Virtual Power Player Using Demand Response to Deal with Unexpected Low Wind Power Generation

Demand response is assumed as an essential resource to fully achieve the smart grids operating benefits, namely in the context of competitive markets and of the increasing use of renewable-based energy sources. Some advantages of Demand Response (DR) programs and of smart grids can only be achieved through the implementation of Real Time Pricing (RTP). The integration of the expected increasing amounts of distributed energy resources, as well as new players, requires new approaches for the changing operation of power systems. The methodology proposed in this paper aims the minimization of the operation costs in a distribution network operated by a virtual power player that manages the available energy resources focusing on hour ahead re-scheduling. When facing lower wind power generation than expected from day ahead forecast, demand response is used in order to minimize the impacts of such wind availability change. In this way, consumers actively participate in regulation up and spinning reserve ancillary services through demand response programs. Real time pricing is also applied. The proposed model is especially useful when actual and day ahead wind forecast differ significantly. Its application is illustrated in this paper implementing the characteristics of a real resources conditions scenario in a 33 bus distribution network with 32 consumers and 66 distributed generators.

Short-term Wind Forecasting to Support Virtual Power Player Operation

This paper proposes a wind speed forecasting model that contributes to the development and implementation of adequate methodologies for Energy Resource Man-agement in a distribution power network, with intensive use of wind based power generation. The proposed fore-casting methodology aims to support the operation in the scope of the intraday resources scheduling model, name-ly with a time horizon of 10 minutes. A case study using a real database from the meteoro-logical station installed in the GECAD renewable energy lab was used. A new wind speed forecasting model has been implemented and it estimated accuracy was evalu-ated and compared with a previous developed forecast-ing model. Using as input attributes the information of the wind speed concerning the previous 3 hours enables to obtain results with high accuracy for the wind short-term forecasting.

Maximizing the Social Welfare of Virtual Power Players Operation in Case of Excessive Wind Power

The integration of growing amounts of distributed generation in power systems, namely at distribution networks level, has been fostered by energy policies in several countries around the world, including in Europe. This intensive integration of distributed, non-dispatchable, and natural sources based generation (including wind power) has caused several changes in the operation and planning of power systems and of electricity markets. Sometimes the available non-dispatchable generation is higher than the demand. This generation must be used; otherwise it is wasted if not stored or used to supply additional demand. New policies and market rules, as well as new players, are needed in order to competitively integrate all the resources. The methodology proposed in this paper aims at the maximization of the social welfare in a distribution network operated by a virtual power player that aggregates and manages the available energy resources. When facing a situation of excessive non-dispatchable generation, including wind power, real time pricing is applied in order to induce the increase of consumption so that wind curtailment is minimized. This method is especially useful when actual and day-ahead resources forecast differ significantly. The distribution network characteristics and concerns are addressed by including the network constraints in the optimization model. The proposed methodology has been implemented in GAMS optimization tool and its application is illustrated in this paper using a real 937-bus distribution network with 20.310 consumers and 548 distributed generators, some of them non-dispatchable and with must take contracts. The implemented scenario corresponds to a real day in Portuguese power system.

Energy resources management in three distinct time horizons considering a large variation in wind power

The intensive use of distributed generation based on renewable resources increases the complexity of power systems management, particularly the short-term scheduling. Demand response, storage units and electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also pose new challenges to the short-term scheduling. However, these distributed energy resources can contribute significantly to turn the shortterm scheduling more efficient and effective improving the power system reliability. This paper proposes a short-term scheduling methodology based on two distinct time horizons: hour-ahead scheduling, and real-time scheduling considering the point of view of one aggregator agent. In each scheduling process, it is necessary to update the generation and consumption operation, and the storage and electric vehicles status. Besides the new operation condition, more accurate forecast values of wind generation and consumption are available, for the resulting of short-term and very short-term methods. In this paper, the aggregator has the main goal of maximizing his profits while, fulfilling the established contracts with the aggregated and external players.

Intelligent Remuneration and Tariffs for Virtual Power Players

Power systems have been through deep changes in recent years, namely due to the operation of competitive electricity markets in the scope the increasingly intensive use of renewable energy sources and distributed generation. This requires new business models able to cope with the new opportunities that have emerged. Virtual Power Players (VPPs) are a new type of player that allows aggregating a diversity of players (Distributed Generation (DG), Storage Agents (SA), Electrical Vehicles (V2G) and consumers) to facilitate their participation in the electricity markets and to provide a set of new services promoting generation and consumption efficiency, while improving players’ benefits. A major task of VPPs is the remuneration of generation and services (maintenance, market operation costs and energy reserves), as well as charging energy consumption. This paper proposes a model to implement fair and strategic remuneration and tariff methodologies, able to allow efficient VPP operation and VPP goals accomplishment in the scope of electricity markets.

Virtual Power Players Internal Negotiation and Management in MASCEM

Electricity Markets are not only a new reality but an evolving one as the involved players and rules change at a relatively high rate. Multi-agent simulation combined with Artificial Intelligence techniques may result in very helpful sophisticated tools. This paper presents a new methodology for the management of coalitions in electricity markets. This approach is tested using the multi-agent market simulator MASCEM (Multi-Agent Simulator of Competitive Electricity Markets), taking advantage of its ability to provide the means to model and simulate Virtual Power Players (VPP). VPPs are represented as coalitions of agents, with the capability of negotiating both in the market and internally, with their members in order to combine and manage their individual specific characteristics and goals, with the strategy and objectives of the VPP itself. A case study using real data from the Iberian Electricity Market is performed to validate and illustrate the proposed approach.

DC Fuzzy Multicriteria Approach to Increase the Probability of Delivering Power in Distribution Networks

This paper proposes a methodology to increase the probability of delivering power to any load point through the identification of new investments. The methodology uses a fuzzy set approach to model the uncertainty of outage parameters, load and generation. A DC fuzzy multicriteria optimization model considering the Pareto front and based on mixed integer non-linear optimization programming is developed in order to identify the adequate investments in distribution networks components which allow increasing the probability of delivering power to all customers in the distribution network at the minimum possible cost for the system operator, while minimizing the non supplied energy cost. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, the paper includes a case study which considers an 33 bus distribution network.

Decision support tool for Virtual Power Players: Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization applied to Day-ahead Vehicle-To-Grid Scheduling

This paper presents a decision support tool methodology to help virtual power players (VPPs) in the Smart Grid (SGs) context to solve the day-ahead energy resource scheduling considering the intensive use of Distributed Generation (DG) and Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G). The main focus is the application of a new hybrid method combing a particle swarm approach and a deterministic technique based on mixedinteger linear programming (MILP) to solve the day-ahead scheduling minimizing total operation costs from the aggregator point of view. A realistic mathematical formulation, considering the electric network constraints and V2G charging and discharging efficiencies is presented. Full AC power flow calculation is included in the hybrid method to allow taking into account the network constraints. A case study with a 33-bus distribution network and 1800 V2G resources is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

Reactive power management strategies in future smart grids

The reactive power management in distribution network with large penetration of distributed energy resources is an important task in future power systems. The control of reactive power allows the inclusion of more distributed recourses and a more efficient operation of distributed network. Currently, the reactive power is only controlled in large power plants and in high and very high voltage substations. In this paper, several reactive power control strategies considering a smart grids paradigm are proposed. In this context, the management of distributed energy resources and of the distribution network by an aggregator, namely Virtual Power Player (VPP), is proposed and implemented in a MAS simulation tool. The proposed methods have been computationally implemented and tested using a 32-bus distribution network with intensive use of distributed resources, mainly the distributed generation based on renewable resources. Results concerning the evaluation of the reactive power management algorithms are also presented and compared.

Increase of the Delivered Power Probability in Distribution Networks using Pareto DC Programming

A methodology to increase the probability of delivering power to any load point through the identification of new investments in distribution network components is proposed in this paper. The method minimizes the investment cost as well as the cost of energy not supplied in the network. A DC optimization model based on mixed integer non-linear programming is developed considering the Pareto front technique in order to identify the adequate investments in distribution networks components which allow increasing the probability of delivering power for any customer in the distribution system at the minimum possible cost for the system operator, while minimizing the energy not supplied cost. Thus, a multi-objective problem is formulated. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, the paper includes a case study which considers a 180 bus distribution network

MASCEM Restructuring: Ontologies For Scenarios Generation in Power Systems Simulators

The electricity market restructuring, along with the increasing necessity for an adequate integration of renewable energy sources, is resulting in an rising complexity in power systems operation. Various power system simulators have been introduced in recent years with the purpose of helping operators, regulators, and involved players to understand and deal with this complex environment. This paper focuses on the development of an upper ontology which integrates the essential concepts necessary to interpret all the available information. The restructuring of MASCEM (Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets), and this system’s integration with MASGriP (Multi-Agent Smart Grid Platform), and ALBidS (Adaptive Learning Strategic Bidding System) provide the means for the exemplification of the usefulness of this ontology. A practical example is presented, showing how common simulation scenarios for different simulators, directed to very distinct environments, can be created departing from the proposed ontology.

Real Time Pricing Approaches to Deal With Unexpected Wind Power Variations

The use of renewables have been increased I several countries around the world, namely in Europe. The wind power is generally the larger renewable resource with very specific characteristics in what concerns its variability and the inherent impacts in the power systems and electricity markets operation. This paper focuses on the Portuguese context of renewables use, including wind power. The work here presented includes the use of a real time pricing methodology developed by the authors aiming the reduction of electricity consumption in the moments of unexpected low wind power. A more specific example of application of real time pricing is demonstrated for the minimization of the operation costs in a distribution network. When facing lower wind power generation than expected from day ahead forecast, demand response is used in order to minimize the impacts of such wind availability change. In this way, consumers actively participate in regulation up and spinning reserve ancillary services through demand response programs.

Real-Time Tariffs for Electric Vehicles in Wind Power based Power Systems

The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will change significantly the planning and management of power systems in a near future. This paper proposes a real-time tariff strategy for the charge process of the EVs. The main objective is to evaluate the influence of real-time tariffs in the EVs owners’ behaviour and also the impact in load diagram. The paper proposes the energy price variation according to the relation between wind generation and power consumption. The proposed strategy was tested in two different days in the Danish power system. January 31st and August 13th 2013 were selected because of the high quantities of wind generation. The main goal is to evaluate the changes in the EVs charging diagram with the energy price preventing wind curtailment.

Problemas associados à instalação de subestações de energia em malha urbana. Caso de estudo da subestação de parceiros em Leiria

No âmbito do desenvolvimento da dissertação do Mestrado de Engenharia Eletrotécnica – Sistemas Elétricos de Energia, surgiu a oportunidade de participar no desenvolvimento de um projeto integrante numa subestação de energia. O presente caso de estudo tem em vista a resolução de condicionantes na conceção desta subestação, tais como cumprir requisitos estéticos projetando todo o tipo de equipamentos dentro de edifícios, a ventilação das salas de transformação assim como insonorização de todo o ruído produzido de forma a cumprir os limites legais e não perturbar a vizinhança. A presente subestação de energia está situada numa zona urbana da cidade de Leiria, localidade de Parceiros, dando origem ao nome Subestação de Energia de Parceiros. Esta subestação pertence ao cliente Energias de Portugal, conhecida como EDP, e visa o melhoramento da distribuição do serviço eléctrico. As tradicionais subestações de energia, com aparência bastante desenquadrada dos meios urbanos, representam um entrave ao nível da aproximação destes centros de produção energética às zonas urbanas, comprometendo a melhoria da rede elétrica. Desta forma, foi implementada a tecnologia Gas-Insolated Switchgear e permite o enquadramento destes centros energéticos em zonas urbanas, constituindo mais um edifício urbano na zona onde se insere. Esta substitui os convencionais barramentos existentes nos Parques Exteriores de Aparelhagem das subestações e apresenta-se com dimensões muito reduzidas quando comparadas com as estruturas instaladas nestes parques. Dado que esta tecnologia é desenvolvida no sentido de permitir a construção destes centros energéticos em zonas urbanas, podem ser alojadas dentro de edifícios produzindo assim vantagens ao nível estético, não perturbando a paisagem. Dado que os principais equipamentos de funcionamento na subestação de Parceiros, nomeadamente o Transformador de Potência, se encontram instalados num edifício completamente fechado, foram construídas duas salas de ventilação, na parte superior deste edifício, cada uma adjacente a uma sala de transformação. O transformador instalado possui elevadas dimensões, pesando 53000 kg e contendo 11000 kg de óleo que em estado normal de funcionamento circula por quase todo o interior da máquina a elevadas temperaturas, provocando um aquecimento elevado no interior do edifício o que condiciona o bom funcionamento do transformador. Para ultrapassar esta condicionante foi realizado um estudo de um sistema de ventilação capaz de avaliar e controlar os valores térmicos existentes e proceder à circulação de ar, que será movimentado ou bloqueado, recorrendo a um sistema autónomo, mantendo a temperatura ideal nas salas de transformação. Este autómato é o cérebro de toda a cadeia lógica que, mediante as leituras efetuadas irá dar ordens de atuação aos diversos equipamentos. Apesar dos TP estarem protegidos dentro do edifício, estes produzem um maior ruído. A necessidade da existência do referido sistema de ventilação das divisões de funcionamento destas máquinas, implica a utilização de aparelhos que, apesar da sua evolução tecnológica os torna cada vez menos ruidosos, mas geram sempre alguma perturbação, o que pode representar um problema no cumprimento do regulamento geral do ruído.

Modelação numérica de uma caldeira doméstica a pellets

A biomassa é uma das fontes de energia renovável com maior potencial em Portugal, sendo a capacidade de produção de pellets de biomassa atualmente instalada superior a 1 milhão de toneladas/ano. Contudo, a maioria desta produção destina-se à exportação ou à utilização em centrais térmicas a biomassa, cujo crescimento tem sido significativo nos últimos anos, prevendo-se que a capacidade instalada em 2020 seja de aproximadamente 250 MW. O mercado português de caldeiras a pellets é bastante diversificado. O estudo que realizamos permitiu concluir que cerca de 90% das caldeiras existentes no mercado português têm potências inferiores a 60 kW, possuindo na sua maioria grelha fixa (81%), com sistema de ignição eléctrica (92%) e alimentação superior do biocombustível sólido (94%). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo para simulação de uma caldeira a pellets de biomassa, que para além de permitir otimizar o projeto e operação deste tipo de equipamento, permitisse avaliar as inovações tecnológicas nesta área. Para tal recorreu-se o BiomassGasificationFoam, um código recentemente publicado, e escrito para utilização com o OpenFOAM, uma ferramenta computacional de acesso livre, que permite a simulação dos processos de pirólise, gasificação e combustão de biomassa. Este código, que foi inicialmente desenvolvido para descrever o processo de gasificação na análise termogravimétrica de biomassa, foi por nós adaptado para considerar as reações de combustão em fase gasosa dos gases libertados durante a pirólise da biomassa (recorrendo para tal ao solver reactingFoam), e ter a possibilidade de realizar a ignição da biomassa, o que foi conseguido através de uma adaptação do código de ignição do XiFoam. O esquema de ignição da biomassa não se revelou adequado, pois verificou-se que a combustão parava sempre que a ignição era inativada, independentemente do tempo que ela estivesse ativa. Como alternativa, usaram-se outros dois esquemas para a combustão da biomassa: uma corrente de ar quente, e uma resistência de aquecimento. Ambos os esquemas funcionaram, mas nunca foi possível fazer com que a combustão fosse autossustentável. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que a extensão das reações de pirólise e de gasificação, que são ambas endotérmicas, é muito pequena, pelo que a quantidade de gases libertados é igualmente muito pequena, não sendo suficiente para libertar a energia necessária à combustão completa da biomassa de uma maneira sustentável. Para tentar ultrapassar esta dificuldade foram testadas várias alternativas, , que incluíram o uso de diferentes composições de biomassa, diferentes cinéticas, calores de reação, parâmetros de transferência de calor, velocidades do ar de alimentação, esquemas de resolução numérica do sistema de equações diferenciais, e diferentes parâmetros dos esquemas de resolução utilizados. Todas estas tentativas se revelaram infrutíferas. Este estudo permitiu concluir que o solver BiomassGasificationFoam, que foi desenvolvido para descrever o processo de gasificação de biomassa em meio inerte, e em que a biomassa é aquecida através de calor fornecido pelas paredes do reator, aparentemente não é adequado à descrição do processo de combustão da biomassa, em que a combustão deve ser autossustentável, e em que as reações de combustão em fase gasosa são importantes. Assim, é necessário um estudo mais aprofundado que permita adaptar este código à simulação do processo de combustão de sólidos porosos em leito fixo.