Advances in the analysis and design of concrete structures, metal containments and liner plate for extreme loads

The material presented in this paper summarizes the progress that has been made in the analysis, design, and testing of concrete structures. The material is summarized in the following documents: 1. Part I - Containment Design Criteria and Loading Combinations - J.D. Stevenson (Stevenson and Associates, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) 2. Part II - Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Behavior - J. Eibl and M. Curbach (Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe, Germany) 3. Part III - Concrete Containment Analysis, Design and Related Testing - T.E. Johnson and M.A. Daye (Bechtel Power Corporation, Gaithersburg, Maryland USA) 4. Part IV - Impact and Impulse Loading and Response Prediction - J.D. Riera (School of Engineering - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) 5. Part V - Metal Containments and Liner Plate Systems - N.J. Krutzik (Siemens AG, Offenbach Am Main, Germany) 6. Part VI - Prestressed Reactor Vessel Design, Testing and Analysis - J. Nemet (Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf, Austria) and K.T.S. Iyengar (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India).

Mechanistic Aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution at Half-Sandwich Metal Complexes

The hydrolysis reactions of organometallic ruthenium(II) piano-stool complexes of the type Ru-II(eta(6)-cymene)(L)Cl](0/+) (1-5, where L = kappa(1)- or kappa(2)-1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane,1,1bis-(diphenylphosphino)methane oxide, kappa(1)-mercaptobenzothiazole) have been studied using density functional theory at the B3LYP level. In addition to considering a syn attack in an associative fashion, where the nucleophile approaches from the same side as the leaving group, we have explored alternative paths such as an anti attack in an associative manner, where the nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group. During the anti attack, an intermediate is formed and there is a coordination mode change of the arene ring from eta(6) to eta(2) along with its rotation. When the intermediate goes to the product, the arene ring slips back from eta(2) to eta(6) coordination. This coordinated movement of the arene ring makes the associative anti attack an accessible pathway for the substitution process. Our calculations predict very similar activation barriers for both syn and anti attacks. In the dissociative path, the rate-determining step is the generation of a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron ruthenium species. This turns out to be viable once solvent effects are included. The large size of the ancillary ligands on Ru makes the dissociative process as favorable as the associative process. Activation energy calculations reveal that although the dissociative path is favorable for kappa(1) complexes, both dissociative and associative processes can have significant contribution to the hydrolysis reaction in kappa(2) complexes. Once activated by hydrolysis, these complexes react with guanine and adenine bases of DNA. The thermodynamic stabilities of complexes formed with the nucleobases are also presented.

Tuning the interfacial properties of supported metal nanoclusters

Nanoclusters are objects made up of several to thousands of atoms and form a transitional state of matter between single atoms and bulk materials. Due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, nanoclusters exhibit exciting and yet poorly studied size dependent properties. When deposited directly on bare metal surfaces, the interaction of the cluster with the substrate leads to alteration of the cluster properties, making it less or even non-functional. Surfaces modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were shown to form an interesting alternative platform, because of the possibility to control wettability by decreasing the surface reactivity and to add functionalities to pre-formed nanoclusters. In this thesis, the underlying size effects and the influence of the nanocluster environment are investigated. The emphasis is on the structural and magnetic properties of nanoclusters and their interaction with thiol SAMs. We report, for the first time, a ferromagnetic-like spin-glass behaviour of uncapped nanosized Au islands tens of nanometres in size. The flattening kinetics of the nanocluster deposition on thiol SAMs are shown to be mediated mainly by the thiol terminal group, as well as the deposition energy and the particle size distribution. On the other hand, a new mechanism for the penetration of the deposited nanoclusters through the monolayers is presented, which is fundamentally different from those reported for atom deposition on alkanethiols. The impinging cluster is shown to compress the thiol layer against the Au surface and subsequently intercalate at the thiol-Au interface. The compressed thiols try then to straighten and push the cluster away from the surface. Depending on the cluster size, this restoring force may or may not enable a covalent cluster-surface bond formation, giving rise to various cluster-surface binding patterns. Compression and straightening of the thiol molecules pinpoint the elastic nature of the SAMs, which has been investigated in this thesis using nanoindentation. The nanoindenation method has been applied to SAMs of varied tail groups, giving insight into the mechanical properties of thiol modified metal surfaces.

13 C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the binding of alkali and alkaline earth metal salts to amides

13 C resonances of carbonyl and methyl groups in amides are shifted down-field on interaction with alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. The magnitude of the shift depends on the ionic potential of the cation. Ions like Li+ bind to the amide carbonyl group both in neat amide solutions as well as in concentrated salt solutions in water.

An electron spectroscopic study of the adsorption of nitrogen on a Ni/TiO2 catalyst prepared in situ in the spectrometer: evidence for dissociative adsorption in the strong-metal-support-interaction (SMSI) state

Nitrogen is dissociatively adsorbed on an annealed Ni/TiO2 surface just as on a Ti–Ni alloy surface while it is molecularly adsorbed on a Ni/Al2O3 surface.

Synthesis, infrared spectra and thermoanalytical properties of transition metal sulfite hydrazine hydrates

Transition metal sulfite hydrazine hydrates, MSO3·xN2H4·yH2O whereM=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Zn have been prepared and characterized by chemical analysis, infrared spectra, thermoanalytical and combustion studies. The colours,x andy parameters of the complexes varied depending upon the preparation conditions. Thermal decomposition characteristics differ from metal to metal yielding metal oxides at relatively low temperatures.Mittels chemischer Analyse, IR-Spektren, thermoanalytischen und Verbrennungsstudien wurden die Hydrazinhydrate der hergestellten Übergangsmetallsulfite MSO3·xN2H4·yH2O mitM=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni und Zn beschrieben. Farbe sowie die Parameterx undy der Komplexe hängen von den Herstellungsbedingungen ab. Die thermische Zersetzung, bei der bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen Metalloxide entstehen, ist von Metall zu Metall verschieden.

Singlet quenching of tetraphenylporphyrin and its metal derivatives by iron(III) coordination compounds

The quenching of fluorescence of the free-base tetraphenylporphyrin, H2TPP, and its metal derivatives, MgTPP and ZnTPP by diverse iron(III) complexes, [Fe(CN)6]3−, Fe(acac)3, [Fe(mnt)2]−, Fe(Salen)Cl, [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2−·, FeTPPCl and [Fe(Cp)2]+ has been studied both in homogeneous medium (CH3CN) and micellar media, SDS., CTAB and Triton X-100. The quenching efficiencies are analysed in terms of diffusional encounters and it has been possible to separate static quenching components. The quenching constants are dependent on the nature of the ligating atoms around iron(III) and also on the extent of π-conjugation of the ligands. The quenching mechanism has been investigated using steady-state irradiation experiments. Evidence for oxidative quenching by iron(III) complexes was obtained, though the spin multiplicities of the excited electronic states of iron(III) complexes permit both energy and electron transfer mechanisms for quenching of the singlet excited state of the porphyrins.

A novel metal binding mode of a pyrimidine nucleotide. Crystal structure of [Cu(5′-UMP)(im)2(H2O)]·4H2O

X-ray analysis of the ternary complex [Cu(5′-UMP)(im)2(H2O)]·4H2O, where 5′-UMP uridine-5′-monophosphate and IM = imidazole, reveals a novel metal binding mode of pyrimidine nucleotide through the ribose group.

Electronic states in a disordered metal: Magnetotransport in doped germanium

We observe a sharp feature in the ultra-low-temperature magnetoconductivity of degenerately doped Ge:Sb at H∼25 kOe, which is robust up to at least three times the critical density for the insulator-metal transition. This field corresponds to a low-energy scale characteristic of the special nature of antimony donors in germanium. Its presence and sensitivity to uniaxial stress confirm the notion of metallic impurity bands in doped germanium.

Combustion Synthesis of Metal Chromite Powders

Fine-particle metal chromites (MCr2O4, where M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) have been prepared by the combustion of aqueous solutions containing the respective metal nitrate, chromium(III) nitrate, and urea in stoichiometric amounts. The mixtures, when rapidly heated to 350°C, ignite and yield voluminous chromites with surface areas ranging from 5 to 25 m2/g. MgCr2O4, sintered in air at 1500°C for 5 h, has a density of 4.0 g/cm3.

Electrobioleaching of base metal sulfides

Bioleaching of base metal sulfides, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, under the influence of applied direct current (DC) potentials is discussed. Contributions toward mineral dissolution from three effects, namely, galvanic, applied potential, and microbiological, are analyzed and compared. Sphalerite could be selectively bioleached in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans under an applied potential of -500 mV (SCE) from mixed sulfides containing sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite. Bacterial activity and growth were found to be promoted under electrobioleaching conditions. Probable mechanisms involved in the bioleaching of different sulfides under positive and negative applied potentials are discussed.

Electronic Structure of and the Metal-Insulator Transition in La1-xSrxCoO3-δ: A Soft-X-Ray Absorption Study

We report the soft-X-ray absorption spectra at the oxygen K-edge of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) series with experimentally determined δ values. We show that the doping of holes by replacing La3+ with Sr2+ induces states within the band gap of the insulating undoped compound for small x and these doped states have a very substantial oxygen 2p character. This indicates that the insulating compounds belong to the charge transfer insulator regime. With increasing Sr content, the doped states broaden into a band overlapping the top of the primarily oxygen p-derived band, leading to an insulator-metal transition at x ≥ 0.2.

Influence of Die Surface Textures during Metal Forming-A Study Using Experiments and Simulation

Friction plays an important role in metal forming processes, and the surface texture of the die is a major factor that influences friction. In the present investigation, experiments were conducted to understand the role of surface texture of the harder die surface and load on coefficient of friction. The data analysis showed that the coefficient of friction is highly dependent on the surface texture of the die surface. Assigning different magnitude of coefficients of friction, obtained in the experiments, at different regions between the die and the workpiece, Finite element (FE) simulation of a compression test was carried out to understand the effect of friction on deformation and stress/strain-rate distribution. Simulation results revealed that, owing to the difference in coefficient of friction, there is a change in metal flow pattern. Both experimental and simulation results confirmed that the surface texture of the die surface and thus coefficient of friction directly affects the strain rate and flow pattern of the workpiece.