations reflect drug-induced neurotoxicity and whether adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability to the hazards of synthetic drug exposure.

Prospective associations between meth/amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy) use and depressive symptoms in secondary school students

Background Research has raised significant concern regarding the affective consequences of synthetic drug use. However, little evidence from well-controlled longitudinal studies exists on these consequences. The aim of this study was to determine whether use of meth/amphetamine (speed) and 63,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is independently predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms in adolescents. Methods A sample of 3880 adolescents from secondary schools in disadvantaged areas of Quebec, Canada, were followed over time (2003e2008). Logistic regression was used to test the association between meth/ amphetamine and MDMA use in grade 10 (ages 15e16 years) and elevated depressive symptoms on an abridged Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale in grade 11, controlling for pre-existing individual and contextual characteristics. Results After adjustment, both MDMA use (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6) and meth/amphetamine use (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3) in grade 10 significantly increased the odds of elevated depressive symptoms in grade 11. These relationships did not vary by gender or pre-existing depressive symptoms. Increased risk was particularly observed in concurrent usage (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9). Conclusions Adolescent use of meth/amphetamine and MDMA (particularly concurrent use) is independently associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. Further enquiry must determine whether these associations reflect drug-induced neurotoxicity and whether adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability to the hazards of synthetic drug exposure.

The potamic system of the Trojan plain, with five maps,

"The expansion of a course of lectures ... before graduate students of the Univesity of Virginia."--Foreword.

The Indoeuropean accent; tripudic, or birhythmic, pyrrhic or bimetric, crescendo-diminuendo quantrum constant of stress and time,

Mode of access: Internet.

Motor vehicle laws of Virginia.

"Reprint from the Code of Virginia of 1950 and the 1952 cumulative supplement."

Background report for the indemnification report to Congress /

Mode of access: Internet.

Comparison of recovered alcoholic and non-alcoholic communicator in alcohol education. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

An illustrated sketch : St. Paul's Normal and Industrial School, Lawrenceville, Virginia.

Cover title.

In-plant control of pollution : upgrading textile operations to reduce pollution.

"This seminar publication contains materials prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Program and presented at industrial pollution-control seminars for the textile industry. This publication was coordinated by the Institute of Textile Technology, Charlottesville, Va."

The administrative report of the Virginia State Forester for the calendar years ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Transcript of Conference: Pollution of Interstate Waters of the Potomac River in the Washington Metropolitan Area.

Cover title.

Memorial history of the John Bowie Strange Camp, United Confederate Veterans, including some account of others who served in the Confederate Armies from Albemarle County, together with brief sketches of the Albemarle Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the R. T. W. Duke Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans ... Publishing committee: C. B. Linney, Channing M. Bolton, John Z. Holladay; edited by Homer Richey.

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New ideas for school journalists,/

"More ideas for school journalists" by Meredith Cromer." 18 p. inserted after p. 18. .

The book review in English literature.

Cover-title.

Common forest trees of Virginia : a pocket manual describing their most important characteristics /

Mode of access: Internet.