Grammaire françoise simplifiée ou Traité d'orthographe : avec des notes sur la prononciation et la syntaxe... ([Reprod.]) / par M. Domergue,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 124

Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid-based plumage colouration.

Many colour ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid-based plumage colouration, one of the best-known condition-dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition-dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 × 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition-dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.

Lettres de Phyllarque à Ariste : où il est traité de l'éloquence françoise ([Reprod.])

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 189

Traité de l'orthographe : dans lequel on établit, par une methode claire et facile... les regles certaines d'écrire correctement, et où l'on examine... les règles qu'a données ([Reprod.]) / M. de Lesclache...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 245

Manière de parler la langue françoise selon ses différens styles : avec la critique de nos plus célèbres écrivains... ; et un Petit traité de l'orthographe et de la prononciation françoise ([Reprod.])

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 343

Dictionnaire des rimes, françois et latin ([Reprod.]) / [P. Richelet] ; [revu, augmenté et précédé d'un Traité de la versification françoise par M. Berthelin]

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 350

Traité de la prosodie françoise ([Reprod.]) / par M. l'abbé d'Olivet

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 302

Traité de la poësie françoise ([Reprod.]) / par le P. Mourgues,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 291

Traité des langues : où l'on donne des principes et des règles pour juger du mérite et de l'excellence de chaque langue, et en particulier de la langue françoise ([Reprod.]) / par M. Frain Du Tremblay,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 161

Traité du style ([Reprod.]) / par Dieudonné Thiébault,...

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 375

Traité de la prononciation des consonnes et des voyelles finales des mots français... ; suivi de la Prosodie de la langue française... faisant suite à "L'Art de lire à haute voix" ([Reprod.]) / par L. Dubroca

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 128

Traité général du stile, avec un traité particulier du stile épistolaire ([Reprod.]) / par l'auteur des "Remarques sur les germanismes"

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 265

Comparison of carcass composition by parts and tissues between cocks and capons

The effect of caponisation on carcass composition by parts and tissues was examined. Twenty-eight castrated and twenty male Penedesenca Negra chicks reared under free-range conditions were slaughtered at 28 weeks of age. The birds were castrated at 4 or 8 weeks. The left sides of the carcasses were quartered (wing, breast, thigh and drumstick), and the parts dissected into the tissue components (skin, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and tendons). Capons showed more abdominal, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat than the cocks, both at the same slaughter age and at the same weight. The breast and thigh were heavier in the capons than in the cocks. However, the whole muscle mass in the breast was increased by caponisation. This favourable effect was achieved at the expense of decreasing the carcass yield. The age of castration up to 8 weeks did not affect the carcass composition of the parts and tissues.