Phytoseiid mites of the tribe Paraseiulini Wainstein (Acari : Phytoseiidae) from sub-Saharan Africa

This is the eighth publication of a series on the determination of phytoseiid mites of sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty-three phytoseiid species of the tribe Paraseiulini Wainstein are reported in this paper. They refer to all species of this tribe known to occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Six of these species are described for the first time and 13 species are redescribed. Most of the reported species were collected in cassava habitats in tropical Africa and in other habitats in South Africa. A key is included to help in the separation of the species treated in this paper.

An unbridgeable gap? Comparing the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa

OBJECTIVE: To compare the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Australia and sub-Saharan Africa, to outline reasons for differences, and to consider implications for the Asia and Pacific region. METHODS: Comparison of key indicators of the epidemic in Australia, and Africa viewed largely through the experience of the Hlabisa health district, South Africa. RESULTS: To the end of 1997, for all Australia, the estimated cumulative number of HIV infections was approximately 19,000, whereas in Hlabisa 31,000 infections are estimated to have occurred. Compared with the low and declining incidence of HIV in Australia (<1%), estimated incidence in Hlabisa rose to 10% in 1997. In all, 94% of Australian infections have been amongst men; in Hlabisa equal numbers of males and females are infected. Consequently, whereas 3000 children were perinatally exposed to HIV in Hlabisa in 1998 alone, 160 Australian children have been exposed this way. In Australia, HIV-related disease is characterised by opportunistic infection whereas in Hlabisa tuberculosis and wasting dominate. Surveys among gay men in Sydney and Melbourne indicate >80% of HIV infected people receive antiretroviral therapy whereas in Hlabisa these drugs are not available. IMPLICATIONS: It seems possible that Asia and the Pacific will experience a similar HIV/AIDS epidemic to that in Africa. Levels of HIV are already high in parts of Asia, and social conditions in parts of the region might be considered ripe for the spread of HIV. As Australia strengthens economic and political ties within the region, so should more be done to help Pacific and Asian neighbours to prevent and respond to the HIV epidemic.

Política externa planejada: os planos plurianuais e a ação internacional do Brasil, de Cardoso a Lula (1995-2008)

Analisando as orientações estratégicas dos últimos quatro planos plurianuais - 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 e 2008-2011, no artigo, revela-se como a política externa tem sido incorporada no planejamento federal e qual o papel concedido ao setor externo nas estratégias de desenvolvimento empreendidas pelos governos Cardoso e Lula. Demonstra coerência entre a política externa planejada e a efetivamente empreendida, explicitando as diferenças entre as estratégias adotadas e as linhas de ação externa priorizadas.

Brazil's strategic partnerships: an assessment of the Lula era (2003-2010)

This article examines the priority bilateral relations of Brazil, named "strategic partnerships", both because of their tradition and historical relevance and due to the existence of political and economic cooperation projects. An assessment of these relationships, especially under Lula's administration, is made in this work, bearing in mind the concept of "strategic partnerships" and its development in Brazilian foreign policy. There will be considered partnerships with the US; Argentina; Japan; China; India; South Africa and the European Union. In the article, the meaning of the increase in these relationships is interpreted on the grounds of its significance to the international insertion strategy of Brazil

Estudo sobre o efeito de contágio nos mercados financeiros de acções: aplicação aos índices de acções europeus, americanos, asiáticos e brasileiro no período de Janeiro de 1996 a Junho de 2009 e no sub-período da crise subprime

Mestrado em Contabilidade

HIV-related discrimination in Sub-Sahran Africa: Explanatory characteristics and consequences on employment and HIV-testing

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Do anti-retroviral treatments encourage individuals to get tested for HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Determinants of export diversification and sophistication in sub-saharan Africa

This paper studies the political and economic factors that determine successful export diversification (ED) and export sophistication (ES) strategies in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and also the way in which successful ED and sophistication strategies contribute to explain the improving in some of the millennium development goals (MDG). We run separate regressions for the determinants of ES and ED, using disaggregated data of the 48 SSA countries, from 1960 to 2005. The results suggest that better governance is an important determinant for the success of diversification and sophistication strategies in SSA. In particular the level of corruption, transparency and accountability are important factors in limiting or promoting the scope of diversification and the level of sophistication of the exports. The results also suggest that increases in human capital in SSA countries promote both ED and ES, showing that the level of education of the workforce is positively related with ES and ED, with higher levels of education (tertiary) playing a more important role in explaining ES, while lower levels of education (primary) being more important as determinants of ED. In the second part we explore the links between ED and ES and growth presenting evidence that ED and ES are linked to growth stability in SSA. This study also suggests that the Sub-Saharan countries that were more successful in achieving ED and ES tend to be more successful in improving the living conditions of their population. Using different variables of Infant Mortality (one of the MDG) and life expectancy as dependent variables, we present evidence that suggests that in SSA higher ED and ES are associated with lower infant mortality and higher life expectancy. We show that this result is robust, presenting positive and significant results even when a large number of different control variables are introduced, or when fixed effects and instrumental variables are considered. The evidence suggests that ED and ES are part of the solution for a successful development of SSA.

As estratégias de política externa na construção do Brasil emergente: uma análise do período de Lula da Silva, 2003-2010

O presente trabalho de investigação estuda a estratégia de política externa brasileira enquanto causa para a emergência internacional do Brasil. Pretendemos compreender em que medida as opções de política externa determinaram a emergência internacional do Brasil durante o período dos Governos de Lula da Silva (2003-2006 e 2007-2010). A emergência internacional é aqui entendida enquanto uma atitude de aumento do protagonismo internacional do país e da influência das decisões e do desenho do sistema internacional. Ao mesmo tempo tentou verificar-se se essa emergência ocorreu em simultâneo com a ascensão do Brasil a um novo estatuto na hierarquia dos Estados no sistema internacional, tendo em conta o seu objectivo de contribuir para uma ordem multipolar. A nossa investigação, sustentada pelas abordagens Realista Neoclássica e Construtivista, partiu da premissa de que as estratégias de política externa do Brasil têm sido marcados por uma tendência para projectar a influência internacional do Brasil, e que, com Lula da Silva, a recuperação de uma política externa assertiva e pragmática contribuiu para o sucesso dessas tentativas. Por conseguinte, a capacidade do Brasil em criar condições de estabilidade interna (redução da pobreza e crescimento económico) e regional terão estado também na base da sua projecção internacional. Simultaneamente, a reorganização do sistema internacional a par da rentabilização das oportunidades, e uma nova postura na formulação da política externa pelos actores responsáveis, formam o puzzle que permitiu dar continuidade e consolidar, durante os dois mandatos de Lula, ao percurso de ascensão do Brasil no sistema internacional. A investigação permitiu-nos retirar quatro conclusões essenciais: i) é indiscutível o peso da variável actores na emergência internacional do Brasil enquanto resultado de política externa; ii) a região não foi determinante na emergência internacional do país, mas influenciou, indirectamente, essa aspiração ao permitir que o Brasil se projectasse como um interlocutor válido e como uma Potência Regional; iii) a estratégia desenvolvida com as Grandes Potências não determinou a emergência internacional do Brasil e iv) as dimensões Sul-Sul e Multilateral da estratégia externa do Brasil tiveram um efeito directo na emergência internacional do país ao tornarem possível a actuação autónoma e independente do país. Em síntese, o revisionismo que caracterizou a política externa do Brasil não foi feito por confrontação com os Estados Unidos (ou com a União Europeia), pelo contrário, com ambos os actores se manteve uma relação assertiva. Foi ainda possível verificar a existência não apenas de uma política externa assertiva, mas também reactiva e personalizada, o que pode ser característico dos Estados que estão no «meio», os quais serão provavelmente menos imunes às características dos contextos e dos actores, do que os que estão no topo da hierarquia.

Diversity of non-clinical Acinetobacter species in a sub-saharan Africa region: evidence of carbapenem-hydrolysing class D-β-lactamase producers

[Excerpt] Although Acinetobacter baumannii has been the main agent for healthcare infections, recent reports suggest that some Acinetobacter environmental species should be considered as a potential cause of disease. In Angola, there are no previous data on its environmental reservoirs and resistance features. We aimed to unveil the occurrence and diversity of Acinetobacter species and the presence of resistance mechanisms in different non-clinical settings in Angola.

Public Governance, Health and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

In this paper we diverge from the existing empirical literature on FDI determinants in two ways. First, we decompose the sources of the foreign direct investment (FDI) gap between Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and other developing regions. Once market size has been accounted for, we nd that SSA's FDI de cit is mostly explained by insufficient provision of public goods: low human capital accumulation, especially health, in SSA explains 100-140% of the inter-regional FDI gaps. Second, we estimate the indirect effect of infectious diseases on FDI through their direct impact on health. We find that a 1% point rise in HIV prevalence in the adult population is associated with a decrease in net FDI inflows of 3.5%, while a country in which 100% of the population is at risk of contracting deadly malaria receives about 16% less FDI than a similar country located in a malaria-free region.