Clinical determinants of early parasitological response to ACTs in African patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a literature review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). METHODS: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. RESULTS: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5-64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8-8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5-1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08-1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P <0.001); fever (>37.5 °C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06-2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21-3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38-5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14-4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). CONCLUSIONS: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.

Daily activity patterns of 2316 men and women from five countries differing in socioeconomic development.

Daily rhythmicity in the locomotor activity of laboratory animals has been studied in great detail for many decades, but the daily pattern of locomotor activity has not received as much attention in humans. We collected waist-worn accelerometer data from more than 2000 individuals from five countries differing in socioeconomic development and conducted a detailed analysis of human locomotor activity. Body mass index (BMI) was computed from height and weight. Individual activity records lasting 7 days were subjected to cosinor analysis to determine the parameters of the daily activity rhythm: mesor (mean level), amplitude (half the range of excursion), acrophase (time of the peak) and robustness (rhythm strength). The activity records of all individual participants exhibited statistically significant 24-h rhythmicity, with activity increasing noticeably a few hours after sunrise and dropping off around the time of sunset, with a peak at 1:42 pm on average. The acrophase of the daily rhythm was comparable in men and women in each country but varied by as much as 3 h from country to country. Quantification of the socioeconomic stages of the five countries yielded suggestive evidence that more developed countries have more obese residents, who are less active, and who are active later in the day than residents from less developed countries. These results provide a detailed characterization of the daily activity pattern of individual human beings and reveal similarities and differences among people from five countries differing in socioeconomic development.

Evidence for daily and weekly rhythmicity but not lunar or seasonal rhythmicity of physical activity in a large cohort of individuals from five different countries.

Background Biological rhythmicity has been extensively studied in animals for many decades. Although temporal patterns of physical activity have been identified in humans, no large-scale, multi-national study has been published, and no comparison has been attempted of the ubiquity of activity rhythms at different time scales (such as daily, weekly, monthly, and annual). Methods Using individually worn actigraphy devices, physical activity of 2,328 individuals from five different countries (adults of African descent from Ghana, South Africa, Jamaica, Seychelles, and the United States) was measured for seven consecutive days at different times of the year. Results Analysis for rhythmic patterns identified daily rhythmicity of physical activity in all five of the represented nationalities. Weekly rhythmicity was found in some, but not all, of the nationalities. No significant evidence of lunar rhythmicity or seasonal rhythmicity was found in any of the groups. Conclusions These findings extend previous small-scale observations of daily rhythmicity to a large cohort of individuals from around the world. The findings also confirm the existence of modest weekly rhythmicity but not lunar or seasonal rhythmicity in human activity. These differences in rhythm strength have implications for the management of health hazards of rhythm misalignment. Key Messages Analysis of the pattern of physical activity of 2,328 individuals from five countries revealed strong daily rhythmicity in all five countries, moderate weekly rhythmicity in some countries, and no lunar rhythmicity or seasonal rhythmicity in any of the countries.

Comission 49: Interplanetary plasma and heliosphere. TRIENNIAL REPORT 2006 - 2009

Commission 49 covers research on the solar wind, shocks and particle acceleration, both transient and steady-state, e.g., corotating, structures within the heliosphere, and the termination shock and boundary of the heliosphere. The present triennal report is particularly rich in important results and events. The crossing of the solar wind termination shock by Voyager 2 in 2007 is a highlight and a milestone that will certainly have important consequences for astrophysical processes in general (Section 7). The fiftieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (19571958), which is also the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of the Space Age, was marked not only by celebrations and a strong Education and Public Outreach Program, but also by efforts in coordinating present observations and in starting new scientific programs, particularly implying developing countries (Section 8). Studies of solar energetic particles (Section 3) and the related radio bursts (Section 4) benefited from new data from a number of spacecraft. The STEREO mission was launched in October 2006 and has obtained new results on 3-D aspects of the inner heliosphere. Meanwhile, solar cycle 24 is expected to become active soon, following what is already the deepest solar minimum of the space age...

Das Landgut Monrepos in Finnland. 1804

Ludwig von Nicolay (1737-1820) oli Strassburgissa syntynyt oppinut, Venäjän hovin kotiopettaja, sittemmin salaneuvos ja Venäjän tiedeakatemian presidentti, tieteen ja taiteen suosija. Von Nicolay hankki itselleen Viipurin lähellä sijaitsevan Monrepos'n kartanon vuonna 1788. Yhdessä erään ystävänsä kanssa hän kokosi kartanoonsa merkittävän, 1700-luvun valistuskulttuuria kuvastavan kirjaston, jonka von Nicolayn jälkeläiset lahjoittivat ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana Helsingin yliopistolle. Kartanon puistosta von Nicolay kehitti maineikkaan, englantilaistyylisen maisemapuiston. Hän kirjoitti puistosta runoteoksen Das Landgut Monrepos 1804 (St Petersburg 1806), jonka hänen poikansa Paul julkaisi uudelleen vuonna 1840. Tähän teokseen liitettiin ranskalaisen taiteilijan Jean Louis Jacottet'n puistoa esittäviä litografioita, jotka pohjautuivat tanskalaisen Christian Ferdinand Christensenin akvarelleihin.

Das Landgut Monrepos in Finnland. 1804.

Ludwig von Nicolay (1737-1820) oli Strassburgissa syntynyt oppinut, Venäjän hovin kotiopettaja, sittemmin salaneuvos ja Venäjän tiedeakatemian presidentti, tieteen ja taiteen suosija. Von Nicolay hankki itselleen Viipurin lähellä sijaitsevan Monrepos'n kartanon vuonna 1788. Yhdessä erään ystävänsä kanssa hän kokosi kartanoonsa merkittävän, 1700-luvun valistuskulttuuria kuvastavan kirjaston, jonka von Nicolayn jälkeläiset lahjoittivat ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana Helsingin yliopistolle. Kartanon puistosta von Nicolay kehitti maineikkaan, englantilaistyylisen maisemapuiston. Hän kirjoitti puistosta runoteoksen Das Landgut Monrepos 1804 (St Petersburg 1806), jonka hänen poikansa Paul julkaisi uudelleen vuonna 1840. Tähän teokseen liitettiin ranskalaisen taiteilijan Jean Louis Jacottet'n puistoa esittäviä litografioita, jotka pohjautuivat tanskalaisen Christian Ferdinand Christensenin akvarelleihin.

Biossensor enzimático para detecção de fungicidas ditiocarbamatos: estudo cinético da enzima aldeído desidrogenase e otimização do biossensor

Initially, all major factors that affect the rate of the AldH-catalyzed reaction (enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH) were investigated. Optimal activity was observed between pH values of 7.5 and 9.5 in the temperature range of 25 to 50 ºC. Kinetic parameters, such as Km (2.92 µmol L-1) and Vmax (1.33 10-2 µmol min-1) demonstrate a strong enzyme-substrate affinity. The sensors were based on screen-printed electrodes modified with the Meldola Blue-Reinecke salt (MBRS) combination. Operational conditions (NAD+ and substrate contents, enzyme loading and response time) were optimized. Also, two enzyme immobilization procedures were tested: entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ) and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Chronoamperometry was employed to observe the biosensor responses during enzymatic hydrolysis of propionaldehyde and also to construct inhibition curves with maneb and zineb fungicides. Best results were found with the following conditions: [NAD+] = 0.25 mmol L-1; [propionaldehyde] = 80 µmol L-1; enzyme loading = 0.8 U per electrode; response time = 10 min, and inhibition time = 10 min. Current intensities around 103 ± 13 nA with the sensors and good stability was obtained for both immobilization procedures. Detection limits, calculated using 10% inhibition were 31.5 µg L-1 and 35 µg L-1 for maneb and zineb, respectively. Results obtained with other MBRS-modified electrodes consisting of mono and bi-enzymic sensors were compared. The ability to catalyze NADH oxidation by MB was also highlighted.

Fragmentteja Derridasta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Composição florística e cobertura vegetal das savanas na região de Alter do Chão, Santarém - PA

Neste estudo foi determinado a cobertura vegetal e a composição florística em 38 parcelas de 3,75 ha (250 m x 150 m), distribuídas por 30.000 ha na savana de Alter do Chão, Município de Santarém, Pará. Nas 38 parcelas foram registradas 130 espécies em 45 famílias. As únicas espécies de dicotiledôneas que cobriram 1% ou mais da área no estrato herbáceo-arbustivo foram Dioclea bicolor Benth. e Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. A maior parte da área foi coberta pelas gramíneas Paspalum carinatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Flügge (16%) e Trachypogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Nees (22%). A gramínea Axonopus canescens (Nees ex Trin.) Pilg. e a ciperácea Rhyncospora hirsuta Vahl também cobriram mais que 1% da área. Apenas oito espécies, Anacardium occidentale L., Himatanthus fallax (Müll. Arg.) M. M. Plumel, Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk., Qualea grandiflora Mart. e Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil. tinham copas no estrato arbóreo que projetaram sobre mais que 1% da área. Destas, somente B. crassifolia (5,7%), S. convallariodora (6,0%) e P. ramiflora (2,1%) projetaram sobre mais que 2% da área. Cinqüenta e três por cento da área não tinha cobertura de arbustos, gramíneas ou ciperáceas, e 45% também não tinha cobertura de copas de árvores. Gramíneas e ciperáceas cobriram em média 39,2% das parcelas, e arbustos 11,0%. As correlações entre matrizes de similaridade para as espécies em diferentes estratos e grupos taxonômicos da vegetação foram geralmente baixas e houve pouca correlação entre matrizes baseadas em dados quantitativos e matrizes baseadas em dados de presença/ausência. Portanto, deve-se ter cautela em comparações entre áreas de savana baseadas somente em um estrato vegetativo ou em um grupo taxonômico.

Relação entre mercado de terras, crescimento econômico e insegurança fundiária explicada por um modelo a "geração imbricada"

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the land market failures and the economic growth in Brazil, starting from an overlapping model including two sectors: agricultural and industrial. The land is both a specific factor for agriculture and an asset that can be substituted to the capital used in industry. The trade-off between land and capital holding depends, among other factors, on the transaction costs on the land market. These costs result from land insecurity and generate a decrease in the land price that favors capital accumulation. Two assumptions follow from our model: one the one hand, land insecurity has a negative effect on the land price; one the other hand it has a positive effect on economic growth. These two hypotheses are tested on panel data for Brazilian Federation. The econometric results do not reject our hypothesis.

Psst...! (Paris)

Périodicité : Hebdomadaire

Psst...! : images par Forain, Caran d'Ache : paraissant le samedi

1898/02/05 (N1A52)-1899/01/28.