Adopt sustainable development principle in aquaculture

The inadequate planning and inefficient management of coastal aquaculture has resulted into serious socioeconomic consequences. These are the displacement of rural communities which traditionally depended on mangroves due to large-scale mangrove conversion for shrimp and fish farming, land subsidence caused by excessive pumping of groundwater for use in aquaculture, financial losses due to disease outbreaks, and public health consequences due to red tide. In order to maximize the socioeconomic benefits of coastal aquaculture the adoption of the principles of sustainable development is recommended. Sustainable development is the management and conservation of natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations.

Guidelines for the development of environmentally acceptable coastal aquaculture

The paper presents some recommendations for the development of the environmentally acceptable coastal aquaculture such as: 1) Formulate coastal aquaculture development and management plans, 2) Formulate integrated coastal zone management plans, 3) Apply the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process to all major aquaculture proposals, 4) Select suitable sites for coastal aquaculture, 5) Improve the management of aquaculture operations, 6) Assess the capacity of the ecosystem to sustain aquaculture development with minimal ecological change, 7) Establish guidelines governing the use of mangrove wetland for coastal aquaculture, 8) Establish guidelines for the use of bioactive compounds in aquaculture, 9) Assess and evaluate the true consequences of transfers and introductions of exotic organisms, 10) Regulate discharges from land-based aquaculture through the enforcement of effluent standards, 11) Establish control measures for aquaculture products, 12) Increase public awareness of the safety aspects of consuming seafood, 13) Apply incentives and deterrents to reduce environmental degradation from aquaculture activities, and 14) Monitor for ecological change.

The state of mangroves

The article presents the current state of mangroves in Southeast Asia. In several countries lost mangrove areas were due to the conversion of mangrove forest into aquaculture and other uses. The ecological and socioeconomic effects of mangrove destruction are also presented.

SEAFDEC appeals - Save mangroves!

The article presents action plans that could be done to stop and prevent further degradation of the mangrove ecosystem. These action plans are: conservation, mangrove reforestation and the practice of ecologically sound aquaculture.

The genetic garden

The article discusses some strategies in the establishment of a mangrove genetic garden where species could be maintained. The genetic garden is a sustainable way to prevent further damage of the remaining mangroves. Its prime function is the protection and conservation of mangroves for sustainable use.

Biodiversity and production of bioactive material from cyanobacteria in Persian Gulf

In this project sampling was done from 9 stations in 3 depths during 5 seasons to separate, identify and examine the biodiversity of cyanobacteria. Another sampling also has been done to analyse all physical and physicochemical parameters, primary production and polluting agents such as heavy metals and oil hydrocarbons in water and sediments. Along with optimization of Oscillatoria to study the ability of producing natural substances, these cyanobacteria were analysed from the point of antimicrobial and mutagenic effects. To examine the relationships among analysed parameters, the regression test, analysis of varian and Post Hoc were used. As the result of this study 48 genus of cyanobacteria were pecognised among which 35.5% were croco ccales and 64.4% were Hermogonals. Oscillatoria was one of the Filamentous cyanobacteria which had antibacterial and mutagenic effects. The results of multicommunity consistency varians test, post Hoc and homogenous subsets show significant difference between biodiversity of cyanotbacteria in coral ecosystem, Mangrove and transite. The linear correlation coefficient between biodiversity of cyanobacteria and bioenvironmental agents were examined, but there was no continuous relation between these factors and biological biodiversity. In Surface layer there was a significant correlation coefficent at 0.048 and probability at 95% confidence interval. Also, the biodiversity is depended on oil pollution and heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr).

A comparative ecological study on internationally important wetlands of Khoor-e-Kolahy and Tiab

Ecological study on Kolahy and 'flab estuaries were carried out during 1996-1997. Water and sediment sampling was done seasonally. In order to study the physical and chemical characteristic of the water, various animal fauna from different material niches including planktons and fish from water, benthousi from the sediment , and surface living animal such as Arthropod (Crabs) and Waterbirds were identified. I he result shoved, that water salinity of both estuaries was the same as the general salinity existing its the Persian Gulf water, and its variation is same IN those waters Minimum water salinity in both estuaries are seen during Bahairdan or early winter mooth(Jaa.), which is about 31ppt and Maximum is during .rirldlun.) or summer mouth at about 19 ppt. Dissolved otygen and pH are slime as the general Persian Gulf waters., Dissolve Oxygen being directly associated to temperature and its fluctuation is between 7- Sing/I and pH between 7.5-LS. The animals of both estuaries are almost similar having a sal factory species diversity . The birds of the region are often seasonal migrants , the maximum population of which occurs in winter season and the minimum during summer month. Nam coverage is richer in Tiab than Kolahy estuary, where in Kolahy a signal Mangrove tree is in exigence. 'Ile total coverage of Mangrove forest in Tiab is estimated about -29 hec.Both estuaries are included with in the international Ramsar Convention sites in 1971. Due to national importance of these estuaries inproviding refugee for various birds species and also hinting grounds and access traffic for local fishing vehicles, Actiog as an important access for various inhabitancy living with these area of the Persian Gulf. Due to importance or prawn aquacultur for the economical well being of local inhabitance, these areas provide a suitable grandees for prawn production. I-test statistics show, there are no significant difference among various invertebrate and vertebrate animals. In over all out look 21) phytoplankton genera, 21) zeoplankton genera 17 miafauna and 32 roaerofauna genera , 11 different species Carcineacearions and 119 species of walerbirds were identified with in the Tiab and Kolahy estuariesregioos. The X statistic show that the animal density is directly associated to season. Where density of miofauna and maerofauna in both estuaries are in maiticrourn during summer and the minimums existing during the winter season. In addition the bentic invertebrate population density in closlly association to birds population density since , the later, feeds on the former animals. Where the increasing in bird population density during the winter season, the bentic invertebrate animal population density decreases. The over all trend of animal population density in winter tend to increased towards the summer seasons, which this is due to climatic conditions of the region. The bird population on the contrary to other animals of both estuaries tend to increase from summer towards the winter seasons and which this bird population density is in maximum in winter with in the region.

Seawater irrigation systems for intensive marine shrimp farming in Thailand

The aim of the seawater irrigation system (SIS) is to clean up shrimp pond effluent and provide high quality seawater for shrimp farming. The system has 3 components: water intake; treatment reservoir and discharge system. There are criteria for site selection because shrimp farmers are required to form associations so they can work closely together. The construction site must be on the coastal area outside a mangrove forest and located away from a production agricultural area. All construction sites must have undergone an environmental impact assessment, and should be located on the area listed in Thailand's Coastal Zone Management Plan. Five SIS projects, which cover a culture area of 6,500 ha with 1,300 farmers (families), were completed and operated. The Department of Fisheries has planned for another 28 projects, that will cover almost 44,000 ha of culture area.

The culture of seabass

Seabass (Lates calcarifer) are raised in ponds and cages in Southeast Asia. Details are given of the 2 phases involved in the pond and culture culture systems -- nursery and grow-out. Both monoculture and polyculture systems are used for pond production of seabass. Polyculture may involve milkfish and tilapia, groupers, seaweed, tilapia or snapper, grouper and shrimp.

Environment-friendly practices in the aquafarm

An outline is given of various environment-friendly management practices in aquaculture, considering the following: 1) feed right; 2) avoid antibiotics; 3) reuse and cycle water; 4) use settling or sedimentation ponds; 5) provide mangrove buffer zone; and, 6) practice polyculture or integrated farming.

Flavanol derivatives from Rhizophora stylosa and their DPPH radical scavenging activity

A new acetylated flavanol, 3,7-O-diacetyl (-)-epicatechin (3), and seven known flavanol derivatives, (-)-epicatechin (1), 3-O-acetyl (-)-epicatechin (2), 3,3 ',4 ',5,7-O-pentaacetyl (-)-epicatechin (4), (+)-afzelechin (5), (+)-catechin (6), cinchonain Ib (7), and proanthocyanidin B2 (8), were isolated from the stems and twigs of the mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa and identified. The crude extract, the different fractions and all of the purified compounds were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Chemical Constituents of a Marine-Derived Endophytic Fungus Penicillium commune G2M

Cultivation of the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune, which was isolated from the semi-mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus, afforded one new compound 1-O-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)-glycerol (1) along with thirteen known products, including 1-O-acetylglycerol (2), N-acetyltryptophan (3), 3-indolylacetic acid methyl ester (4), 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethanone (5), 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (6), (4R,5S)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (7), thymidine (8), uracil (9), thymine (10), ergosterol (11), beta-sitosterol (12), beta-daucosterol (13), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol (14). The structures of these compounds were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data or with authentic samples.

A new acylated iridoid glucoside from Avicennia marina

A new acylated iridoid glucoside, namely, 2'-O-(5-phenyl-2E, 4E-pentadienoyl)mussaenosidic acid, was isolated from the aerial parts of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of various NMR spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR techniques (H-1-H-1 COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) and HR-FAB-MS. This compound displayed moderate antioxidant activity.

牡蛎染色体的分子生物学分析

本研究应用显带技术和荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization，FISH)技术，鉴定了牡蛎的染色体；应用FISH方法定位了一系列的重复序列和大分子的P1克隆DNA；制备了染色体特异性探针。应用FISH特异性探针成功地鉴定了长牡蛎的三体10。结果如下：1．分析了G带和C带在美洲牡蛎染色体上的分布。G带在每一条染色体上的带型不同，某些染色体间(如第1对和第4对染色体，第7对和第9对染色体)的带型差别不是很明显。G带型容易受染色体收缩程度的影响。C带型重复性较好，染色体带型较清楚，分布在染色体的端粒区域和着丝粒区域。G带和C带带型能够用来鉴定牡蛎的染色体，但是重复性低和带型差异不显著，并不适合常规的染色体鉴定。2．早期胚胎和担轮幼虫制备的染色体适合于FISH分析。染色体制备方法重复性好，可适用于其它贝类的染色体制备。3．研究了重复序列基因--rDNA的定位：1)18S-5.8S rDNA在研究的五种巨蛎属Crassostrea牡蛎均只有一个位 点。太平洋种(C.gigas，C. ariakensis和C. plicatula)中，杂交信号位于最短的染色体一第10对染色体长臂的端粒区域，在大西洋种(C. virginica和C. rhizophorae)中，同一序列定位在第2对染色体短臂的端粒区域。2)18S-28S rDNA在两种蛤中有两个位点。rDNA探针定位在侏儒蛤(Mulinis Lateralis)的第15对和第19对染色体的端粒区域，同一序列定位在硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的第10对染色体的长臂和第12对染色体短臂的端粒区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间有差异。 3)5s rDNA位于美洲牡蛎的第5对染色体的短臂上靠近着丝粒区域和第6 对染色体的短臂的中间区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间没有显著差异。5S rDNA探针可以作为鉴定和识别第5对和第6对染色体的特异性探针。4．研究了一些重复序列的定位1)两个短的重复序列1G8，1P2均产生很强的荧光信号分布在美洲牡蛎所有的染色体上。在低严谨条件下，这些序列均产生很强的信号散布在所有的染色体上。在高严谨条件下，信号强度大大减弱，但是信号仍散布在所有的染色体上。这些重复序列散布在美洲牡蛎的整个基因组中。2)高度重复序列Cgl70产生的信号分布在长牡蛎的7对染色体的着丝粒区域，没有发现间区信号。在第1对，第2对，第4对和第7对染色体上的荧光信号强且稳定。在第5对，第8对和第10对染色体上的信号相对弱且不稳定。在剩余的染色体上(第3对，第6对和第9对染色体)没有检测到荧光信号。结果表明此卫星序列是一个着丝粒卫星序列。在美洲牡蛎的染色体上没有检测到荧光信号，表明了这个着丝粒卫星序列在这两种牡蛎中的分布存在着显著的差异。3)脊椎动物端粒序列(TTAGGG)n的FISH信号局限在四种双壳贝类(美洲牡蛎，the mangrove oyster，硬壳蛤，侏儒蛤)所有染色体的端粒区域，没有发现间区信号的存在。研究结果与已报道的研究结果表明脊椎动物端粒序列或许存在于所有双壳贝类的染色体末端。双壳贝类是目前研究过的唯一含有脊椎动物端粒序列DNA的无脊椎动物。4)研究了RAPD探针在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。大多数RAPD探针产生了多个信号散布在间期细胞核和所有的染色体上。引物OPX-03，OPX-04，OPX—06，OPG-02，OPM—04，OPM-11，0PS-02制备的探针在适宜的条件下产生特异性荧光 信号，分布在牡蛎的特定的染色体上。PCR特异性带产生的探针OPX—06—310和0PG-02—300产生了特异性的荧光信号：OPX—06—310产生的信号位于第5对染色体的短臂的近端粒区域，0PG—02—300探针定位到第3对染色体的短臂上。这两个探针是鉴定美洲牡蛎单条染色体的特异性探针。5．研究了大分子Pl克隆DNA(插入片断为80～100 kb)在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。Pl克隆DNA通过切口平移方法标记digoxigenin—11-dUTP用作FISH的探针。Cot-1 DNA作为竞争剂有效地抑制了Pl克隆序列中的重复序列产生的信号。杂交信号用fluorescein标记的anti—digoxigenin抗体来检测，用两层抗体rabbit-anti-sheep抗体和FITC anti—rabbit抗体来扩增信号。9个P1探针成功地定位在特定的染色体上。46—1探针杂交到第1对染色体的长臂靠近着丝粒区域；47-10探针定位到第2对染色体的长臂近端粒区域；Cvpl和48-13两探针定位到第3对染色体上：Cvpl位于短臂的端粒区域，48-13探针位于长臂的近着丝粒区域；48—10探针杂交到第4对染色体的长臂上；48-1探针杂交到第5对染色体长臂的近着丝粒区域；49-11探针位于第7对染色体长臂上；探针49-10和44-11位于第8对染色体长臂上。同时我们成功地将2个P1探针杂交到同一染色体分裂相中，进一步确定了Pl探针在美洲牡蛎染色体 上的定位。6．应用18S-28S rDNA探针成功地鉴定出长牡蛎非整倍体中的三体10。经鉴定AF-35，AF-39和AF-3三体家系属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在三条染色体上，即多出的一条染色体为染色体10。相应地在间期细胞核上有三个信号出现。AF-34和AF-36家系不属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在两条染色体上，相应地在间期细胞核上有两个信号出现。FISH和染色体特异性探针为非整倍体的鉴定提供了一个快速准确可靠的方法和途径。

红树林植物木榄和一株海藻内生真菌的化学成分研究

本论文对民间药用红树植物木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）中的次生代谢产物进行了研究，同时还对分离自似瘤凹顶藻（Laurencia similis Namet Saito）的内生真菌EN21（Exophiala oligosperma）进行了化学成分研究。对分离得到的部分化合物进行了初步的DPPH自由基清除活性和抗菌活性筛选。 采用常规的硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、制备薄层层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20 柱层析、半制备型高效液相色谱（HPLC）以及重结晶等手段，从木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）中分离得到23个化合物；从EN21（Exophiala oligosperma）中分离得到23个化合物。利用一维、二维核磁、质谱、元素分析等各种现代波谱技术及化学反应方法，确定了木榄中20个化合物的结构，包括黄酮单体化合物5个，三萜类化合物11个，甾体化合物2个，长链烷烃2个，其中4个化合物为首次从木榄中报道的黄酮；确定了EN-21中20个化合物的结构，其中脑苷脂1个，甾体化合物7个，芳环化合物3个，三萜类化合物2个，包括1个新天然产物。本文系首次报道Exophiala oligosperma 的化学成分。 对从木榄中分离得到的部分化合物进行了DPPH自由基清除活性筛选， 发现黄酮类化合物BRG-1、BRG-2、BRG-3 、BRG-4显示了较强的DPPH自由基清除活性，而三萜类化合物则未表现出DPPH自由基清除活性。抗菌筛选实验中所有测试样品未显示出活性。 研究结果充实了红树林植物和海藻内生真菌代谢产物的内容，为其有效利用提供了一定的科学依据。