961 resultados para Biotecnologia agricola


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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This work was carried out to evaluate the performance of a farm tractor fitted with two sets of tires with high lugs and another set of tires with tallow lugs in straw without tillage (corn straw). The travel speeds used were approximately 4, 5, 6 and 7 km h(-1) and a constant pulling force of 25 kN was fixed. Tractor traction, forward speed, slip and consumption of fuel were measured and drawbar power, the ratio between the consumption and power and traction coefficient were calculated. It was observed that the tractor performance was similar to high and low lug tire conditions, in an area covered with corn straw.

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Activities that use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are countless and the most used one is the Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by the United States. In precision agriculture there are demands for static and cinematic positioning with distinct levels of accuracy for different applications; nevertheless cinematic performance data are not available as manufacturers of GPS receivers present only static performance information. For this reason it was developed an instrumented vehicle to test a methodology of performance evaluation of GPS receivers in kinematic conditions, which is representative to agricultural operations. A set of instrumentation was composed and used for collecting data under variable speed and rotation direction. Tests were conducted showing that the methodology allows to measure accuracy and precision, but improvements have to be implemented on the instrumentation equipment for long term tests.

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The objective of this work consisted in the study of the fertigation and subsurface drip irrigation in the sugarcane productivity, in the second and the third seasons and technological effects in the growth. The experiment was developed in the experimental area of the Agronomical Sciences Faculty, FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, Brazil. The drip pipe was installed at 30 cm of depth and under the plantation line of sugar cane RB 72454 variety. The fertigation treatment with the biggest dose presented the better yield, with 190.01 t ha(-1) and 168.80 t ha(-1) to the second and the third harvest, respectively. The fertigation did not modify the technological qualities of the sugarcane in the two studied seasons, and the irrigation provided 43.5% and 67.2% of increments in the production of stem, to the second and third cut, respectively.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of time since the adoption of the no-till system, in comparison with a native forest area and a conventional tillage area, using the distribution of soil aggregates in a Distroferric Red Nitosol. Treatments were as follows: native forest (NF), conventional tillage (CT), no-till for one year (NT1), no-till for four years (NT4), no-till for five years (NT5), and no-till for 12 years (NT12). Aggregate samples were collected randomly within each treatment at depths of 0-5 and 10-15 cm. After sifting the aggregates in water they were separated into the following aggregate classes > 2 mm; < 2 mm; 2-1 mm, and < 1 mm. The adoption time in the no-till system favored soil aggregation. The mean weighted diameter (MWD) of the soil aggregates and the percentage of aggregates greater than 2 mm increased with adoption time in the no-till system at the 0-5 cm depth. The NF and NT12 treatments had higher MWD values in the 0-5 cm layer. CT had the highest percentage of aggregates smaller than 1 mm.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate tractor performance in soil with three different surfaces: firm soil without covering, mobilized soil, and firm soil with vegetal residue of corn and braquiaria, for four forward speeds. The experiment was accomplished in three plots determined by the soil conditions. In each plot four treatments were composed by the forward speed obtained by the changes of the tractor gear. Six repetitions were used in each plot, totaling 72 experimental units, combination of the traction, slip of the rear and front wheels, forward speed and fuel consumption. The values of the tractor performance obtained led to the conclusion that in the firm soil without vegetable covering the tractor performance was better, followed by the soil with the firm surface and covered with corn straw and braquiaria and finally the mobilized soil. The best tractor performance was obtained in the C1 gear that supplied the forward speed of 6 km h(-1).

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This work objectified to evaluate the efficiency of two meter mechanism of corn seeds when submitted to different forward speed and soil management system during the non-tillage seeding. It was used a factorial design in randomized blocks. The factors whose effects were examined were related to the seeders with pneumatic and horizontal disk meter mechanisms for the distribution of the seeds, to the set tractor-seeder forward speeds (4.4; 8.0 and 9.8 km h(-1)), and to the soil management system considering the corn no-tillage seeding over minimum tillage with chisel plow and the no-tillage system for the seeding of oat culture (Avena strigosa Schreb). It was verified that the forward speed didn't influence the initial and final stands of plants but it interfered in the regularity of longitudinal distribution of plants. The smallest speed provided the largest percentile of normal spacing between plants. The pneumatic meter mechanism presented better performance than the horizontal disk perforated in the longitudinal distribution of plants. About corn productivity aspect it's indifferent the recommendation of use for pneumatic and perforated horizontal disk meter mechanism of seeds.

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According to the Forest Code of 1965, it is mandatory that every rural property destine part of its land to the establishment of Legal Reserves. When a diagnosis is made over all Brazil, the reality is quite different from what is demanded by law. Therefore, this work, as a general objective, proposes ways of establishing Legal Reserves based on the analysis of the environmental deterioration in a river basin. For this purpose, the environmental deterioration was detected based on three diagnoses: physical-conservational, socioeconomical, and environmental quality. In this way, from a quantitative and qualitative diagnosis, it was possible to identify the main aggressive factors in the studied river basin and to indicate the main vulnerabilities that the area is subjected. According to such diagnosis, some proposals for the establishment of Legal Reserves are discussed here based on scientific arguments aimed at the conservation of water resources, soil and biodiversity. It is hoped, that from this study, the environment receives a new tool for diagnosis, pollution control, recovery and conservation of natural resources.

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In order to verify the different scales in physical analysis of watersheds, the geomorphic quantitative analysis was done to distinguish homogeneous areas within this land unit. The variables studied were the dimensions, drainage pattern and relief characteristics. The study area is the watershed of the Corrego da Cachoeira, São Paulo State, Brazil. The cartographic scale 1: 50000 (IBGE) and 1: 10000 (IGC) were used to delineate the drainage network and study the morphometric characteristics. The watershed is characterized as an exoreic, fluvial drainage with consequent streams and drainage pattern. The values of the drainage density, frequency of rivers and the ratio of bifurcation are considered low, indicating the formation of the soil on permeable rock. The low values suggested a watershed with relatively mild relief. The detail of the cartography mapping analysed with field study data showed higher values of hydrological compartments and length of the drainage network, reflecting changes in the results obtained on the physical variables analysed.

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A utilização da cobertura do solo pode trazer inúmeros benefícios ao cultivo de alface. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de tipos de coberturas de solo no cultivo de alface tipo americana cv. Lucy Brown. Os tratamentos foram: 1- canteiro sem cobertura e sem capina (testemunha), 2- canteiro sem cobertura, com capina quinzenal, 3- canteiro com cobertura de bagaço de cana de 2 cm de espessura, 4- canteiro com cobertura de plástico preto, 5- canteiro com cobertura de plástico dupla face (prateado/preto). Foram avaliados o ciclo das plantas no campo, a quantidade de clorofila nas folhas, a produção em peso individual de cabeça e a quantidade de nutrientes absorvidos nas folhas. A utilização de cobertura plástica do tipo dupla face proporcionou os maiores valores médios de produção. Foi também o tratamento em que foram obtidos os maiores valores para quantidade de clorofila, nitrogênio, fósforo, enxofre, boro e ferro acumulado nas folhas.

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A variação da condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva altera a absorção de água e nutrientes pelas plantas, interferindo no metabolismo e, consequentemente, na produção das mesmas. Este trabalho, conduzido no período de agosto a outubro de 1999, avaliou o efeito da condutividade elétrica (CE) sobre a produção e desenvolvimento de alface americana de cabeça crespa, cultivar Ryder em hidroponia. As tendências de variação da condutividade elétrica do meio nutritivo, durante o desenvolvimento da alface, foram também avaliadas. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições e três tratamentos, constituídos pelas condutividade elétricas: CE1= 1,46, CE2= 2,46 e CE3= 4,21 (± 0,24) mS cm-1. O diâmetro e altura da cabeça e peso seco da raiz não foram influenciados pelas condutividades elétricas da solução nutritiva. Os maiores pesos do material fresco e seco foram conseguidos com CE 2,46 (± 0,24) mS cm-1. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram a tendência de diminuição da condutividade elétrica, durante o cultivo da alface verificando-se que a condutividade elétrica teve influência sobre as características de produção da alface americana.

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A endogamia reduz o vigor em plantas pela diminuição da proporção de loci heterozigotos. Entretanto, a influência da endogamia é diferente entre as espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a depressão causada por endogamia em uma população de pepino do tipo japonês. A partir do intercruzamento entre plantas do híbrido Natsu suzumi foi obtida a geração F2, considerada como população S0. Obtiveram-se progênies S1, S2, S3, S4 e S5, através de autofecundações sucessivas pelo método do SSD ('Single Seed Descent'). Foram sete tratamentos (híbrido Natsu suzumi, populações S0 a S5) e o delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e cinco plantas por parcela cultivadas em ambiente protegido de 21/08/2002 à 29/11/2002. Foram avaliados o número de folhas, semanalmente, o número e a massa de frutos, total e comercial, número de nós e porcentagem de nós com brotações laterais. Na comparação entre as populações S0 a S5 não foram observadas diferenças para todas as características avaliadas demonstrando não haver perda de vigor por endogamia nesta população.

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The strategy for breeding F-1 hybrid squash is to develop parental lines through self-pollination. However, it increases plant mean homozygosis, which is not the natural genetic state of a cross-pollinated species, and can cause inbreeding depression. The objective of this work was to evaluate this depression with sucessive generations of self-pollination (without selection) in Cucurbita moschata, cv. Piramoita. Populations were obtained from lines with one to four generations of self-pollination (obtained by the SSD method), from the original cv. Piramoita (population SO). Randomized blocks were used with five treatments (different generations of self-pollination -S-0 to S-4), six replicates and five plants per plot. Regression analysis was made by the Wright inbreeding coefficient (F) to measure the homozygosis level effect on vigor loss. There was a linear reduction of mean weight and fruit length, seed production (number and weight) per fruit with the increase of the homozygosis level; however inbreeding did not affect seed quality (weight of 100 seeds and germination).

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São escassas as informações sobre cultivares melhoradas e técnicas culturais adequadas à cultura do painço. Este experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de níveis de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura no desenvolvimento e nos atributos bioquímicos de duas cultivares de painço. Para tanto, instalou-se um experimento em Botucatu (SP), em caixas de cimento amianto, mantidas em túnel plástico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x6, com dois cultivares de painço (AL Mogi e AL Tibagi) e seis níveis de adubação nitrogenada (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 mg L-1), aplicada em cobertura, no início do perfilhamento. Os dois cultivares utilizados tiveram comportamento semelhante em relação às variáveis avaliadas, em resposta à aplicação de N em cobertura. A aplicação de doses de N na cultura do painço proporcionou incrementos nos teores relativos de clorofila, aminoácidos totais, nitrogênio total e altura das plantas, e redução dos teores de açúcares na matéria seca, até o intervalo entre 120 e 160 mg de N L-1. O perfilhamento e produção de grãos tiveram aumento linear com a aplicação de N. A adubação nitrogenada não afetou a produção de matéria seca.

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O silício não é considerado um elemento essencial para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, entretanto, sua absorção traz inúmeros benefícios, principalmente ao arroz, como aumento da espessura da parede celular, conferindo resistência mecânica a penetração de fungos, melhora o ângulo de abertura das folhas tornando-as mais eretas, diminuindo o auto-sombreamento e aumentando a resistência ao acamamento, especialmente sob altas doses de nitrogênio. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada e silicatada nos componentes vegetativos, nos componentes da produção, na altura da planta e na produtividade da cultivar de arroz IAC 202. O experimento foi constituído da combinação de três doses de nitrogênio (5, 75 e 150 mg de N kg-1 de solo) aplicado na forma de uréia e quatro doses de silício (0, 200, 400 e 600 mg de SiO2 kg-1 de solo), aplicado na forma de silicato de cálcio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 ´ 4 (N = 5). A adubação nitrogenada aumentou o número de colmos e panículas por metro quadrado e o número total de espiguetas, refletindo na produtividade de grãos. O perfilhamento excessivo causado pela adubação nitrogenada inadequada causou redução na porcentagem de colmos férteis, na fertilidade das espiguetas e da massa de grãos. A adubação silicatada reduziu o número de espiguetas chochas por panícula e aumentou a massa de grãos sem, contudo, refletir na produtividade de grãos.