THE CHLOREX TREATABILITY STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL FATE IN FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS (BIODEGRADATION, VOLATILIZATION, SORPTION, PRIORITY POLLUTANTS)

The efficacy of waste stabilization lagoons for the treatment of five priority pollutants and two widely used commercial compounds was evaluated in laboratory model ponds. Three ponds were designed to simulate a primary anaerobic lagoon, a secondary facultative lagoon, and a tertiary aerobic lagoon. Biodegradation, volatilization, and sorption losses were quantified for bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, ethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. A statistical model using a log normal transformation indicated biodegradation of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether followed first-order kinetics. Additionally, multiple regression analysis indicated biochemical oxygen demand was the water quality variable most highly correlated with bis(2-chloroethyl) ether effluent concentration. ^

Returning Texas Senate Bill 530 back to 1100 Congress Avenue: The need for effective surveillance reporting of student fitness levels to Texas house representatives

Every Texas student is required to complete the FITNESSGRAM fitness assessment under legislation outlined in Senate Bill 530. This study described cardiovascular, body mass index (BMI), and overall fitness levels of students (grades 3–12) in the state of Texas during the 2009–2010 school year, and provides examples of how to effectively present results to Texas House Representatives using three unique health communication strategies. Given the Texas legislature mandates FITNESSGRAM collection yet did not require reporting according to their election district, the data were aggregated to 150 Texas House Representative Districts by sex and grade category to facilitate effective fitness data dissemination. Fitness data were also analyzed with results from the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) to provide insight into potential relationships between fitness and academic achievement. ^ The majority of students in Texas need improvement on at least 1 fitness assessment. In general, female students have superior fitness in elementary and middle school but the fitness edge is erased by high school. Female cardiovascular fitness deteriorates faster from elementary to high school compared to male students. Female BMI deteriorates and male BMI improves from elementary to high school. Cardiovascular fitness and overall fitness decreases from elementary to high school for both male and female students. ^ Student fitness was significantly and strongly independently correlated with academic achievement. Further analysis showed that House Representatives with TAKS scores in the top quartile consistently showed superior fitness. Small significant partial correlations remain between fitness and TAKS assessment after controlling for socioeconomic status. In general, correlations were stronger between female BMI and TAKS assessment compared to male students. Cardiovascular fitness was significantly correlated with TAKS assessment for both genders. This paper supports student fitness as a confounder in the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Plus, student fitness has a strong correlation with academic that deserves further exploration. ^ Senate Bill 530 fails to organize and implement a health communication strategy that effectively disseminates the health data collected to stakeholders of interest. The lack of a vital health communication strategy results in an incomplete student health surveillance system. This paper outlines three unique strategies tailored to legislators. It is important to disseminate health information using a variety of methods tailored to your targeted audience. The use of interactive mapping technology presented (GIS) uses new technology that has the potential to effectively reach a large audience.^

The role of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure among adolescents

BACKGROUND: This observational research study investigated the association of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status with repeated measures of 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure (24-hr ABP). Little is known about these associations and few data exist examining the interaction between cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status and the contributions of each on 24-hr ABP in youth. ^ METHODS: This research study used secondary analysis data from the "Adolescent Blood Pressure and Anger: Ethnic Differences" study. This current study sample included 374 African-American, Anglo-American, and Mexican-American adolescents 11-16 years of age. Mixed-effects models were used for testing the relationship between weight status and cardiorespiratory fitness and repeated measures of ambulatory blood pressure over 24 hours (24-hr ABP). Weight status was categorized into "normal weight" (BMI<85th percentile), "overweight" (85th≤BMI<95th), and "obese" (BMI≥95th). Cardiorespiratory fitness, determined by heart rate recovery (HRR), was defined as the difference between heart rate at peak exercise and heart rate at two minutes post-exercise, as measured by a height-adjusted step test and stratified into two groups: low and high fitness, using a median split. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) was monitored for a 24-hr period on a school day using the Spacelabs ambulatory monitor (Model 90207). Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at 30 minute intervals throughout the day of recording and at 60 minute intervals during sleep. ^ RESULTS: No significant associations were found between weight status and mean 24-hr systolic blood pressure (SBP) or mean arterial pressure (MAP). A significant and inverse association between weight status and mean 24-hr diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was revealed. Cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly and inversely associated with mean 24-hr ABP. High fitness adolescents had significantly lower mean 24-hr SPB, DBP, and MAP measurements than low fitness adolescents. Compared to low fitness adolescents, high fitness adolescents had 1.90 mmHg, 1.16 mmHg, and 1.68 mmHg lower mean 24-hr SBP, DBP, and MAP, respectively. Additionally, high fitness appeared to afford protection from higher mean 24-hr SBP and MAP, irrespective of weight status. Among normal weight adolescents, low fitness resulted in higher mean 24-hr SBP and MAP, compared to their fit counterparts. Among adolescents categorized as high fitness, increasing weight status did not appear to result in higher mean 24-hr SBP or MAP. Cardiorespiratory fitness, rather than weight status, appeared to be a more dominant predictor of mean 24-hr SBP and MAP. ^ CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this research is the first study to investigate the independent and combined contributions of cardiorespiratory fitness and weight status on 24-hr ABP, all objectively measured. The results of this study may potentially guide and inform future research. It appears that early cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention should focus on improving cardiorespiratory fitness levels among all adolescents, particularly those adolescents least fit, regardless of their weight status, while obesity prevention efforts continue.^

Development and Characterization of an in vitro Four-species Anaerobic Dental Biofilm Model

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease worldwide. It is characterized by the demineralization of tooth enamel caused by acid produced by cariogenic dental bacteria growing on tooth surfaces, termed bacterial biofilms. Cariogenesis is a complex biological process that is influence by multiple factors and is not attributed to a sole causative agent. Instead, caries is associated with multispecies microbial biofilm communities composed of some bacterial species that directly influence the development of a caries lesion and other species that are seemingly benign but must contribute to the community in an uncharacterized way. Clinical analysis of dental caries and its microbial populations is challenging due to many factors including low sensitivity of clinical measurement tools, variability in saliva chemistry, and variation in the microbiota. Our laboratory has developed an in vitro anaerobic biofilm model for dental carries to facilitate both clinical and basic research-based analyses of the multispecies dynamics and individual factors that contribute to cariogenicity. The rational for development of this system was to improve upon the current models that lack key elements. This model places an emphasis on physiological relevance and ease of maintenance and reproducibility. The uniqueness of the model is based on integrating four critical elements: 1) a biofilm community composed of four distinct and representative species typically associated with dental caries, 2) a semi-defined synthetic growth medium designed to mimic saliva, 3) physiologically relevant biofilm growth substrates, and 4) a novel biofilm reactor device designed to facilitate the maintenance and analysis. Specifically, human tooth sections or hydroxyapatite discs embedded into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) discs are incubated for an initial 24 hr in a static inverted removable substrate (SIRS) biofilm reactor at 37°C under anaerobic conditions in artificial saliva (CAMM) without sucrose in the presence of 1 X 106 cells/ml of each Actinomyces odontolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar. During days 2 and 3 the samples are maintained continually in CAMM with various exposures to 0.2% sucrose; all of the discs are transferred into fresh medium every 24 hr. To validate that this model is an appropriate in vitro representation of a caries-associated multispecies biofilm, research aims were designed to test the following overarching hypothesis: an in vitro anaerobic biofilm composed of four species (S. mutans, V. dispar, A. odontolyticus, and F. nucleatum) will form a stable biofilm with a community profile that changes in response to environmental conditions and exhibits a cariogenic potential. For these experiments the biofilms as described above were exposed on days 2 and 3 to either CAMM lacking sucrose (no sucrose), CAMM with 0.2% sucrose (constant sucrose), or were transferred twice a day for 1 hr each time into 0.2% sucrose (intermittent sucrose). Four types of analysis were performed: 1) fluorescence microscopy of biofilms stained with Syto 9 and hexidium idodine to determine the biofilm architecture, 2) quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the cell number of each species per cm2, 3) vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) to determine the cariogenic potential of the biofilms, and 4) tomographic pH imaging using radiometric fluorescence microscopy after exposure to pH sensitive nanoparticles to measure the micro-environmental pH. The qualitative and quantitative results reveal the expected dynamics of the community profile when exposed to different sucrose conditions and the cariogenic potential of this in vitro four-species anaerobic biofilm model, thus confirming its usefulness for future analysis of primary and secondary dental caries.

Isotopic signature of specific biomarkers derived from anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME groups) and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) at different cold seep provinces

Anaerobic methane-oxidizing microbial communities in sediments at cold methane seeps are important factors in controlling methane emission to the ocean and atmosphere. Here, we investigated the distribution and carbon isotopic signature of specific biomarkers derived from anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME groups) and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) responsible for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) at different cold seep provinces of Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin. The special focus was on their relation to in situ cell abundances and methane turnover. In general, maxima in biomarker abundances and minima in carbon isotope signatures correlated with maxima in AOM and sulphate reduction as well as with consortium biomass. We found ANME-2a/DSS aggregates associated with high abundances of sn-2,3-di-O-isoprenoidal glycerol ethers (archaeol, sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol) and specific bacterial fatty acids (C16:1omega5c, cyC17:0omega5,6) as well as with high methane fluxes (Beggiatoa site). The low to medium flux site (Calyptogena field) was dominated by ANME-2c/DSS aggregates and contained less of both compound classes but more of AOM-related glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). ANME-1 archaea dominated deeper sediment horizons at the Calyptogena field where sn-1,2-di-O-alkyl glycerol ethers (DAGEs), archaeol, methyl-branched fatty acids (ai-C15:0, i-C16:0, ai-C17:0), and diagnostic GDGTs were prevailing. AOM-specific bacterial and archaeal biomarkers in these sediment strata generally revealed very similar d13C-values of around -100 per mill. In ANME-2-dominated sediment sections, archaeal biomarkers were even more 13C-depleted (down to -120 per mill), whereas bacterial biomarkers were found to be likewise 13C-depleted as in ANME-1-dominated sediment layers (d13C: -100 per mill). The zero flux site (Acharax field), containing only a few numbers of ANME-2/DSS aggregates, however, provided no specific biomarker pattern. Deeper sediment sections (below 20 cm sediment depth) from Beggiatoa covered areas which included solid layers of methane gas hydrates contained ANME-2/DSS typical biomarkers showing subsurface peaks combined with negative shifts in carbon isotopic compositions. The maxima were detected just above the hydrate layers, indicating that methane stored in the hydrates may be available for the microbial community. The observed variations in biomarker abundances and 13C-depletions are indicative of multiple environmental and physiological factors selecting for different AOM consortia (ANME-2a/DSS, ANME-2c/DSS, ANME-1) along horizontal and vertical gradients of cold seep settings.

La mercantilización de la gimnasia : Una genealogía del Fitness

Esta ponencia pretende hacer una descripción analítica de la lógica dominante y las características de las prácticas de gimnasia al interior de los gimnasios de hoy. Dicho trabajo forma parte de los estudios iniciales pertenecientes al proyecto de tesis "La gimnasia en los gimnasios: ni educación, ni física" correspondiente a la Maestría en Educación Corporal

Los cuerpos en las clases de fitness

Fil: Napolitano, María Emilia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

El fitness es un estilo de vida : Gimnasios y sociabilidad en una perspectiva crítica

Este trabajo aborda etnográficamente un espacio común y corriente de la ciudad como es el gimnasio de fitness; estos espacios de recreación y sociabilidad fitness se han fusionado tan bien dentro de la trama urbana que hoy día nos parece que siempre han estado ahí. Este trabajo tiene un primer objetivo descriptivo: el interés está puesto en indagar densamente qué es lo que ocurre dentro de un gimnasio típico de fitness y plasmarlo en un texto. En segundo término pero en relación con lo anterior también posee un objetivo de interpretación: se pretende indagar en los significados complejos del fitness, que implican importaciones de otras latitudes, posteriores resignificaciones locales, yuxtaposiciones con otros saberes como el del fisicoculturismo y la educación física y finalmente apropiaciones individuales y grupales de quienes se construyen a sí mismos como sujetos fitness a través de un conjunto de prácticas de entrenamiento-deportivas-físico-corporales (todo al mismo tiempo). En tercer término también es objetivo de este texto explorar las potencialidades del mismo fitness en tanto categoría y práctica a la vez que pretende superar los límites territoriales específicos del gimnasio todo el tiempo y convertirse en un principio estilístico alrededor del cual se moldee toda la vida cotidiana de los sujetos fitness

Cuerpo que tengo, quiero o entreno : Lo corporal en las prácticas del fitness

En esta pesquisa me interrogaré acerca de la importancia que cobra el cuerpo en las prácticas del fitness tanto en la ciudad de La Plata como en Avellaneda. Dentro de este campo de investigación lo corporal se encuentra atravesado constantemente por saberes, discursos, significaciones, investigaciones, métodos de entrenamiento, técnicas, capacidades coordinativas y condicionales, maquinaria, materiales (trampolines, barras, mancuernas, pelotas, guantes de boxeo, etc.), coreografías, gritos, adrenalina, euforia, ansiedad, sorpresa, aplausos, sudor, aumento de frecuencia cardíaca, fanatismo, entre otras. En torno a ello, lo corporal se ha convertido en un objeto de estudio donde sólo se considera importante el alcance de una figura, de un modelo, de una supuesta "belleza" o de una deseada "buena forma". De hecho, las lógicas que envuelven al capitalismo configuraron una cultura de consumo a través de ciertos mecanismos que intervinieron e intervienen en los modos de (re)producción, específicamente, de esta corporalidad. Es por ello que el interés se centra en el análisis de la empresa Body Systems -quien se encarga de mercantilizar diferentes programas de entrenamiento que se ocupan de conformar un negocio en torno a lo corporal- y en la relevancia que adquiere sobre el cuerpo y la posible violencia simbólica que en él se ejerce a través de ciertos mecanismos de control

El dispositivo fitness en la modernidad biológica. Democracia estética, just-in-time, crímenes de fealdad y contagio

Decía Foucault que "el umbral de modernidad biológica de una sociedad se sitúa en el momento en que la especie entra como apuesta del juego en sus propias estrategias políticas". A tres siglos de que Occidente cruzó ese umbral, analizaré algunos ejes de la nueva estrategia hegemónica para anudar las biopolíticas de población y las anatomo-políticas del cuerpo-máquina. Esta estrategia se consolida en la segunda mitad del siglo XX junto a la transformación de las sociedades disciplinarias y de control durante el capitalismo financiero y posfordista. Enlaza tres dispositivos cuyo objeto ya no es el sexo sino el fitness, la salud y las biotecnologías. El nuevo dispositivo sanitario apunta a la normalización y gestión privada de la enfermedad, entendida como mal potencial y endémico, cuyo descuido puede castigarse. El dispositivo biotecnológico, que incluye la genética sin limitarse a ella, altera la forma de intervención sobre los cuerpos. El dispositivo de fitness recoge las exigencias de un cuerpo "adecuado", que "encaje" en el nuevo régimen de aparición-espectáculo; su principal valor es el de exhibición, y opera con eficacia allí donde la aspiración a una movilidad económica, social o cultural se desplaza hacia una búsqueda estética de "redención por la apariencia".

Discursos de poder en el fitness : El comercio de los entrenamientos que duelen

Investigar las prácticas del fitness puede suponer adentrarse en un camino incierto. La configuración histórica de este puzzle se constituye a partir de la comercialización de la gimnasia aeróbica. A partir de este modo de hacer gimnasia se construye un negocio en torno a diferentes productos, vestimentas, equipamientos, etc. Asimismo, para legitimar estas prácticas fue necesario utilizar los estudios e investigaciones que realizan las ciencias médicas. A través de estas ciencias la gimnasia aeróbica, y años más tarde, las clases de fitness grupal, se consideran válidas en el imaginario social de los clientes. Las empresas encargadas de comercializar estas clases pre-coreografiadas de fitness grupal, a través de estudios de marketing y de la veracidad de los estudios de las ciencias legitimadoras, intentan posicionarse en el mercado, aumentar el capital y continuar desplegando el negocio

Abordaje de las prácticas corporales desde la teoría social contemporánea : El fitness y la danza en la ciudad de La Plata 2011

El presente trabajo aborda el tema del cuerpo y las prácticas corporales, considerando que este es un campo poco explorado desde la sociología. Para llevar adelante dicha investigación se tomaron principalmente las categorías propuestas por Bourdieu de: campo, habitus, y hexis corporal; así como también se tuvieron en cuanta los aportes de diversos autores contemporáneos que, en diálogo con el autor francés, proponen nuevas miradas sobre el tema del cuerpo. Se observaron dos prácticas corporales en particular: las prácticas de fitness y las prácticas de la danza contemporánea. A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, realizadas en diferentes espacios [diversos gimnasios, un centro de arte, un estudio de danza, un centro cultural y una escuela de danzas] de la ciudad de La Plata, se ha intentado reflexionar sobre cuáles son los motivos por los que los individuos recurren a una u otra actividad. Teniendo presentes las grandes diferencias que separan a estas dos actividades -debido primordialmente a que pertenecen a campos distintos de acción, el deportivo y el artístico- se ha indagado acerca de la relación que se entabla en cada práctica con el cuerpo; de esta manera se ha intentado explorar si existe o no una posible incidencia de la actividad sobre la forma de construir, pensar e interpretar el cuerpo, y en qué medida esta construcción se acerca al modelo de cuerpo socialmente legítimo. Considerando al cuerpo como una construcción social, este puede ser abordado desde múltiples perspectivas, esta tesina propone entonces pensar la construcción del cuerpo a través de las prácticas corporales

Discursos de poder en el fitness : El comercio de los entrenamientos que duelen

Investigar las prácticas del fitness puede suponer adentrarse en un camino incierto. La configuración histórica de este puzzle se constituye a partir de la comercialización de la gimnasia aeróbica. A partir de este modo de hacer gimnasia se construye un negocio en torno a diferentes productos, vestimentas, equipamientos, etc. Asimismo, para legitimar estas prácticas fue necesario utilizar los estudios e investigaciones que realizan las ciencias médicas. A través de estas ciencias la gimnasia aeróbica, y años más tarde, las clases de fitness grupal, se consideran válidas en el imaginario social de los clientes. Las empresas encargadas de comercializar estas clases pre-coreografiadas de fitness grupal, a través de estudios de marketing y de la veracidad de los estudios de las ciencias legitimadoras, intentan posicionarse en el mercado, aumentar el capital y continuar desplegando el negocio