Diagrammatic scale for assessment of soybean rust severity

A diagrammatic scale to assess soybean (Glycine max) rust severity, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was developed in this study. Leaflets showing different severity levels were collected for determination of the minimum and maximum severity limits; intermediate levels were determined according to "Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law". The proposed scale showed the levels of 0.6; 2; 7; 18; 42, and 78.5%. Scale validation was performed by eight raters (four inexperienced and four experienced), who estimated the severity of 44 soybean leaflets showing rust symptoms, with and without the use of the scale. Except for rater number eight, all showed a tendency to overestimate severity without the aid of the diagrammatic scale. With the scale, the raters obtained better accuracy and precision levels, although the tendency to overestimate was maintained. Experienced raters were more accurate and precise than inexperienced raters, and assessment improvements with the use of the scale were more significant for inexperienced raters.

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of methyldopa using p-chloranil in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of methyldopa in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the reaction between tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (p-chloranil) and methyldopa, accelerated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), producing a violet-red compound (λmax = 535 nm) at ambient temperature (25.0 ± 0.2 ºC). Experimental design methodologies were used to optimize the measurement conditions. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range from 2.10 x 10-4 to 2.48 x 10-3 mol L-1 (r = 0.9997). The limit of detection was 7.55 x 10-6 mol L-1 and the limit of quantification was 2.52 x 10-5 mol L-1. The intraday precision and interday precision were studied for 10 replicate analyses of 1.59 x 10-3 mol L-1 methyldopa solution and the respective coefficients of variation were 0.7 and 1.1 %. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of methyldopa in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. No interferences were observed from the common excipients in the formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those given by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia procedure at 95 % confidence level.

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical preparations using ammonium molybdate

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of captopril (CPT) in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. This method is based on the reduction reaction of ammonium molybdate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, for the group thiol of CPT, producing a green compound (λ max 407 nm). Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 4.60 x 10-4 - 1.84 x 10-3 mol l-1 of CPT with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9995). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 7.31 x 10-6 e 2.43 x 10-5 mol l-1 of CPT, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of CPT in commercial brands of pharmaceuticals. No interferences were observed from the common excipients in the formulations. The results obtained by the proposed method were favorably compared with those given by the official reported method at 95 % confidence level.

On the institution of the moral subject: on the commander and the commanded in Nietzsche's discussion of law

The article discusses how Nietzsche understands the institution of law and morals in distinction to Kant and the Christian tradition. It argues that Nietzsche to a large extent is inspired by the paradigm-shift toward a evolutionary biological thinking introduced by several of his peers in the late 19th century, among else F. A. Lange, who sees this shift as a sobering scientific-materialistic alternative to Kant. In Nietzsche, the Kantian moral imperative is replaced with a notion of a morality emerging thanks to historical, or pre-historical, civilizational processes, imposed on a feebleminded human without any inherent rational dispositions to obey Law. It is also a process, which rather than universalizing the human, splits it in a duality where one part obeys old immediate self-interests and another part obeys new 'commands,' having been shouted 'into the ear' by a so-called 'commander.' The compliance with law takes two radically different forms in Nietzsche: servile and mediocre individuals need to be exposed to discipline and punishment in order to adopt Law; while so-called 'sovereign' individuals are able to impose law upon themselves. The figure of the 'sovereign' has consequently been an issue for vigorous debate in especially the Anglo-Saxon tradition of Nietzsche research, since his apparent 'respect for law' and 'sense of duty' reiterate typical Kantian qualities. Relating to these discussions, I suggest that Nietzsche's 'sovereign' (in one context) is identical his 'commander' (in other contexts). When the 'sovereign' as such imposes law upon himself and others, his act is conventional and arbitrary (like language in Saussure), and is rather irrational than rational as in Kant. His will is not a good will, nor a rational will with a vision of human autonomy. His command of himself and others is a performative, thus without truth-value (like illocutionary speech-acts in Austin and Searle).

Intensidade da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & P. Sydow) da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nas cultivares Conquista, Savana e Suprema sob diferentes temperaturas e períodos de molhamento foliar

A Ferrugem Asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & P. Sydow), relatada em diversas regiões do globo terrestre de climas tropicais e subtropicais, causa redução significativa na produtividade da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Fatores bióticos como interação patógeno-hospedeiro e abióticos influenciam o progresso da doença. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar os efeitos da temperatura e de períodos de molhamento foliar no progresso da Ferrugem Asiática nas cultivares Conquista, Savana e Suprema. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Fitopatologia da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em junho de 2004, em câmaras de crescimento vegetal nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 °C e períodos de molhamento foliar de 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas. A inoculação foi realizada pulverizando-se as plantas com suspensão de 10(4) uredósporos de P. pachyrhizi.mL-1 de água. Dados da incidência e da severidade foram utilizados para avaliar o progresso da doença e integrados por meio da área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência (AACPI) e da severidade (AACPS). Modelos de regressão não-linear foram ajustados para a AACPI e AACPS. Foi calculado o volume abaixo da superfície de resposta para incidência (VASRI) e severidade (VASRS) em relação à temperatura e molhamentos foliares com o objetivo de detectar diferenças entre cultivares. Molhamentos foliares acima de 15 horas e temperaturas próximas a 20 ºC, nas 3 cultivares avaliadas, determinaram maior intensidade da Ferrugem Asiática. Temperaturas próximas a 30 e 15 ºC ocasionaram menor intensidade da doença. Períodos de molhamento foliar abaixo de 6 horas reduziram a intensidade da doença. Todas as cultivares testadas foram suscetíveis à doença, entretanto, a cultivar Conquista apresentou maior VASRI e VASRS da Ferrugem Asiática comparada às cultivares Savana e Suprema, as quais não diferiram estatisticamente. Houve diferença entre as cultivares para AACPI em cada temperatura e molhamento foliar.

The history of Lapland : wherein are shewed the original manners, habits, marriages, conjurations, &c. of that people : written by John Scheffer, professor of law and rhetoric at Upsal in Sweden.

Added engraved title page: The history of Lapland.

Aiotteko tutkijaksi vai poliitikoksi? : Max Weberin analyysi tieteestä ja politiikasta ammatteina

kirjallisuusarvostelu

Efeitos de sistemas de preparo do solo na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de cinco equipamentos de preparo do solo sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura da soja (Glycine max L. (Merril)), foi conduzida uma pesquisa em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no município de Uberaba-MG, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (escarificador, enxada-rotativa, arado de aivecas, arado de discos e grade aradora) e quatro repetições. Os sistemas de preparo do solo não mostraram diferenças para o número médio de dias para a emergência das plântulas, estande final, altura da primeira vagem e produtividade da cultura da soja. Os tratamentos com arado de disco, arado de aivecas e grade aradora proporcionaram as maiores populações iniciais da cultura. A altura das plantas foi afetada pelos sistemas de preparo utilizados, destacando-se o preparo com o arado de aivecas e com a enxada-rotativa, com os maiores e menores valores absolutos, respectivamente.

Mapeamento de semeaduras de soja (Glycine max (L.)Merr.) mediante dados MODIS/Terra E TM/Landsat 5: um comparativo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar mapeamentos de semeadura da cultura da soja na região oeste do Paraná, realizados com imagens MODIS/Terra e TM/Landsat 5. Primeiramente, construiu-se máscara de referência, considerando seis imagens TM ao longo do ciclo da cultura, utilizando-se dos algoritmos Paralelepípedo e MaxVer com posterior análise visual. As imagens MODIS foram classificadas com o algorítimo Paralelepípedo, em quatro passagens referentes ao pico vegetativo. O desempenho das classificações foi avaliado por meio de Matrizes de Erros, calculadas pela análise de 100 pontos amostrais (soja ou não-soja), aleatoriamente distribuídos em cada um dos oito municípios da área de estudo. Os principais resultados mostraram que a Exatidão Global (EG) e o Índice Kappa (IK), que variaram entre 0,55 e 0,80, em ambos os sensores, são considerados bons a muito bons. Quando EG e IK dos sensores TM e MODIS foram comparados, não se encontrou diferença significativa. O mapeamento da soja utilizando o sensor MODIS produziu 70% de confiabilidade sob o ponto de vista do usuário. A principal conclusão é a viabilidade de mapear a soja pelo sensor MODIS com as vantagens de que as imagens MODIS têm melhor resolução temporal e são disponibilizadas gratuitamente na Internet.

Qualidade da aplicação aérea líquida com uma aeronave agrícola experimental na cultura da soja (Glycine Max L.)

Os avanços da tecnologia de aplicação aérea de agroquímicos têm-se dado na direção de redução do volume de calda, o que pode ocasionar má distribuição e consequente deposição irregular. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da aplicação de calda de pulverização em aplicação aérea, na cultura da soja (Glycine Max L.). Para a aplicação, foi utilizada uma aeronave agrícola experimental, aplicando um volume de calda de 20 L ha-1 . Para a determinação dos volumes depositados nas folhas do terço superior, médio e inferior das plantas de soja, foi utilizado corante alimentício azul brilhante adicionado à calda de pulverização. Estas folhas foram lavadas, e o volume determinado por espectrofotometria. Para a obtenção do espectro de gotas, foram utilizados alvos artificiais constituídos por papel hidrossensível, distribuídos no terço superior e médio das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de fator único, considerando as diferentes posições na planta, e cartas de controle foram feitas a partir dos limites inferior e superior de controle. A aplicação aérea de calda de pulverização na cultura da soja apresentou menores valores de diâmetro da mediana volumétrica, amplitude relativa e cobertura no terço médio em relação ao terço superior da cultura da soja. Houve menor deposição da calda de pulverização no terço inferior. Os indicadores de cobertura da calda de pulverização demonstraram que a aplicação aérea com a aeronave agrícola experimental avaliada não se encontra sob controle estatístico de processo, ou seja, fora do padrão de qualidade.

Perfomance evaluation of a direct injection engine using different blends of soybean (Glycine max) methyl biodiesel

Diesel fuel is used widely in Brazil and worldwide. On the other hand, the growing environmental awareness leads to a greater demand for renewable energy resources. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the use of different blends of soybean (Glycine max) methyl biodiesel and diesel in an ignition compression engine with direct injection fuel. The tests were performed on an electric eddy current dynamometer, using the blends B10, B50 and B100, with 10; 50 e 100% of biodiesel, respectively, in comparison to the commercial diesel B5, with 5% of biodiesel added to the fossil diesel. The engine performance was analyzed trough the tractor power take off (PTO) for each fuel, and the best results obtained for the power and the specific fuel consumption, respectively, were: B5 (44.62 kW; 234.87 g kW-1 h-1); B10 (44.73 kW; 233.78 g kW-1 h-1); B50 (44.11 kW; 250.40 g kW-1 h-1) e B100 (43.40 kW; 263.63 g kW-1 h-1). The best performance occurred with the use of B5 and B10 fuel, without significant differences between these blends. The B100 fuel showed significant differences compared to the other fuels.

Material embodiment and energy flows as efficiency indicators of soybean (Glycine max) production in Brazil

As the requirement for agriculture to be environmentally suitable there is a necessity to adopt indicators and methodologies approaching sustainability. In Brazil, biodiesel addition into diesel is mandatory and soybean oil is its main source. The material embodiment determines the convergence of inputs into the crop. Moreover, the material flows are necessary for any environmental analysis. This study evaluated distinct production scenarios, and also conventional versus GMO crops, through the material embodiment and energy analysis. GMO crops demanded less indirectly applied inputs. The energy balance showed linearity with yield, whereas for EROI, the increases in input and yield were not affected.

The impact of the law 10,267/2001 in the brazilian rural registration

The publication of the Law 10,267 of 08/28/2001 changed the paradigm of rural registration in Brazil, because this law known as the "Law of Georeferencing" has created the National Registration of Rural Property, that unifies in a common basis different registrations present in several government agencies, such as the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), the Secretariat of Federal Revenue, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, and the National Indian Foundation. Also, this new registration system has a graphical component which has not existed until such date, where the boundaries of rural property are georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System. This new paradigm has resulted in a standardization of the survey and its representation of rural properties according to the Technical Standard for Georeferencing of Rural Properties, published by INCRA in compliance with the new legislation. Due to the georeferencing, the creation of a public GIS of free access on the Internet was possible. Among the difficulties found it may be observed the great Brazilian territory, the need for specialized professionals, and especially the certification process that INCRA has to perform for each georeferenced property. It is hoped that this last difficulty is solved with the implementation of the Land Management System that will allow automated and online certification, making the process more transparent, agile and fast.