989 resultados para 153-922A


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Background. Kidney transplantation (KTX) is considered to be the best treatment of terminal uremia. Despite improvements in short-term graft survival, a considerable number of kidney allografts are lost due to the premature death of patients with a functional kidney and to chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Aim. To investigate the risk factors involved in the progression of CAN and to analyze diagnostic methods for this entity. Materials and methods. Altogether, 153 implant and 364 protocol biopsies obtained between June 1996 and April 2008 were analyzed. The biopsies were classified according to Banff ’97 and chronic allograft damage index (CADI). Immunohistochemistry for TGF-β1 was performed in 49 biopsies. Kidney function was evaluated by creatinine and/or cystatin C measurement and by various estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Demographic data of the donors and recipients were recorded after 2 years’ follow-up. Results. Most of the 3-month biopsies (73%) were nearly normal. The mean CADI score in the 6-month biopsies decreased significantly after 2001. Diastolic hypertension correlated with ΔCADI. Serum creatinine concentration at hospital discharge and glomerulosclerosis were risk factors for ΔCADI. High total and LDL cholesterol, low HDL and hypertension correlated with chronic histological changes. The mean age of the donors increased from 41 -52 years. Older donors were more often women who had died from an underlying disease. The prevalence of delayed graft function increased over the years, while acute rejections (AR) decreased significantly over the years. Sub-clinical AR was observed in 4% and it did not affect long-term allograft function or CADI. Recipients´ drug treatment was modified along the Studies, being mycophenolate mophetil, tacrolimus, statins and blockers of the renine-angiotensin-system more frequently prescribed after 2001. Patients with a higher ΔCADI had lower GFR during follow-up. CADI over 2 was best predicted by creatinine, although with modest sensitivity and specificity. Neither cystatin C nor other estimates of GFR were superior to creatinine for CADI prediction. Cyclosporine A toxicity was seldom seen. Low cyclosporin A concentration after 2 h correlated with TGF- β1 expression in interstitial inflammatory cells, and this predicted worse graft function. Conclusions. The progression of CAN has been affected by two major factors: the donors’ characteristics and the recipients’ hypertension. The increased prevalence of DGF might be a consequence of the acceptance of older donors who had died from an underlying disease. Implant biopsies proved to be of prognostic value, and they are essential for comparison with subsequent biopsies. The progression of histological damage was associated with hypertension and dyslipidemia. The augmented expression of TGF-β1 in inflammatory cells is unclear, but it may be related to low immunosuppression. Serum creatinine is the most suitable tool for monitoring kidney allograft function on every-day basis. However, protocol biopsies at 6 and 12 months predicted late kidney allograft dysfunction and affected the clinical management of the patients. Protocol biopsies are thus a suitable surrogate to be used in clinical trials and for monitoring kidney allografts.

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This chapter draws on a large data set of children's work samples collected as part of a five-year school reform project in a community of high poverty. One component of the data set from this project is a corpus of more than 2000 writing samples collected from students across eight grade levels (Prep to year 7) annually, across four years of the project (2009-2013). This paper utilises a selection of these texts to consider insights available to teachers and schools through a simple process of collecting and assessing writing samples produced by children over time. The focus is on what samples of writing might enable us to know and understand about learning and teaching this important dimension of literacy in current classrooms.

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The phosphoprotein P of paramyxoviruses is known to play more than one role in genome transcription and replication. Phosphorylation of P at the NH2 terminus by cellular casein kinase II has been shown to be necessary for transcription of the genome in some of the viruses, while it is dispensable for replication. The phosphorylation null mutant of rinderpest virus P protein, in which three serine residues have been mutated, has been shown earlier to be non-functional in an in vivo minigenome replication/transcription system. In this work, we have shown that the phosphorylation of P protein is essential for transcription, whereas the null mutant is active in replication of the genome in vivo. The null mutant P acts as a transdominant repressor of transcriptional activity of wild-type P and as an activator of replication carried out by wild-type P protein. These results suggest the phosphorylation status of P may act as a replication switch during virus replication. We also show that the phosphorylation null mutant P is capable of interacting with L and N proteins and is able to form a tripartite complex of L-(N-P) when expressed in insect cells, similar to wild-type P protein.

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Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) studies of the symmetrical cystine peptides (Formula: see text) (n = 1-3) in dimethylsulfoxide, have resulted in the simultaneous observation of both positive and negative NOEs. Positive NOEs are observed on the Trp C2H and C4H protons of the indole ring upon irradiation of Trp C alpha H and C beta H2 resonances in the peptides where n = 1 and 2. Negative NOEs are observed between backbone NH and C alpha H protons. The magnitudes of the observed NOEs are sensitive to changes in molecular size and solvent viscosity. The results demonstrate that NOEs may be a useful probe of sidechain segmental motion in oligopeptides.

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The effect of dietary cholesterol and ubiquinone on the synthesis of isoprene compounds in the liver, as tested by the incorporation of acetate-1-14C and mevalonate-2-14C, was studied in rats. In cholesterol feeding, there appears to be a second site of inhibition after squalene in addition to the previously known primary site of inhibition at the β-hydroxy-β-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase. Feeding ubiquinone inhibited at some common step between acetate and mevalonate in the synthesis of both cholesterol and ubiquinone, without affecting the acetate activation or fatty acid synthesis, and also at a step in the synthesis of ubiquinone not common with the synthesis of cholesterol. These results are suggestive of a role for ubiquinone in the regulation of isoprene synthesis.

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Rare earth perchlorate-antipyrine (ap) complexes of the formula Ln (ClO4)3.6 ap have been prepared and characterised. Infrared and electronic spectra showed the co-ordination through carbonyl oxygen. Conductivity and molecular weight data indicated a co-ordination number of six for these complexes.

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Ethylα-bromovinylacetate (VII) was condensed with the sodio derivative of ethyl piperonoylacetate (VIII) to give diethylα-vinyl-α′-piperonoylsuccinate (IX). The latter on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride furnished the triol (X), which underwent smooth cyclisation with 1% ethanolic hydrogen chloride to 2-(3′, -methylenedioxyphenyl)-hydroxymethyl-4-vinyltetrahydrofuran (XIa). The structure of XIa was established by Oppenauer oxidation to an aldehyde. Ozonolysis of XIa afforded samin (I).

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The Raman spectrum of l-asparagine monohydrate in the form of a single crystal has been recorded for the first time. λ 2537 excitation has been used. Fifty-three Raman frequency shifts have been recorded. They are grouped as follows: Eight Raman lines coming under the lattice spectrum, three Raman lines arising from low-frequency vibrations of the hydrogen bonds and the remaining forty-two arising from the internal oscillations of the asparagine molecule. Appropriate assignments have been given for the observed Raman lines

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This paper reports on the investigations of laminar free convection heat transfer from vertical cylinders and wires whose surface temperature varies along the height according to the relation TW - T∞ = Nxn. The set of boundary layer partial differential equations and the boundary conditions are transformed to a more amenable form and solved by the process of successive substitution. Numerical solutions of the first approximated equations (two-point nonlinear boundary value type of ordinary differential equations) bring about the major contribution to the problem (about 95%), as seen from the solutions of higher approximations. The results reduce to those for the isothermal case when n=0. Criteria for classifying the cylinders into three broad categories, viz., short cylinders, long cylinders and wires, have been developed. For all values of n the same criteria hold. Heat transfer correlations obtained for short cylinders (which coincide with those of flat plates) are checked with those available in the literature. Heat transfer and fluid flow correlations are developed for all the regimes.

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Lappiin suunnitteilla olevat Pajala–Kolarin rauta- ja Soklin fosforikaivos ovat megaluokan hankkeita. Kaivosten rakentaminen ei voi kuitenkaan toteutua jos niiden tarvitsemia rautatie-, satama- ja tieinvestointeja ei voida toteuttaa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli arvioida näiden väyläinvestointien aluetaloudellisia vaikutuksia. Tutkimus on jatkoa Ruraliassa juuri valmistuneelle yhdeksää Pohjois- ja Itä-Suomen kaivoshanketta koskevalle tutkimukselle, jossa keskitytään itse kaivosinvestointien vaikutuksiin. Tutkimuksen on rahoittanut Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö yhdessä Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön kanssa. Työvälineenä oli Ruraliassa kehitetty RegFinDyn-aluemalli. Simuloinnit suoritettiin vuosille 2008–2030 ja raportoitiin Lapin seutukuntien tasolla. Tulosten mukaan kaikki, mutta erityisesti mittavat rautatieinvestoinnit olisivat merkittäviä seutukuntien taloudelliselle kasvulle. Äkäsjoki–Ajos radan rakentaminen auttaisi Tunturi-Lapin, Torniolaakson ja Kemi–Tornion seutukuntia taantuman yli. Taloudellinen kasvu voisi lisääntyä läntisen Lapin seutukunnissa yhteensä 0,6–2,2% vuoteen 2011 ja yhteensä 1,3–4,3% vuoteen 2016 mennessä. Tämä olisi keskimäärin 0,1–0,5% vuodessa. Soklin kaivoksen tapauksessa Kemijärvi–Kelloselkä–Sokli rautatien vaikutukset Itä- ja Pohjois-Lapin seutukuntiin olisivat merkittäviä. Investointien edetessä Itä-Lapin seutukunnan taloudellinen kasvu voisi vahvistua kumulatiivisesti tarkasteltuna 8,3% vuoteen 2013 mennessä. Vuosikeskiarvona tämä olisi 2,8%. Radan vaikutus Pohjois-Lapin taloudelliseen kasvuun olisi pienempi, vuoteen 2014 mennessä yhteensä 3% eli keskimäärin 0,8% vuodessa. Väyläinvestointien työllisyysvaikutukset olisivat myönteisiä. Pajala–Kolarin kaivoksen rautatieinvestoinnit toisivat läntiseen Lappiin uusia työpaikkoja vuoteen 2015 mennessä yhteensä 418. Tästä Tunturi-Lapin osuus olisi 147, Torniolaakson 114 ja Kemi–Tornion seutukunnan 157. Vastaavat vuosikeskiarvot olisivat 52, 18, 14 ja 20. Soklin kaivoksen rautatieinvestoinnit toisivat jonkun verran enemmän uusia työpaikkoja Pajala–Kolariin verrattuna koska investoinnit olisivat suuremmat. Radan rakentaminen voisi tuoda Itä-Lappiin yhteensä 506 uutta työpaikkaa vuoden 2013 loppuun mennessä. Pohjois-Lapin työllisyys voisi lisääntyä 153 uudella työpaikalla. Yhteensä voisi siten syntyä 660 uutta työpaikkaa. Vastaavat vuosikeskiarvot olisivat 169, 51, 220 uutta työpaikkaa. Kun kaivoksia tarkastellaan yhdessä, työllisyysvaikutukset olisivat suurimmat vuonna 2015, jonka loppuun mennessä väyläinvestoinnit voisivat luoda yhteensä 1288 uutta työpaikkaa. Vastaava vuosikeskiarvo olisi 161. Taloudellisen kasvun ohella työllisyystulokset korostavat analysoitujen väyläinvestointien myönteistä aluetaloudellista merkitystä. Ruralia-instituutin arvioinnin perusteella molempien kaivosten rautatie-, satama- ja tieinvestoinnit olisivat toteuttamiskelpoisia aluetaloudellisin perustein. Ne lisäisivät tuotantoa, työllisyyttä, tuloja, kulutusta ja verotuloja useissa Lapin seutukunnissa.

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