999 resultados para État stationnaire


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O Herpesvírus associado ao sarcoma de Kaposi (KSHV), ou Herpesvírus Humano tipo 8 (HHV-8), é o agente etiológico do sarcoma de Kaposi (SK), uma neoplasia maligna vascular. O ciclo biológico do KSHV apresenta duas fases, denominadas ciclo latente e ciclo lítico (ou produtivo). O ciclo latente é marcado pela expressão de um número reduzido de genes virais, com destaque para LANA e vFLIP. No ciclo lítico ocorre a replicação do genoma viral e a produção de novas partículas virais infecciosas; dentre seus principais produtos destacam-se as proteínas Rta, vGPCR e K1. LANA, vFLIP, vGPCR e K1 apresentam propriedades oncogênicas relatadas na literatura, enquanto Rta têm papel importante na regulação da transição entre os ciclos lítico e latente do KSHV. O KSHV é requerido para o desenvolvimento do SK. No entanto, a infecção pelo vírus não é suficiente para o desenvolvimento da doença. Por outro lado, sabe-se que o HIV é um co-fator importante, que favorece o desenvolvimento dessa neoplasia. Sugere-se que a proteína tat do HIV-1 amplifica a infectividade do KSHV, hiper-regulando a expressão de diferentes genes herpesvirais e colaborando para o crescimento e sobrevivência de células endoteliais que compõem as lesões do SK. A fim de contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos efeitos da proteína tat do HIV-1 em células infectadas pelo KSHV, o presente trabalho descreveu eventuais alterações na expressão dos genes codificadores de vFLIP, LANA, vGPCR, Rta e K1 em células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana imortalizada pela telomerase e infectada pelo KSHV a longo prazo (TIVE-LTCs) expostas à proteína tat do HIV-1 produzida por células linfóides T (CLTs) em co-cultivo. Células Jurkat contendo ou não vetor da proteína tat do HIV-1 foram utilizadas como CLTs e co-cultivadas com TIVE-LTCs por 48, 72 e 96 horas. Após extração do RNA total das...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

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The adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem and a challenge to Psychology, that could contribute proposing health prevention actions to this population. The present study intended to investigate the psychological functioning of 10 pregnant adolescents through analysis of Human Figure Drawing (HFD) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It was observed a high level of anxiety experienced by the pregnant adolescents verified in tracing, in shading and in the poverty of details, that can lead to the development of problems related to pregnancy and the relationship between the family, the adolescent and the baby. As for the TAT, the stories, in general constructed by the teenagers, were poorly structured with reduced content and a magical happy ending. It was concluded that the HFD and the TAT are discriminating and adequate to evaluate these adolescents’ psychodynamics and allow to indicate supporting preventive actions in this area.

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In der murinen kutanen Leishmaniose ist die Ausheilung der Infektion mit dem Auftreten von schützenden CD4+ Th1- sowie CD8+ Tc1-Immunantworten assoziiert. Daher sollte eine wirksame Vakzine beide T-Zell-Populationen induzieren. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation konnte gezeigt werden, daß mit TAT-LACK Fusionsproteinen effektiv gegen eine progressiv verlaufende Infektion mit Leishmania major in empfindlichen BALB/c sowie resistenten C57BL/6 Mäusen vakziniert werden kann. TAT-LACK konnte hierbei sowohl im DC- als auch im proteinbasierten Ansatz protektive Immunität verleihen. Das TAT-Peptid ist in der Lage, Proteine direkt in das Zytosol von DC zu schleusen und so den für die CD8+ T-Zell-Antworten erforderlichen MHC Klasse I Präsentationsweg einzuschlagen. Stammesspezifische Untersuchungen des inflammatorischen Infiltrates in Läsion und Lymphknoten bestätigten die physiologische Relevanz von DC und CD8+ T-Zellen im Verlauf einer etablierten Leishmania-Infektion in beiden Mausstämmen und rechtfertigten somit den Einsatz einer DC basierten Vakzine, die vermehrt CD8+ T-Zellen induzieren sollte. Tatsächlich konnte mit TAT-LACK transduzierten DC in beiden Mausstämmen effektiv gegen eine progressiv verlaufende Leishmania-Infektion vakziniert werden. Der Vakzinierungserfolg ließ sich anhand verringerter Läsionsvolumina, reduzierter Parasitenlasten und einer Verschiebung des Zytokinprofils in Richtung einer Th1 dominierten Immunantwort bestätigen. In allen Ansätzen war die i.d. Vakzinierung mit TAT-LACK transduzierten DC der Injektion von LACK gepulsten DC überlegen. Experimente mit DC aus IL-12p40 defizienten Mäusen belegten die IL-12 Abhängigkeit der Vakzine. Mit Hilfe von in vitro Restimulierungsexperimenten konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß nach Applikation TAT-LACK transduzierter DC in beiden Mausstämmen vermehrt CD8+ T-Zellen induziert werden. Des weiteren waren TAT-LACK transduzierte DC in Restimulationsexperimenten stärkere Aktivatoren der CD8+ T-Zell-Proliferation als LACK gepulste DC. Depletionsexperimente bestätigten die T-Zell-Abhängigkeit der Vakzine. Weitere in vivo Versuche belegten zudem die protektive Wirkung von TAT-LACK Fusionsproteinen im direkten, proteinbasierten Vakzinierungsansatz. Floreszenzmikroskopische Analysen der Epidermis bestätigten hierbei Aktivierung und Auswanderung von LC nach i.d. TAT-LACK Applikation.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study the dynamical and time-averaged characteristics of the DNA triple helix d(T)10âd(A)10âd(T)10. The structures sampled during the trajectory resemble closely the B-type model for the DNA triplex proposed on the basis of NMR data, although there are some subtle differences. Alternative P- and A-type conformations for the triplex, suggested from X-ray experiments, are not predicted to contribute significantly to the structure of the DNA triplex in solution. Comparison with the best available experimental data supports the correctnes of the MD-generated structures. The analysis of the collected data gives a detailed picture of the characteristics of triple-helix DNA. A new and interesting pattern of hydration, specific for triplex DNA, is an important observation. The results suggest that molecular dynamics can be useful for the study of novel nucleic acid structures.

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The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev are encoded by multiply spliced mRNAs that differ by the use of alternative 3' splice sites at the beginning of the internal exon. If these internal exons are skipped, the expression of these genes, and hence HIV-1 multiplication, should be inhibited. We have previously developed a strategy, based on antisense derivatives of U7 small nuclear RNA, that allows us to induce the skipping of an internal exon in virtually any gene. Here, we have successfully applied this approach to induce a partial skipping of the Tat, Rev (and Nef) internal exons. Three functional U7 constructs were subcloned into a lentiviral vector. Two of them strongly reduced the efficiency of lentiviral particle production compared to vectors carrying either no U7 insert or unrelated U7 cassettes. This defect could be partly or fully compensated by coexpressing Rev from an unspliced mRNA in the producing cell line. Upon stable transduction into CEM-SS or CEM T-lymphocytes, the most efficient of these constructs inhibits HIV-1 multiplication. Although the inhibition is not complete, it is more efficient in combination with another mechanism inhibiting HIV multiplication. Therefore, this new approach targeting HIV-1 regulatory genes at the level of pre-mRNA splicing, in combination with other antiviral strategies, may be a useful new tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd