Tiedevalistuksella menee hyvin - mutta menköön!

Jan Rydman

Four 13-lipoxygenases contribute to rapid jasmonate synthesis in wounded Arabidopsis thaliana leaves: a role for lipoxygenase 6 in responses to long-distance wound signals.

Damage-inducible defenses in plants are controlled in part by jasmonates, fatty acid-derived regulators that start to accumulate within 30 s of wounding a leaf. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we sought to identify the 13-lipoxygenases (13-LOXs) that initiate wound-induced jasmonate synthesis within a 190-s timeframe in Arabidopsis thaliana in 19 single, double, triple and quadruple mutant combinations derived from the four 13-LOX genes in this plant. All four 13-LOXs were found to contribute to jasmonate synthesis in wounded leaves: among them LOX6 showed a unique behavior. The relative contribution of LOX6 to jasmonate synthesis increased with distance from a leaf tip wound, and LOX6 was the only 13-LOX necessary for the initiation of early jasmonate synthesis in leaves distal to the wounded leaf. Herbivory assays that compared Spodoptera littoralis feeding on the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A lox6A quadruple mutant and the lox2-1 lox3B lox4A triple mutant revealed a role for LOX6 in defense of the shoot apical meristem. Consistent with this, we found that LOX6 promoter activity was strong in the apical region of rosettes. The LOX6 promoter was active in and near developing xylem cells and in expression domains we term subtrichomal mounds.

Kuka kesyttäisi teknologian?

Kalle Michelsen

Escala de madurez gonadal de cabrilla Paralabrax humeralis (Valenciennes, 1828)

Se realiza la validación de la escala de madurez gonadal macroscópica de la cabrilla Paralabrax humeralis. Se analizaron 197 ovarios y 188 testículos provenientes del seguimiento de la pesquería demersal y cruceros de investigación de recursos demersales en el 2005 (Enero-febrero y mayo-junio). Sobre la base del análisis histológico se asignó a cada individuo un estadio de madurez macroscópico. Se realizó la descripción de los estadios de madurez que van desde el estadio 0 (virginal) hasta el 5 (recuperación en hembras, post expulsante en machos). Se realizó una comparación con escalas anteriormente realizadas, discutiendo además los beneficios de su uso.

Eurooppalaisen tutkimuksen haasteet

Jorma Routti

Variabilidad espacial de la pesquería de Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny, 1835) calamar gigante del 2004 al 2012

Se efectuó un análisis de la distribución espacial de operaciones de pesca de la flota calamarera industrial dentro y fuera de la zona económica exclusiva peruana (ZEE) con relación a la temperatura superficial de mar (TSM) y concentración de clorofila-a (Cl-a) para el periodo 2004-2012. La data de operaciones de pesca se dividió en tres periodos en función a distancia a la costa considerando regulaciones de pesca, de enero 2004 a octubre 2010, de noviembre 2010 a diciembre 2011 y 2012. Durante el primer periodo, se identificaron dos patrones mensuales de distribución espacial, de enero a julio fue a lo largo del litoral desde Paita (5°S) hasta San Juan de Marcona (15°22’S) y de agosto a diciembre entre Chimbote y Paita. En el segundo periodo, las operaciones de pesca formaron pequeñas concentraciones y puntos de pesca dispersas debido a la restricción de pesca dentro de las 80 millas náuticas desde noviembre del 2010. Durante el 2012 la flota se localizó fuera de la ZEE. Las mayores concentraciones de la flota se ubicaron entre 30 a 90 millas náuticas de la costa. Mayores concentraciones de pesca se localizaron en Paita-Chimbote (5°-9°S) y Callao- San Juan de Marcona (12°03’-15°22’S). Las faenas de pesca se realizaron en un rango amplio de TSM entre 14,1 y 26,8 °C, con mayor incidencia en temperaturas entre 18,4 a 22 °C, con tendencia a localizarse en áreas de mayor temperatura durante los últimos años. Respecto a la clorofila-a, la flota faenó entre concentraciones de clorofila-a de 0 a 9,5 mg/m3 dentro de la ZEE, y entre 0,2 y 0,5 mg/m3 fuera de la ZEE. Se observó un patrón de distribución de flota, asociado a las anomalías de temperatura superficial de mar del área El Niño 1+2, a la distribución latitudinal y una variabilidad cíclica mensual de la TSM.

Interaction of alpha-melanotropin with central dopamine systems: role of hormonal state and molecular structure

The tubero-infundibular and nigrostriatal DA neurone systems of rats respond to systemic (i.p.) injection of alpha-MSH (2-100 microgram/kg). The response of the tubero-infundibular (arcuate) DA neurones, an increase in cellular fluorescence intensity which can be interpreted as a sign of increased neuronal activity, is essentially the same in males, estrogen-progesterone-pretreated ovariectomized females and hypophysectomized males, whereas the type of response elicited by alpha-MSH in the nigral DA neurones depends upon the hormonal state of the animal. Differences between the two DA neurone groups exist also with regard to the effects of peptide fragments containing the two active sites of the alpha-MSH molecule. Results of lesion experiments in the lower brainstem (area postrema) and of blockade of muscarinic mechanisms by atropine further point to differences in the mechanisms underlying the peptide effects on the two neurone systems. The reaction of the tubero-infundibular DA system (which controls the pars intermedia of the pituitary) can be considered to reflect the activation of a feedback mechanism on MSH secretion, while the functional counterpart of the changes observed in the nigral system remains unknown at the present time.

Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian

Jurassic radiolarians from 220 samples in Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., Williston Lake, B.C., east-central Oregon, Baja California Sur, southern Spain, Austria, Slovenia, Turkey, Oman, Japan and Argentina were studied in order to construct global zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian stages. Well-preserved faunas from continuous stratigraphic sections in Queen Charlotte Islands provide the most detailed record for this time interval, and all collections are tied to North American ammonite zones or assemblages. Collections from nearly all other areas lack independent dating except for early Toarcian carbon-isotope dating in Slovenia and late Aalenian ammonites in Spain. A database of 197 widely distributed updated taxonomic species was used to construct a Unitary Association (UA) zonation for the interval. A global sequence of 41 UAs was obtained for the top of the Sinemurian to the base of the Bajocian. The first and the last UAs represent the Late Sinemurian and the Early Bajocian respectively. The remaining 39 UAs were merged into nine zones (four Early Pliensbachian, one Late Pliensbachian, one Early Toarcian, one Middle-Late Toarcian, and two Aalenian) according to prominent radiolarian faunal breaks and ammonite data. The new zones are the Canutus tip pen - Katroma clara Zone (latest Sinemurian/earliest Pliensbachian); Zartus mostleri - Pseudoristola megaglobosa, Hsuum mulleri - Trillus elkhornensis and Gigi fustis - Lantus sixi zones (Early Pliensbachian); Eucyrtidiellum nagaiae - Praeparvicingula tlellensis Zone (Late Pliensbachian); Napora relica - Eucyrtidiellum disparile Zone (Early Toarcian); Elodium pessagnoi - Hexasaturnalis hexagonus Zone (Middle and Late Toarcian); Higumastra transversa - Napora nipponica Zone (early Aalenian); and Mirifusus proavus - Transhsuum hisuikyoense Zone (late Aalenian). These zones can be correlated worldwide and link previously established UA zonations for the Hettangian-Sinemurian and the Middle to Upper Jurassic. The new zonation allows high-resolution dating in the studied interval and provides a solid basis for analyzing faunal turnovers and the paleobiogeography of Jurassic radiolarians. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Plantas de cobertura de solo como fonte de nitrogênio ao milho

Durante o período de 1990/94, foi realizado um trabalho na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico, para avaliar o potencial de algumas plantas de cobertura de solo no fornecimento de N ao milho no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais, foram utilizadas, em cada inverno, as leguminosas ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa L.), ervilha forrageira (Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir), chícharo (Lathyrus sativus L.) e tremoço azul (Lupinus angustifolius L.), a gramínea aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), além de um tratamento com pousio invernal (plantas invasoras). Nas subparcelas, foram aplicadas as doses de 0, 80 e 160 kg ha-1 de N no milho, na forma de uréia. Na média dos quatro anos, as duas espécies que produziram maior quantidade de matéria seca pela parte aérea foram o tremoço azul (5.228 kg ha-1) e a aveia preta (4.417 kg ha-1), seguidas do chícharo (3.047 kg ha-1), ervilha forrageira (2.754 kg ha-1), ervilhaca comum (2.527 kg ha-1) e plantas invasoras do pousio invernal (1.197 kg ha-1). Dentre as leguminosas, a espécie tremoço azul acumulou a maior quantidade de N na parte aérea (113,7 kg ha-1 de N). Os tratamentos que adicionaram menor quantidade de N ao solo pela fitomassa foram a aveia preta (41,7 kg ha-1 de N) e o pousio invernal (20,5 kg ha-1 de N). Aproximadamente, 60% do N acumulado na parte aérea das leguminosas foi liberado durante os primeiros 30 dias após o seu manejo. Na ausência de adubação nitrogenada, o rendimento de grãos de milho foi maior após as leguminosas do que após a aveia e o pousio invernal. As leguminosas diferiram entre si quanto ao potencial de fornecimento de N ao milho. Os maiores valores de equivalência em N mineral (EqN) foram obtidos com a ervilhaca (137 kg ha-1 de N) e com o tremoço (122 kg ha-1 de N), evidenciando a possibilidade de redução das quantidades de N mineral por aplicar no milho quando ele for cultivado em sucessão a estas duas leguminosas.

Ihmisen lajikehitys : eli kaamean, karvaisen apinateorian paluu

Mikael Fortelius

Tutkimuksen ja korkeakouluopetuksen tiedonsaannin turvaaminen : kokoelmat ja kokoelmapolitiikka Suomen korkeakoulukirjastoissa

Esko Häkli

Kielioppi apuna kielestä puhuttaessa : esimerkkinä äidinkielenopetus

Auli Hakulinen

Recueil de pièces et mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la Maison royale de Saint-Cyr. (1686-1732).

Imprimés et manuscrits. — On y remarque des lettres originales de Mauduyt (fol. 122, etc.), de P. Guérin de Tenein, archevêque d'Embrun (fol. 139), de Noüet (fol. 145 et 186), du duc de Luynes (fol. 163 et 167) et du duc de Villeroy (fol. 175). — Il y a une table des pièces en tète du volume.