Paikallisen WLAN-operaattorin liiketoimintasuunnitelma: Case Wireless

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää uudenlaisen WLAN-verkkoyhteyden tarjoajan liiketoiminnallisia mahdollisuuksia ja -edellytyksiä. Uudenlaisessa mallissa loppukäyttäjällä on langatonta lähiverkkoa käyttäessään mahdollisuus valita mieleisensä Internet-operaattori sekä käyttää paikallisia palveluja ilman Internet-yhteyttä, alueverkon kautta. Lisaksi tutkittiin langattoman tiedonsiirron markkinointia. Työn case-osuudessa tutkittiin Lappeen¬rannan teknillisen korkeakoulun WLAN-hanketta, ja siinä rakennettua access-verkkoa. Koko langattoman tiedonsiirron liiketoimintakenttä on vasta hakemassa lopullisia muotojaan. Nopeasta yleistymisestä huolimatta WLAN:in massamarkkinoille tuloa hidastavat tietyt ongelmat, mm. verkkovierailut (sekä WLAN-verkkojen että eri langattomien tiedonsiirtoteknologioiden välillä), epäselvät laskutusmallit sekä yhteensopivuusongelmat. Tietoturva on WLAN:in ongelmista kuuluisin, mutta ei suurin este todellisten massamarkkinoiden saavuttamisessa. Hyödyntämällä teknologian omaksujaryhmien erilaisia piirteitä saadaan etua tavoiteltaessa massamarkkinoita. Case-verkon liiketoimintasuunnitelmasta käy ilmi, että mikäli WLAN yleistyy, kuten on odotettu, esitetty uudenlainen alueellinen liiketoimintamalli voi olla taloudellisesti mahdollinen. Esitetyt riskit ja oletukset on huomioitava alan epävarman kehityksen takia.

PROVISIONING OF MIDLETS

Java™ 2 Platform, Micro Edition on eräs johtava sovellusalusta, joka mahdollistaa kolmannen osapuolen sovellusten luomisen matkapuhelimiin, kommunikaattoreihin ja taskutietokoneisiin. Java-alusta keskeinen etu on sovellusten dynaaminen asentaminen. Käyttäjä ei ole rajoitettu esiasennettuihin sovelluksiin vaan voi asentaa niitä itse tarpeen mukaan. Tämän diplomityö käsittelee erilaisia Java sovellusten (MIDlettien) lataus ja asennusmenetelmiä. Diplomityö antaa yhteenvedon merkittävimmistä asennus teknologioista. Pääpaino on MIDP-standardin mukaisella langattomalle asennuksella (Over-The-Air provisioning) sillä se on kaikkein laajimmin käytetty menetelmä. Muita käsiteltäviä menetelmiä ovat WAP Push ja paikallinen asennus Bluetoothin ja Infrapunalinkin avulla. MIDletit, kuten mitkä tahansa ohjelmat, ovat alttiita laittomalle kopioinnille. Tämä diplomityö kuvaa menetelmiä, joilla laiton kopiointi voidaan estää. Yksi esimerkki on OMA™ DRM standardi. Diplomityö kuvaa myös kuinka kopiointisuojaus voidaan yhdistää olemassa oleviin asennusmenetelmiin. Java sovelluksia, MIDlettejä, käytetään yhä erilaisimpiin tarkoituksiin jolloin tarvitaan myös uusia asennusmenetelmiä. Yksi tällainen menetelmä on asentaminen erillisistä laitteista. Diplomityö kuvaa useita menetelmiä asentamiseen erillisistä laitteista. Käsitellyr menetelmät pohjautuvat Bluetooth teknologiaan ja yhtä lukuun ottamatta perustuvat standardin määrittelemiin Bluetooth profiileihin File Transfer Profile, Personal Area Networking Profile ja Object Push Profile. Toinen asennustapa on sovellusten edelleen lähettäminen toiseen puhelimeen. Diplomityö kuvaa kuinka OMA DRM standardi voidaan yhdistää tällaisen asennuksen ja ehdottaa kahta vaihtoehtoista menetelmää. Yksi perustuu Bluetoothin Object Push Profiiliin ja toinen Infrapunalinkin käyttöön. Toinen perustuu multimediaviestiin ja sähköpostiin.

Building legitimacy by criticising the pharmaceutical industry: a qualitative study among prescribers and local opinion leaders.

PRINCIPLES: The literature has described opinion leaders not only as marketing tools of the pharmaceutical industry, but also as educators promoting good clinical practice. This qualitative study addresses the distinction between the opinion-leader-as-marketing-tool and the opinion-leader-as-educator, as it is revealed in the discourses of physicians and experts, focusing on the prescription of antidepressants. We explore the relational dynamic between physicians, opinion leaders and the pharmaceutical industry in an area of French-speaking Switzerland. METHODS: Qualitative content analysis of 24 semistructured interviews with physicians and local experts in psychopharmacology, complemented by direct observation of educational events led by the experts, which were all sponsored by various pharmaceutical companies. RESULTS: Both physicians and experts were critical of the pharmaceutical industry and its use of opinion leaders. Local experts, in contrast, were perceived by the physicians as critical of the industry and, therefore, as a legitimate source of information. Local experts did not consider themselves opinion leaders and argued that they remained intellectually independent from the industry. Field observations confirmed that local experts criticised the industry at continuing medical education events. CONCLUSIONS: Local experts were vocal critics of the industry, which nevertheless sponsor their continuing education. This critical attitude enhanced their credibility in the eyes of the prescribing physicians. We discuss how the experts, despite their critical attitude, might still be beneficial to the industry's interests.

Small but powerful: Top predator local extinction affects ecosystem structure and function in an intermittent stream.

Top predator loss is a major global problem, with a current trend in biodiversity loss towards high trophic levels that modifies most ecosystems worldwide. Most research in this area is focused on large-bodied predators, despite the high extinction risk of small-bodied freshwater fish that often act as apex consumers. Consequently, it remains unknown if intermittent streams are affected by the consequences of top-predators' extirpations. The aim of our research was to determine how this global problem affects intermittent streams and, in particular, if the loss of a small-bodied top predator (1) leads to a 'mesopredator release', affects primary consumers and changes whole community structures, and (2) triggers a cascade effect modifying the ecosystem function. To address these questions, we studied the topdown effects of a small endangered fish species, Barbus meridionalis (the Mediterranean barbel), conducting an enclosure/exclosure mesocosm experiment in an intermittent stream where B. meridionalis became locally extinct following a wildfire.We found that top predator absence led to 'mesopredator release', and also to 'prey release' despite intraguild predation, which contrasts with traditional food web theory. In addition, B. meridionalis extirpation changed whole macroinvertebrate community composition and increased total macroinvertebrate density. Regarding ecosystem function, periphyton primary production decreased in apex consumer absence. In this study, the apex consumer was functionally irreplaceable; its local extinction led to the loss of an important functional role that resulted in major changes to the ecosystem's structure and function. This study evidences that intermittent streams can be affected by the consequences of apex consumers' extinctions, and that the loss of small-bodied top predators can lead to large ecosystem changes. We recommend the reintroduction of small-bodied apex consumers to systems where they have been extirpated, to restore ecosystem structure and function.

Equações para estimar a biomassa da parte aérea e do sistema radicular em povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis em sítios com produtividades distintas

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi ajustar equações para a estimativa da biomassa da parte aérea e sistema radicular de povoamentos de Eucalyptus grandis aos 11 anos de idade, crescendo em dois sítios com produtividades distintas. O solo argiloso (sítio mais produtivo) foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LVd) e o solo arenoso (sítio menos produtivo), como Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ). Foi realizado um inventário de biomassa de 10 árvores-amostra em cada sítio, incluindo os componentes da parte aérea (fuste, casca, folhas e galhos) e do sistema radicular (raízes finas e grossas). Ajustaram-se dois modelos logarítmicos para estimar a biomassa das árvores, nos quais se utilizaram como variáveis independentes o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), a altura total das árvores (H) ou a variável combinada DAP²H. Os modelos testados foram significativos no nível de 95% de probabilidade, pelo teste t, de Student. O melhor ajuste das equações foi obtido com a variável DAP²H. A validação de equações comuns aos dois sítios foi baseada na análise conjunta do coeficiente de determinação (R²;), erro-padrão da estimativa (Sy.x) e análise gráfica dos resíduos porcentuais. As equações ajustadas tiveram maior precisão na estimativa da biomassa do fuste (R² = 0,99; Sy.x = 0,12) e da casca (R² = 0,97; Sy.x = 0,24). Apesar dos R² > 0,70, as equações para a estimativa da biomassa de folhas e galhos apresentaram baixa capacidade preditiva, caso em que se recomenda a adição de outras variáveis associadas ao tamanho da copa das árvores. Equações específicas para cada local, visando estimar a biomassa de raízes finas [LVd (R² = 0,97; Sy.x = 0,30); RQ (R² = 0,96; Sy.x = 0,15)] e grossas [LVd (R² = 0,98; Sy.x = 0,19); RQ (R² = 0,99; Sy.x = 0,15)], mostraram uma precisão melhor que as equações comuns, uma vez que houve maior alocação relativa de biomassa radicular no solo mais arenoso (RQ).

Comparação entre videografia e fotografia aérea para diagnóstico da vegetação em ambiente urbano de Piracicaba, SP

No planejamento urbano, um bom diagnóstico da presença de vegetação serve como subsídio na elaboração de um plano de ação para implantar espaços verdes e administrar a cobertura arbórea existente. Este estudo compara a eficiência das técnicas de videografia e fotografia aérea para caracterizar vegetação urbana por meio do Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas Urbanas (ICVAU) e do Índice de Verde por Habitante (IVH). O local do estudo situa-se na cidade de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para validar os métodos, foram utilizados Exatidão Geral e Índice de Kappa. A Exatidão Global foi de 88% para a fotografia aérea e de 93% para a videografia, enquanto que o Índice de Kappa foi acima de 85%, para as duas técnicas. Esses valores mostraram que caracterização da vegetação urbana foi feita de maneira coerente com a realidade, tanto para fotografia aérea, como para videografia. Os valores obtidos foram: ICVAU = 18,41% (fotografia aérea) e 16,48% (videografia); IVH = 116,93m2/hab (fotografia aérea) e 65,21 m2/hab (videografia). O ICVAU e o IVH mostraram que essa é uma área com uma porcentagem razoável de verde. A videografia foi mais eficiente para calcular o (ICVAU) e o (IVH) que a fotografia aérea. A videografia também foi o método mais adequado para avaliação para o estudo de árvores de calçadas.

Native species indicated for degraded area recovery in Western Paraná, Brazil

Colonization in the State of Paraná has culminated in the devastation of large forest areas in the entire State. Degraded area recovery programs have emphasized the utilization of native species, but often the species indicated for local reforestation areas are unknown, as those areas are little known floristically. This study aimed to survey native species indicated for reforestation of areas in the Western region of the State of Paraná, classify those species as pioneer, secondary, or climactic, and indicate places of occurrence of matrices where seeds of those species could be collected. Bibliographic surveys in the specialized literature and research in the Herbarium Museu Botânico Municipal de Curitiba (MBM) and Herbarium of Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNOP) were conducted to identify potential species for degraded area recovery in the study of Western region of Paraná. In all, 115 species were selected, of which 22 are pioneer, 73 are secondary, and 20 are climactic. The bibliographic surveys suggests that pioneer species are the most indicated for the initial processes in the degraded areas recovery, while secondary and climactic species play a major role in area enrichment.

NATURAL REGENERATION STRATUM AS AN INDICATOR OF RESTORATION IN AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPENSATION FOR MINING LIMESTONE, MUNICIPALITY OF BARROSO, MG, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in a forest under restoration process, which belongs to the company Holcim Brasil S/A, in the municipality of Barroso, state of Minas Gerais (21º00'to 22º00'S and 43º00' to 44º00'W), where 40 plots (2 x 2 m) were set, spaced at 10 m, forming eight strata parallel to the watercourse present in the area. Floristic composition and natural regeneration stratum were characterized, and the formed strata allowed evaluating whether the riparian vegetation and watercourse influence on the local regeneration. It was found 162 individuals of 13 families, 18 genera and 22 species, and 10,125 individuals/ha were estimated. Successional classes from pioneer and early secondary and zoochory dispersion syndrome prevailed among species and individuals. The watercourse and riparian vegetation did not exercise significant influence (p> 0.05) on the number of species and regenerating individuals among the different strata of the forest. The diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H') and equability of Pielou (J') were 2.691 and 0.870, respectively. The species Psidium guajava and Myrtaceae families presented the highest VI (value of importance). Natural regeneration analysis showed the low floristic diversity in the area, suggesting that corrective management actions should be adopted.

Northern Landscapes : ʻʻImplementation of the European Landscape Convention In the North Calotte Area Municipalitiesʼʼ - Conference in Inari, Finland 7-9.9.2011

The conference promoting the objectives of the international European Landscape Convention (ELC) was held on 7-9 September 2011 in Inari. The primary aim of the conference was to increase awareness of the ELC and the prospects and requirements it brings to practical planning work, especially at the municipal level. The conference speakers included top experts from Sweden, Norway, Finland, France, Holland and Catalonia. This report is a collection of articles written by the experts in the ELC conference. The report is available in five languages: Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Northern Sámi and English. The common characteristics of the North Calotte area, such as the magnificent riverside scenery and the beautiful fell landscapes formed by the Sámi culture and reindeer management are broadly reflected in the environment. Alongside the traditional forms of land use, many other livelihoods and forms of land use now need to be accommodated in the area. Tourism, energy production, mining industry and new infrastructure create new and manifold challenges to the authorities in charge of land use in these areas. Municipalities need information and support for versatile planning in the future, so that the unique and valuable characteristics of the North can be preserved. Landscape protection and management in the landscape areas is executed through areal and land use planning, mainly through town planning and the creation of landscape management plans. The municipalities in the North Calotte region have their own partly divergent methods and practices, based on the various land use processes are executed. The municipalities and inhabitants have a great interest in preserving and protecting their living environment and maintaining and increasing the appeal of the area. Landscape is viewed as one of the most significant appealing factors that cannot be lost. The increasing land use in municipalities, for example due to energy production, mining industry and increasing tourism, create a need for more multidimensional planning. The reconciliation of the wishes of different interest groups, and traditional and new livelihoods will not be easy. Conflict is inevitable. This will lead to a greater need to engage local bodies to the planning processes right from the start of the projects. Close cooperation between different administrative branches, operators, local bodies and landscape research promote the objectives of the convention. To ensure that the work continues, a landscape co-operation group is planned to be established in the North Calotte area. It´s main task is to promote and develop landscape policy in the area.

A Steel Company Entering the Market Area of St. Petersburg

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää tarkoituksenmukaisin etabloitumismenetelmä teräsyhtiön kansainvälistymisessä Pietarin markkinoille. Vaikka kansainvälistymistä onkin tutkittu paljon, kyseisen kontekstin erityispiirteisiin on aiemmissa tutkimuksissa kiinnitetty vain vähän huomiota. Kansainvälistymisteorioista työhön valittiin John Dunningin eklektinen paradigma sekä Uppsala-malli. Etabloitumismenetelmän valintaa puolestaan tarkastellaan eri vaihtoehtojen kautta, jotka kattavat viennin, suorat ulkomaan investoinnit, sopimusjärjestelyt sekä yhteisyrityksen. Valintaa selitetään taustalla vaikuttavien tekijöiden sekä kansainvälistymisprosessin kautta. Kohteena olevan markkina-alueen potentiaalin, ongelmien sekä yrityksen kilpailuetujen arvioinnin jälkeen ehdotetaan optimaalista ratkaisua. Omat haasteensa operaatiomuodon valintaan luovat potentiaalinen mutta haastava kohdemarkkina-alue sekä yrityksen sisäiset tekijät. Kontekstiin parhaiten sopivaksi etabloitumismenetelmäksi esitetään aloittamista välittömällä viennillä asiakkaiden etsimiseksi ja suhteiden luomiseksi. Kun asiakkuuksia alueella on riittävästi, myyntikonttorin perustaminen Pietarin lähelle nähdään tarkoituksenmukaisena paikallisen läsnäolon lisäämiseksi. Empiirinen data kattaa kahdeksan asiantuntijahaastattelua, jotka yhdessä muun lähdeaineiston kanssa rakentavat perustan empiirisille tuloksille. Tutkimuksen tulokset tarjoavat yritykselle perustellun ratkaisuehdotuksen siitä, kuinka Pietarin markkinoille tulisi etabloitua.

Local Web Buckling in Tapered Composite Beams: A Parametric Study

Composite flooring systems supported by tapered (varying web depth) beams are very attractive from an economic point of view. However, the tapered beam sections are fabricated from plate by welding, and are susceptible to imperfection effects. These may interact with the localised compressive stress field that is generated in the web at a slope change in the lower flange to cause local web buckling. A substantial parametric study using a non-linear elasto-plastic finite element program and covering practical ranges of the important parameters including the area of the tension flange, taper slope and web thickness is reported. Moment-rotation relations, peak moments and failure mechanisms have been predicted. The validity of the work is supported by the good correlation obtained between the results of the parametric study and experimental data.

Local de absorção de fomesafen como mecanismo de resistência em biótipo de Euphorbia heterophylla resistente aos inibidores da PROTOX

Três experimentos foram realizados para verificar se o local de aplicação de fomesafen, folhas ou solo, afeta a eficácia desse herbicida em biótipos de E. heterophylla resistente e suscetível a ele; e determinar quais estruturas da planta são mais importantes no processo de absorção desse herbicida. Nos dois primeiros experimentos, testaram-se curvas de dose-resposta de fomesafen em biótipos com e sem resistência a inibidores da PROTOX, em pré-emergência (primeiro experimento) e em pós-emergência (segundo experimento). No terceiro experimento, diferentes locais de deposição de fomesafen foram avaliados, por meio do método de vaso duplo, para verificar quais as estruturas das plantas de E. heterophylla mais importantes na absorção do herbicida. Os resultados, em geral, indicam menor eficiência de controle quando o fomesafen é aplicado na parte aérea das plantas de E. heterophylla resistentes a esse herbicida, em comparação às suscetíveis, e que as diferenças entre os biótipos foram menores na aplicação em pré-emergência. Detectou-se maior eficiência do herbicida fomesafen aplicado ao solo quando este foi colocado junto à parte aérea emergente das plantas suscetíveis e resistentes do que junto ao sistema de raízes destas. Esses resultados apóiam a hipótese de que diferenças foliares entre plantas resistentes e suscetíveis podem dificultar a absorção de fomesafen nos biótipos resistentes aos inibidores da PROTOX.

Acúmulo de biomassa aérea e concentração de nutrientes em Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. e gramíneas nativas do cerrado

A gramínea africana Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. é alvo de preocupação no Brasil, pois vem substituindo espécies de gramíneas nativas do cerrado até em áreas protegidas. Neste estudo comparou-se o acúmulo de biomassa aérea e a concentração de nutrientes em M. minutiflora e gramíneas nativas para testar a hipótese de que esta espécie tem a capacidade de acumular uma maior biomassa com menores concentrações de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Nacional de Brasília. Quatro diferentes locais onde ocorria invasão por M. minutiflora foram escolhidos para o estudo e, em cada local, foram demarcadas duas parcelas de 20 m x 20 m, uma com apenas M. minutiflora e outra com apenas gramíneas nativas. Quatro amostras de biomassa aérea foram coletadas de cada parcela a cada três meses durante um ano, utilizando quadrados de 25 cm x 25 cm. Foram determinadas concentrações de nutrientes na biomassa viva e morta. A biomassa aérea viva foi maior em M. minutiflora no período de seca durante a floração de M. minutiflora, e no início da estação chuvosa do que nas gramíneas nativas. Não houve diferenças significativas entre M. minutiflora e gramíneas nativas na disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo ou na concentração de nutrientes na biomassa viva. No caso da biomassa morta, apenas o nitrogênio apresentou menores concentrações em M. minutiflora em relação às gramíneas nativas.

Photo album, St. Catharines area, ca. 1913-1919.

One hardcover photo album containing black and white photos. Many of the photos were taken in the St. Catharines area. Included are photos of Port Dalhousie, Port Weller, Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines. There are also photos of Braeside, Ont. and the Ottawa valley. Various local landmarks are included, such as the armoury in St. Catharines, Montebello Park, and Martindale pond. Some of the events captured include a train wreck that occurred in St. Catharines in 1914, the visit of the Governor General to St. Catharines in 1914 (featuring the Carnegie library and Post Office and federal building decorated with flags), and an airplane that crashed into a body of water, possibly a plane from an air training camp in Beamsville during World War I. There are also two photos of champion Niagara district basketball teams, possibly taken in the gymnasium building located behind the former St. Catharines Collegiate building (later Robertson School) on Church Street. One photo includes Norman Byrne, Gladys Ansell, Miriam Marshall, Irene Stoter (?), Mildrerd Houston, A. Gardner, and Madeline Jenner. The other photo includes George Moase, W. Bennett, Norman Byrne, Jack Bain, Mr. Brackenbury, Cyril Merriman, Jim Galway, Harry Erskine, and Roy Carpenter.

Living and fishing in a marine protected area : balancing traditional fisheries with conservation in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

Cette recherche a porté sur quelques enjeux importants liés à la gestion des aires marines protégées (AMP) en Indonésie en examinant comment celles-ci sont en mesure d'adapter leurs politiques afin de mieux répondre à l'évolution des conditions socioéconomiques et écologiques, quels ont été les impacts socioéconomiques de ces aires, et quelles sont les préoccupations environnementales des acteurs locaux dont les moyens de subsistance dépendent des ressources règlementées. Le «livelihoods framework » a servi de guide pour notre analyse des changements socioéconomiques dans la région, tandis que la notion d’« environmentality » d’Agrawal a fourni les bases théoriques pour l'examen de la formation de sujets environnementaux au parc national de Karimunjawa. Cette étude a montré que les changements de politique apportés au plan de la gestion du parc sont un pas dans la bonne direction, mais que les objectifs importants liés sa cogestion n'ont jamais été entièrement réalisés dans la pratique. Les résultats montrent également que d'importants changements socioéconomiques surviennent dans le parc, de nombreux pêcheurs se tournent vers des moyens de subsistance alternatifs, afin de compenser la baisse des prises de poissons. Enfin, cette étude a révélé que d'importants changements positifs dans les préoccupations environnementales sont survenus depuis la modification du zonage du parc, mais que ceux-ci ne se sont pas entièrement traduits en conformité avec les règles et règlements de l'AMP.