Adaptando Metalib al usuario : la experiencia de la UOC

The implementation of Metalib in UOC's Library was framed within a project centred on the end user. For the adaptation of Metalib to the users' needs and search behaviour, we carried out three tests: - One with students, conducted by a consulting company; - A second one with teachers, carried out by the Library; - The third, with teachers and staff, also was carried out by the Library, after having made some changes resulting from the first and second tests. The tests, made with the software Morae, underlined a number of difficulties to understand the concepts related to metasearching. The tests also showed difficulties in navigating and in managing search results. All the information gathered was used to improve navigation through the interface. The presentation tells about the tests' methodology, the conclusions reached through this experience, and the decisions finally taken by the Library to improve the Metalib interface.

Prospective motion correction of 3D echo-planar imaging data for functional MRI using optical tracking.

We evaluated the performance of an optical camera based prospective motion correction (PMC) system in improving the quality of 3D echo-planar imaging functional MRI data. An optical camera and external marker were used to dynamically track the head movement of subjects during fMRI scanning. PMC was performed by using the motion information to dynamically update the sequence's RF excitation and gradient waveforms such that the field-of-view was realigned to match the subject's head movement. Task-free fMRI experiments on five healthy volunteers followed a 2×2×3 factorial design with the following factors: PMC on or off; 3.0mm or 1.5mm isotropic resolution; and no, slow, or fast head movements. Visual and motor fMRI experiments were additionally performed on one of the volunteers at 1.5mm resolution comparing PMC on vs PMC off for no and slow head movements. Metrics were developed to quantify the amount of motion as it occurred relative to k-space data acquisition. The motion quantification metric collapsed the very rich camera tracking data into one scalar value for each image volume that was strongly predictive of motion-induced artifacts. The PMC system did not introduce extraneous artifacts for the no motion conditions and improved the time series temporal signal-to-noise by 30% to 40% for all combinations of low/high resolution and slow/fast head movement relative to the standard acquisition with no prospective correction. The numbers of activated voxels (p<0.001, uncorrected) in both task-based experiments were comparable for the no motion cases and increased by 78% and 330%, respectively, for PMC on versus PMC off in the slow motion cases. The PMC system is a robust solution to decrease the motion sensitivity of multi-shot 3D EPI sequences and thereby overcome one of the main roadblocks to their widespread use in fMRI studies.

KLF2 mutation is the most frequent somatic change in splenic marginal zone lymphoma and identifies a subset with distinct genotype.

To characterise the genetics of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), we performed whole exome sequencing of 16 cases and identified novel recurrent inactivating mutations in Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a gene whose deficiency was previously shown to cause splenic marginal zone hyperplasia in mice. KLF2 mutation was found in 40 (42%) of 96 SMZLs, but rarely in other B-cell lymphomas. The majority of KLF2 mutations were frameshift indels or nonsense changes, with missense mutations clustered in the C-terminal zinc finger domains. Functional assays showed that these mutations inactivated the ability of KLF2 to suppress NF-κB activation by TLR, BCR, BAFFR and TNFR signalling. Further extensive investigations revealed common and distinct genetic changes between SMZL with and without KLF2 mutation. IGHV1-2 rearrangement and 7q deletion were primarily seen in SMZL with KLF2 mutation, while MYD88 and TP53 mutations were nearly exclusively found in those without KLF2 mutation. NOTCH2, TRAF3, TNFAIP3 and CARD11 mutations were observed in SMZL both with and without KLF2 mutation. Taken together, KLF2 mutation is the most common genetic change in SMZL and identifies a subset with a distinct genotype characterised by multi-genetic changes. These different genetic changes may deregulate various signalling pathways and generate cooperative oncogenic properties, thereby contributing to lymphomagenesis.

Metsäteollisuuden sivutuotepolttoaineiden hyödyntäminen Etelä-Karjalassa

Tässä diplomityössä on selvitetty merkittävimpien kotimaisten polttoaineiden määrät Etelä-Karjalassa vuonna 1999. Pääpaino työssä on metsäteollisuuden sivutuotepolttoaineiden tarkastelussa. Metsähakkeelle ja kierrätyspolttoaineille on määritetty tuotantopotentiaalit. Myös turpeen tuotantomäärät on selvitetty. Lisäksi työssä on tarkasteltu alueella sijaitsevien teollisuuslaitosten ja kuntien energialaitosten polttoaineiden käyttöä. Työn tuloksia käytetään tutkimuksen seuraavassa vaiheessa, jolloin pyritään kehittämään teollisuusyritysten ja yhdyskuntien välistä energiaintegraatiota. Etelä-Karjalan kemiallisen metsäteollisuuden oman käytön ylijäävä sivutuotepolttoaineiden määrä oli vuonna 1999 yli 230 000 k-m3 (370 GWh). Mekaanisen metsäteollisuuden vastaava luku oli noin 210 000 k-m3 (330 GWh). Puunkäyttömäärien, energiankäyttötietojen ja kirjallisuudesta saatavien osuuksien perusteella mekaanisen metsäteollisuuden sivutuotepolttoaineiden oman käytön ylijäävä määrä olisi noin 350 000 k-m3 (580 GWh). Eroa selittävät lähinnä tilastolliset virheet, sivutuoteliiketoiminnan vähyys ja vaihtoehtoiset käyttökohteet. Metsähakkeen tuotantopotentiaali oli vuoden 1999 hakkuutietoihin perustuen yli 640 000 k-m3, josta tekniset, taloudelliset ja ympäristölliset seikat huomioiden noin 210 000 k-m3 (410 GWh) olisi voitu hyödyntää energiantuotannossa. Etelä-Karjalassa vuonna 1999 syntyneistä jätemääristä olisi arvioiden mukaan voitu valmistaa noin 25 000 tonnia (100 GWh) kierrätyspolttoaineita. Kierrätyspolttoaineiden valmistus alkaa Joutsenossa vuosien 2003 - 2004 välillä. Turpeen tuotantomäärä oli vuonna 1999 noin 1 200 000 tonnia (1020 GWh). Etelä-Karjalan teollisuus ja kuntien energialaitokset käyttivät vuonna 1999 yli 17400 GWh polttoaineita. Ostopolttoaineiden tarve oli noin 4700 GWh, josta lähes 85 % täytettiin maakaasulla. Alueen kunnista kaikki, joissa ei ole kemiallista metsäteollisuutta, pystyisivät teoriassa täyttämään teollisuuden ja energialaitostensa ostopolttoaineiden tarpeen oman kunnan alueelta saatavilla kotimaisilla polttoaineilla.

Leri's pleonosteosis, a congenital rheumatic disease, results from microduplication at 8q22.1 encompassing GDF6 and SDC2 and provides insight into systemic sclerosis pathogenesis.

OBJECTIVES: Leri's pleonosteosis (LP) is an autosomal dominant rheumatic condition characterised by flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints, limited motion of multiple joints, and short broad metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Scleroderma-like skin thickening can be seen in some individuals with LP. We undertook a study to characterise the phenotype of LP and identify its genetic basis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in two families with LP defined microduplications of chromosome 8q22.1 as the cause of this condition. Expression analysis of dermal fibroblasts from affected individuals showed overexpression of two genes, GDF6 and SDC2, within the duplicated region, leading to dysregulation of genes that encode proteins of the extracellular matrix and downstream players in the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway. Western blot analysis revealed markedly decreased inhibitory SMAD6 levels in patients with LP. Furthermore, in a cohort of 330 systemic sclerosis cases, we show that the minor allele of a missense SDC2 variant, p.Ser71Thr, could confer protection against disease (p<1×10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS: Our work identifies the genetic cause of LP in these two families, demonstrates the phenotypic range of the condition, implicates dysregulation of extracellular matrix homoeostasis genes in its pathogenesis, and highlights the link between TGF-β/SMAD signalling, growth/differentiation factor 6 and syndecan-2. We propose that LP is an additional member of the growing 'TGF-β-pathies' group of musculoskeletal disorders, which includes Myhre syndrome, acromicric dysplasia, geleophysic dysplasias, Weill-Marchesani syndromes and stiff skin syndrome. Identification of a systemic sclerosis-protective SDC2 variant lays the foundation for exploration of the role of syndecan-2 in systemic sclerosis in the future.

Growth, production and quality of pineapple in response to herbicide use

In pineapple fields, weed competition is exacerbated by the fact that the crop is small and has a very slow vegetative development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of herbicides on growth, yield and quality of pineapple, cultivar 'Pérola'. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of weeding by hoe and the herbicides diuron; fluazifop-p-butyl and atrazine + S-metolachlor applied in post-emergence. The characteristics evaluated monthly during the vegetative stage were stem diameter, D-leaf length, number of leaves, number of emitted leaves and percentage of natural floral induction. In the reproductive phase, evaluations were made of average fruit weight (g) with and without crown, fruits length and diameter, number of slip, slip-sucker and sucker type seedlings, determination of soluble solids and pH in the pulp. There was no effect of herbicide treatment on the vegetative growth characteristics. Stem diameter increased until 330 days after planting, showing a decrease after this period. The D-leaf grew over time in all treatments, although phytotoxicity symptoms were observed after the first application of herbicides. The traits evaluated on the reproductive phase showed no significant differences in response to treatments. Therefore, the use of diuron fluazifop-p-butyl and atrazine + S-metolachlor did not affect growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapple, cultivar 'Pérola'.

Épocas de aplicação de proexadione cálcio no controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo de macieiras 'Imperial Gala '

O controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo é fundamental na cultura da macieira, a fim de aumentar a eficiência produtiva e a qualidade dos frutos produzidos. O desenvolvimento dos ramos pode ser reduzido pelo uso de substâncias inibidoras da biossíntese de giberelinas, como o proexadione cálcio, sendo a resposta deste fitorregulador dependente do padrão sazonal do crescimento da parte aérea. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes épocas de aplicação de proexadione cálcio no controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo de macieiras 'Imperial Gala', nas condições climáticas do Sul do Brasil. No ciclo de 2008/2009, foram avaliadas seis épocas de aplicação de 330 g ha-1 de proexadione cálcio (28; 58; 88; 118; 148 e 178 dias após a plena floração - DAPF) e sete épocas de aplicação em 2009/2010 (20; 50; 80; 110; 140, 170 e 200 DAPF), além do tratamento-testemunha. Aplicações de proexadione cálcio a 330 g ha-1, realizadas aos 20 a 28 dias após a plena floração reduzem o comprimento médio e a massa fresca média dos ramos podados em macieiras 'Imperial Gala'.

Crescimento vegetativo de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema' sob influência da época de aplicação de proexadione cálcio

O uso de reguladores de crescimento que atuam na biossíntese de giberelinas, como o proexadione cálcio, pode possibilitar adequado balanço entre o desenvolvimento vegetativo e o reprodutivo, fundamental para a maximização dos índices produtivos. No entanto, a resposta ao uso deste regulador de crescimento depende do padrão de crescimento dos ramos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes épocas de aplicação de proexadione cálcio no controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema', sob condições climáticas do Sul do Brasil. Avaliaram-se diferentes épocas de aplicação de proexadione cálcio, a 330 g ha-1, em dois ciclos produtivos, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com dez repetições compostas por uma planta. No ciclo de 2008/2009, foram avaliadas seis épocas de aplicação (28; 58; 88; 118; 148 e 178 dias após a plena floração - DAPF). No ciclo de 2009/2010, foram avaliadas sete épocas (20; 50; 80; 110; 140; 170 e 200 DAPF), ambas comparadas com o tratamento-testemunha(sem aplicação). O proexadione cálcio em uma única aplicação, a 330 g ha-1, aplicado até 28 dias após a plena floração, pode reduzir o número, a massa e o comprimento médio dos ramos podados em macieiras 'Fuji Suprema'; porém, sobre condições que favoreçam o demasiado desenvolvimento vegetativo, o efeito mostra-se nulo. O uso de 330 g ha-1 de proexadione cálcio em uma única aplicação, indiferentemente da época de aplicação, não altera a produção de macieiras 'Fuji Suprema'.

Growth and production of irrigated vitória pineapple grown in semi-arid conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the growth characteristics of irrigated Vitória pineapple plants grown in semi-arid conditions and determine its developmental stages based on those characteristics. It was used a randomized block design with four replicates. The experimental treatments were: plant harvest at 270, 330, 390, 450, 510, 570, 690, 750, and 810 days after planting (DAP). The following variables were determined: plant height, stem diameter, D-leaf length, D-leaf fresh and dry mass, biomass production of plants and plant parts (organs), and vegetative biomass. Five phenological stages are proposed based on vegetative biomass production: < 20% biomass production (V1); 21-40% (V2); 41-60% (V3); 61-80% (V4); and > 80% (V5). The maximum growth rate for plant height, D-leaf length, and stem diameter was observed at the end of the phenological stage V1 (390-411 DAP), and at the end of stage V5 these plant traits had average values of 106, 82, and 7 cm, respectively. The maximum biomass accumulation rates were observed at stages V4 and V5, resulting in a final fruit yield and total fresh biomass of 72 t ha-1 and 326 t ha-1, respectively. Finally, we estimated that 80% of the accumulated biomass may remain in the field after fruit and slip harvest, and could be incorporated as plant residue into the soil.

L'anticoagulation du patient âgé en fibrillation atriale: que prescrivent les cardiologues, les gériatres et les médecins généralistes [Anticoagulation in the aged patient with atrial fibrillation: What are prescribing cardiologists, geriatricians and general practitioners?].

OBJECTIVE: To assess prescribing of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly, both a quantitative point of view (rate of anticoagulation) and qualitative (type of anticoagulation). Determinants of prescribing and non-prescribing were also analysed. METHODS: Prospective survey of practice, based on one clinical case and questionnaire conducted in 60 practitioners (20 cardiologists [C], 20 geriatricians [G] and 20 general practitioners [GP]). RESULTS: In reading the clinical case, 88.3% of physicians would have initiated a treatment; three types of treatments would have been chosen: AVK (68.3%), ODA (20.0%) and platelet antiaggregant (11.7%). Criteria taken into account to initiate anticoagulation varied according to the specialty. Cardiologists considered more the age criteria (C: 95.0%, G: 75.0%, MG: 60.0%; P<0.05), diabetes (C: 90.0%, G: 60.0%, MG: 55.0%; P<0.05), hypertension (C: 85.0%, G: 55.0%, MG: 60.0%; P<0.05) and female gender (C: 80.0%, G: 35.0%, MG: 25.0%; P<0.05). The quality of renal function was however a more secondary criteria (C: 15.0%, G: 5.0%, MG: 0.0%; P<0.05). General practitioners considered most frequently the presence of underlying heart disease (C: 35.0%, G: 5.0%, MG: 45.0%; P<0.05) as well as usual cardiovascular risk factors (overweight, dyslipidaemia; P<0.05). Risk of bleeding, however, was observed by 76.7% of physicians in the clinical situation presented (C: 70.0%, G: 75.0%, MG: 85.0%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This survey confirms that the FA remains under anticoagulated in the elderly and the barriers to the prescription of oral anticoagulation are often without rational basis.

Study of Johnsons Glacier (Livingston Island, Antarctica) by means of shallow ice cores and their tephra and by analysis of 137Cs content

With the aim of monitoring the dynamics of the Livingston Island ice cap, the Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica of the Universitat de Barcelona began ye a r ly surveys in the austral summer of 1994-95 on Johnsons Glacier. During this field campaign 10 shallow ice cores were sampled with a manual ve rtical ice-core drilling machine. The objectives were: i) to detect the tephra layer accumulated on the glacier surface, attributed to the 1970 Deception Island pyroclastic eruption, today interstratified; ii) to verify wheter this layer might serve as a reference level; iii) to measure the 1 3 7Cs radio-isotope concentration accumulated in the 1965 snow stratum; iv) to use the isochrone layer as a mean of verifying the age of the 1970 tephra layer; and, v) to calculate both the equilibrium line of the glacier and average mass balance over the last 28 years (1965-1993). The stratigr a p hy of the cores, their cumulative density curves and the isothermal ice temperatures recorded confi rm that Johnsons Glacier is a temperate glacier. Wi n d, solar radiation heating and liquid water are the main agents controlling the ve rtical and horizontal redistribution of the volcanic and cryoclastic particles that are sedimented and remain interstratified within the g l a c i e r. It is because of this redistribution that the 1970 tephra layer does not always serve as a ve ry good reference level. The position of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) in 1993, obtained by the 1 3 7Cs spectrometric analysis, varies from about 200 m a.s.l. to 250 m a.s.l. This indicates a rising trend in the equilibrium line altitude from the beginning of the 1970s to the present day. The va rying slope orientation of Johnsons Glacier relative to the prevailing NE wind gives rise to large local differences in snow accumulation, which locally modifies the equilibrium line altitude. In the cores studied, 1 3 7Cs appears to be associated with the 1970 tephra laye r. This indicates an intense ablation episode throughout the sampled area (at least up to 330 m a.s.l), which probably occurred synchronically to the 1970 tephra deposition or later. A rough estimate of the specific mass balance reveals a considerable accumulation gradient related to the increase with altitude.

Accessory phases as a tool to investigate magmatic underplating in polymetamorphic metasediments : an example from a fossil lower crust : Ivrea Verbano zne, NW Italy

The Ivrea and the Strona-Ceneri zones, NW italy and S Switzerland, offer the possibility to study the continental crust of the Southern Alps. Because of its high metamorphic degree and the abundant Permo- Carboniferous mafic intrusions, the Ivrea Zone is classically interpreted an exposed section trough the Permian lower crust. The present work is focused here on metasedimentary slices (septa) intercalated within Permian gabbro (mafic complex). In particular I studied the evolution of accessory phases such as rutile and zircon and the chemistry of the metasediments. The septa build an irregular and discontinuous band that cut obliquely the mafic complex from its deepest part (N) to its roof (S). The chemistry of the metasediments evolves along the band and the chemical evolution can be compared with that observed in the country-rock surrounding the mafic intrusion to the NE and overprinted by a main regional metamorphic event. This suggests that the degree of chemical depletion of the septa was mainly established during the same regional metamorphic event. Moreover it suggests that incorporation of the septa within the gabbro did not modify their original stratigraphie distribution within the crust. It implies that the mafic complex has been emplaced following a dynamic substantially different from the classic model of « gabbro glacier » (Quick et al., 1992; Quick et al., 1994). It is more likely that it has been emplaced by repeated injections of sills at different depths during a protracted period of time. Zircon trace elements and U-Pb ages suggest that regional metamorphism occurred 330-320Ma, the first sills in the deepest part of the Mafic Complex are injected at ~300Ma, the mafic magmas reached higher levels in the crust at 285Ma and the magmatic activity continued locally until 275Ma. The ages of detrital cores in zircons fix the maximal sedimentation age at ~370Ma, this age corresponds therefore with the maximal age of the incorporation of the Ivrea zone within the lower crust. I propose that the Ivrea zone has been accreted to the lower crust during the Hercynian orogeny sensu lato. The analysis of detrital ages suggests that the source terrains for the Ivrea zone and those for the Strona-Ceneri zone have a completely different Palaeozoic history. The systematic analysis of rutile in partially molten metasediments of the Ivrea zone reveals the occurrence of two generations. The two generations are characterized by a different chemistry and textural distribution. A first generation is formed during pro-grade metamorphism in the restitic counterpart. The second generation is formed in the melts during cooling at the same time that part of the first generation re-equilibrate. Re-equilibration of the first generation seems to be spatially controlled by the presence of fluids. Locally the second generation forms overgrowths on the first generation. Considered the different diffusivity of U and Pb in rutile, U heterogeneities have important implication for U-Pb dating of rutile. ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS dating coupled with a careful textural investigation (SEM) suggest that rutile grains are characterized by multiple path along which Pb diffusion can occur: volume diffusion is an important process, but intragrain and subgrain boundaries provide additional high diffusivity pathways for Pb escape and reduce drastically the effective diffusion length. -- La zone d'Ivrea et la zone de Strona-Ceneri, en Italie nord-occidentale et Suisse méridionale, offrent la possibilité d'étudier la croûte continentale des Alpes du Sud. En raison du haut degré métamorphique et l'abondance d'intrusions mafiques d'âge Permo-Carbonifère [complexe mafique), la zone d'Ivrea est interprétée classiquement comme de la croûte inférieure permienne. Ce travail ce concentre sur des bandes metasédimentaires (septa) incorporées dans les magmas mafiques lors de l'intrusion. Les septa forment une bande irrégulière qui coupe obliquement le complexe mafique du bas (N) vers le haut (S). La chimie des septa évolue du bas vers le haut et l'évolution chimique se rapproche de l'évolution observé dans la roche encaissante l'intrusion affecté par un événement métamorphique régionale. Cette relation suggère que le degré d'appauvrissement chimique des septa a été établit principalement lors de l'événement métamorphique régional. De plus l'incorporation dans les gabbros n'a pas perturbée la distribution stratigraphique originelle des septa. Ces deux observations impliquent que le métamorphisme dans la roche encaissante précède la mise en place du gabbro et que cette dernière ne se fait pas selon le modèle classique (« gabbro glacier » de Quick et al., 1992, 1994), mais se fait plutôt par injections répétées de sills a différentes profondeurs. Les âges U-Pb et les éléments traces des zircons suggèrent que le métamorphisme régionale a eu lieu 330-320Ma, alors que les premiers sills dans la partie profonde du Mafic Complex s'injectent à ~300Ma, le magmatisme mafique atteigne des niveaux supérieurs à 285Ma et continue localement jusqu'à 270Ma. Les âges des coeurs détritiques des zircons permettent de fixer l'âge maximale de sédimentation à ~370Ma ce qui correspond donc à l'âge maximale de l'incorporation de la zone d'Ivrea dans la croûte inférieur. L'analyse systématique des rutiles, nous a permit de montrer l'existence de plusieurs générations qui ont une répartition texturale et une chimie différente. Une génération se forme lors de l'événement UHT dans les restites, une autre génération se forme dans les liquides lors du refroidissement, au même temps qu'une partie de la première génération se rééquilibre au niveau du Zr. Localement la deuxième génération peut former des surcroissances autour de la première génération. Dans ces cas, des fortes différences en uranium entre les deux générations ont des importantes implications pour la datation U-Pb sur rutile. Classiquement les ratios Pb/U dans le rutile sont interprétés comme indiquant l'âges du refroidissement du minéral sous une température à la quelle la diffusion du Pb dans le minéral n'est plus détectable et la diffusion à plus hautes températures est assumée se faire par «volume diffusion» dans le grain (Mezger et al., 1989). Par des datations ID-TIMS (sur grain entier) et LA-ICPMS (in-situ) et une analyse texturale (MEB) approfondie nous montrons que cette supposition est trop simpliste et que le rutile est repartie en sous-domaines. Chacun de ces domaines a ça propre longueur ou chemin de diffusion spécifique. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle approche plus cohérente pour l'interprétation des âges U-Pb sur rutile.

Convergència i Unió, del nacionalismo moderado al secesionismo: cambio de posición de los partidos nacionalistas y sistema de gobierno multinivel

El 11 de septiembre de 2012 una multitudinaria manifestación en Barcelona con motivo de la fiesta nacional catalana bajo el lema “Catalunya Nou Estat d’Europa”, convocada por la Asamblea Nacional Catalana, una asociación partidaria de la independencia de Catalunya, acabó precipitando un avance electoral. CiU se presentó a las nuevas elecciones con el compromiso de realizar una consulta sobre la autodeterminación de Catalunya y con un programa que incluía medidas para la creación de un estado independiente. La invocación de CiU al derecho a autodeterminación no era una novedad ya que desde los años 90, en CDC dicha propuesta aparece es aprobada en los congresos del partido y ya en el programa electoral de 2010 está claramente explicitada. Sin embargo en las elecciones de 2012 dicha cuestión monopoliza la campaña electoral y marca la agenda política catalana. Este trabajo se propone demostrar que CiU ha experimentado un cambio de posición en la dimensión centro-periferia y que ha pasado de ser un partido nacionalista moderado a ser un partido secesionista y se sostiene que este cambio de posición se debe, en parte, a la naturaleza multinivel del sistema político español. El interés del estudio de caso radica en que puede permitir avanzar en el conocimiento del cambio de posición de los partidos nacionalistas y también verificar la influencia de variables institucionales en el cambio de posición de los partidos ambos aspectos bastante ignorados por la literatura sobre el cambio de posición en los partidos hasta ahora.

Sexual dimorphism in cancer.

The incidence of many types of cancer arising in organs with non-reproductive functions is significantly higher in male populations than in female populations, with associated differences in survival. Occupational and/or behavioural factors are well-known underlying determinants. However, cellular and molecular differences between the two sexes are also likely to be important. In this Opinion article, we focus on the complex interplay that sex hormones and sex chromosomes can have in intrinsic control of cancer-initiating cell populations, the tumour microenvironment and systemic determinants of cancer development, such as the immune system and metabolism. A better appreciation of these differences between the two sexes could be of substantial value for cancer prevention as well as treatment.