Administration of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

In this study we evaluated whether administration of stem cells of neural origin (neural precursor cells, NPCs) could be protective against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We hypothesized that stem cell outcomes are not tissue-specific and that NPCs can improve tissue damage through paracrine mechanisms, especially due to immunomodulation. To this end, Wistar rats (200-250 g) were submitted to 1-hour ischemia and treated with NPCs (4 x 10(6) cells/animal) at 4 h of reperfusion. To serve as controls, ischemic animals were treated with cerebellum homogenate harvested from adult rat brain. All groups were sacrificed at 24 h of reperfusion. NPCs were isolated from rat fetus telencephalon and cultured until neurosphere formation (7 days). Before administration, NPCs were labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimydylester (CFSE). Kidneys were harvested for analysis of cytokine profile and macrophage infiltration. At 24 h, NPC treatment resulted in a significant reduction in serum creatinine (IRI + NPC 1.21 + 0.18 vs. IRI 3.33 + 0.14 and IRI + cerebellum 2.95 + 0.78mg/dl, p < 0.05) and acute tubular necrosis (IRI + NPC 46.0 + 2.4% vs. IRI 79.7 + 14.2%, p < 0.05). NPC-CFSE and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells (astrocyte marker) were found exclusively in renal parenchyma, which also presented GFAP and SOX-2 (an embryonic neural stem cell marker) mRNA expression. NPC treatment resulted in lower renal proinflammatory IL1-beta and TNF-alpha expression and higher anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10 transcription. NPC-treated animals also had less macrophage infiltration and decreased serum proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and INF-gamma). Our data suggested that NPC therapy improved renal function by influencing immunological responses. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel

A Role for galectin-3 in renal tissue damage triggered by ischemia and reperfusion injury

Ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI) triggers an inflammatory response involving neutrophils/macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Galectin-3 is a multi-functional lectin with a broad range of action such as promotion of neutrophil adhesion, induction of oxidative stress, mastocyte migration and degranulation, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was evaluate the role of galectin-3 in the inflammation triggered by IRI. Galectin-3 knockout (KO) and wild type (wt) mice were subjected to 45 min of renal pedicle occlusion. Blood and kidney samples were collected at 6, 24, 48 and 120 h. Blood urea was analyzed enzymatically, while MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-1 beta were studied by real-time PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated by flow cytometry. Morphometric analyses were performed at 6, 24, 48 and 120 h after reperfusion. Urea peaked at 24 h, being significantly lower in knockout animals (wt = 264.4 +/- 85.21 mg/dl vs. gal-3 KO = 123.74 +/- 29.64 mg/dl, P = 0.001). Galectin-3 knockout animals presented less acute tubular necrosis and a more prominent tubular regeneration when compared with controls concurrently with lower expression of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1 beta, less macrophage infiltration and lower ROS production at early time points. Galectin-3 seems to play a role in renal IRI involving the secretion of macrophage-related chemokine, pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS production.

TLR2 and TLR4 expression after kidney ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice treated with FTY720

Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IR) is an antigen independent inflammatory process that causes tissue damage. After IR, kidneys up-regulate leukocyte adhesion molecules and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Moreover, injured kidneys can also secrete factors (i.e. heat shock protein) which bind to TLRs and trigger intracellular events culminating with the increase in the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. FTY720 is an immunomodulatory compound and protects at least in part kidneys submitted to IR. The mechanisms associated with FTY720`s beneficial effects on kidneys after IR remain elusive. We investigated whether FTY720 administration in mice submitted to kidney IR is associated with modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression. C57BL/6 mice submitted to 30 min of renal pedicles clamp were evaluated for serum parameters (creatinine, urea and nitric oxide), kidney histology, spleen and kidney infiltrating cells expression of TLR2 and TLR4, resident kidney cells expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and IL-6 protein expression in kidney. FTY720-treated mice presented decrease in serum creatinine, urea and nitric oxide, diminished expression of TLR2 and TLR4 both in spleen and kidney infiltrating cells, and reduced kidney IL-6 protein expression in comparison with IR non-treated mice. However, acute tubular necrosis was present both in IR non-treated and IR + FTY720-treated groups. Also, FTY720 did not prevent TLR2 and TLR4 expression in kidney resident cells. In conclusion, FTY720 can promote kidney function recovery after IR by reducing the inflammatory process. Further studies are needed in order to establish whether TLR2 and TLR4 down regulation should be therapeutically addressed as protective targets of renal function and structure after IR. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bradykinin inducible receptor is essential to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria are amongst the most common causative agents of acute lung injury, which is characterized by an inflammatory response, with cellular infiltration and the release of mediators/cytokines. There is evidence that bradykinin plays a role in lung inflammation in asthma but in other types of lung inflammation its role is less clear. In the present study we evaluated the role of the bradykinin B(1) receptor in acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation and the mechanisms behind bradykinin actions participating in the inflammatory response. We found that in C57BI/6 mice, the bradykinin B(1) receptor expression was up-regulated 24 h after lipopolysaccharide inhalation. At this time, the number of cells and protein concentration were significantly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the mice developed airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. In addition, there was an increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma and chemokines (monocytes chemotactic protein-1 and KC) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the lung tissue. We then treated the mice with a bradykinin B, receptor antagonist, R-954 (Ac-Orn-[Oic(2), alpha-MePhe(5), D-beta Nal(7), Ile(8)]desArg(9)-bradykinin), 30 min after lipopolysaccharide administration. We observed that this treatment prevented the airway hyperreactivity as well as the increased cellular infiltration and protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, R-954 inhibited the expression of cytokines/chemokines. These results implicate bradykinin, acting through B(1) receptor, in the development of acute lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharide inhalation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A simple and sensitive detection of diquat herbicide using a dental amalgam electrode A comparison using the chromatographic technique

This paper describes the use of a dental amalgam electrode (DAE) to evaluate the electrochemical behaviour and to develop an electroanalytical procedure for determination of diquat herbicide in natural water and potato samples. The work was based on the square wave voltammetry responses of diquat, which presented two well-defined and reversible reduction peaks, at -0.56 V (peak 1) and -1.00V (peak 2). The experimental and voltammetric parameters were optimised, and the analytical curves were constructed and compared to similar curves performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric detector (HPLC/UV-vis). The responses were directly proportional to diquat concentration in a large interval of concentration, and the calculated detection limits were very similar, around 10 mu g L(-1) (10 ppb) for voltammetric and chromatographic experiments. These values were lower than the maximum residue limit established for natural water by the Brazilian Environmental Agency. The recovery percentages in pure electrolyte, natural water and potato samples showed values from 70% to 130%, demonstrating that the voltammetric methodology proposed is suitable for determining any contamination by diquat in different samples, minimising the toxic residues due to the use of liquid mercury or the adsorptive process relative to use of other solid surfaces. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of the commercial herbicide atrazine

This paper presents a degradation study of the pesticide atrazine using photo-assisted electrochemical methods at a dimensionally stable anode (DSA (R)) of nominal composition Ti/Ru(0.3)Ti(0.7)O(2) in a prototype reactor. The effects of current density, electrolyte flow-rate, as well as the use of different atrazine concentrations are reported. The results indicate that the energy consumption is substantially reduced for the combined photochemical and electrochemical processes when compared to the isolated systems. It is observed that complete atrazine removal is achieved at low current densities when using the combined method, thus reducing the energy required to operate the electrochemical system. The results also include the investigation of the phytotoxicity of the treated solutions.

Degradation of alachlor herbicide by gamma radiation from cobalt-60 in aqueous and alcohol solution

Alachlor has been widely used in agriculture all over the world. It is suggested that it may be a carcinogen and an environmental estrogen. The aim of this work was to verify the degradation the alachlor by gamma radiation. Gamma radiation from (60)Co was used to degrade the alachlor herbicide in water and methanol solution. The alachlor in water and alcohol solution in the concentration of 100 mgL(-1) was irradiated with doses of 0.25-50 kGy, at dose rate 5-6 and 2.7 kGyh(-1). High performance liquid chromatography was used as an analytical technique to determine the degradation rate of herbicide studied.

Effect of sildenafil in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

To evaluate the effect of sildenafil, administered prior to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), by scintigraphy and histopathological evaluation in rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided randomly into two groups. They received 0.1 ml of 99mTechnetium-etilenodicisteine intravenous, and a baseline (initial) renal scintigraphy was performed. The rats underwent 60 minutes of ischemia by left renal artery clamping. The right kidney was not manipulated. The sildenafil group (n=12) received orally 1 mg/kg of sildenafil suspension 60 minutes before ischemia. Treatment with saline 0.9% in the control group (n=12). Half of the rats was assessed after 24 hours and half after seven days I/R, with new renal scintigraphy to study differential function. After euthanasia, kidneys were removed and subjected to histopathological examination. For statistical evaluation, Student t and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results: In the control group rats, the left kidneys had significant functional deficit, seven days after I/R, whose scintigraphic pattern was consistent with acute tubular necrosis, compared with the initial scintigraphy (p<0.05). Sildenafil treatment resulted in better differential function of the left kidneys 24h after reperfusion, compared with controls. Histopathologically, the left kidney of control rats (24 hours after I/R) showed a higher degree of cellular necrosis when compared with the sildenafil treated rats (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sildenafil had a protective effect in rat kidneys subjected to normothermic I/R, demonstrated by scintigraphy and histomorphometry

Chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentration of a glyphosate-based herbicide alters hormone profiles and affects reproduction of female Jundia (Rhamdia quelen)

This work was carried out to verify the effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Jundia hormones (cortisol, 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone), oocyte and swim-up fry production. Earthen ponds containing Jundia females were contaminated with glyphosate (3.6 mg/L); blood samples were collected from eight females from each treatment immediately before, or at 1, 10, 20 30 and 40 days following contamination. A typical post-stress rise in cortisol levels was observed at the 20th and 40th days following exposure to glyphosate. At the 40th day, 17 beta-estradiol was decreased in the exposed females. A similar number of oocytes were stripped out from females from both groups, however, a lower number of viable swim-up fry were obtained from the herbicide exposed females, which also had a higher liver-somatic index (LSI). The results indicate that the presence of glyphosate in water was deleterious to Rhamdia quelen reproduction, altering steroid profiles and egg viability. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seletividade do imazapic para dois cultivares de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) cultivados na ausência e na presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a seletividade de imazapic a dois cultivares de amendoim (Tatu Vermelho e IAC-5), em condições de ausência e de presença de palha de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi instalado em vasos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições. Constituíram os fatores principais três doses de imazapic (0, 98 e 140 g ha-1), aplicadas em pré-emergência sobre duas condições de palha de cana-de-açúcar (0 e 15 t ha-1). Constatou-se que a camada de palha possui potencial em reter o herbicida, especialmente sob períodos de pouca precipitação ou irrigação; as plantas de amendoim sob esta condição apresentaram menos sintomas de intoxicação. Entretanto, na ausência da palha, as plantas, independentemente do cultivar, apresentaram maiores injúrias visuais e redução na altura, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz.

Eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência na cultura da soja convencional e transgênica

Na cultura da soja é frequente o uso de herbicidas seletivos aplicados em pósemergência para o controle das plantas daninhas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência e a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência, isolados e em misturas, para o controle de plantas daninhas e os efeitos sobre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da soja convencional (M-SOY 8001) e transgênica (M-SOY 7908 RR), foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em campo, nos anos agrícolas 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. Os tratamentos constaram dos herbicidas: lactofen (168 g ha-1), glyphosate (1.080 g ha-1), lactofen + chlorimuronethyl (96 + 10g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr (10 + 70 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon (10 + 600 g ha-1), glyphosate + imazethapyr (900 + 70 g ha-1), lactofen + chlorimuronethyl + imazethapyr (96 + 10 + 70 g ha-1) e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/ haloxyfop-methyl (96 + 10 + 70 + 60 g ha-1). Além disso, mantiveram-se duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida (capinada e sem capina). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O herbicida lactofen aplicado isoladamente e em mistura com chlorimuron-etyl, imazethapyr e haloxyfop-methyl provocou intoxicação inicial às plantas de soja, porém aos 27 dias após aplicação a cultura apresentava-se recuperada. No primeiro ano agrícola, as plantas daninhas foram satisfatoriamente controladas pelos tratamentos químicos. No segundo ano, os tratamentos que resultaram em melhor controle das infestantes foram glyphosate e glyphosate + imazethapyr. Houve redução na altura final das plantas, no segundo ano, tratadas com chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/haloxyfopmethyl. Foi constatada redução na produtividade de grãos da variedade M-SOY 7908 RR tratada com lactofen e com a mistura chlorimuron ethyl + bentazon no primeiro ano. A aplicação de chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon proporcionou redução na produtividade da variedade M-SOY 8001 no segundo ano.

Seletividade de trifluralin incorporado ao solo para batata-doce

No Estado de São Paulo, a batata-doce é cultivada em escala comercial como produto hortigranjeiro. em vista das dificuldades para o controle manual e o mecanizado das plantas infestantes da cultura, há grande interesse pelo método químico desse controle. Com essa finalidade, tanto pelo baixo custo relativo como pelas facilidades técnicas de utilização, o trifluralin desperta a atenção dos agricultores. Para avaliar a seletividade do herbicida para essa cultura, foi realizado um experimento em vasos, com doses crescentes do produto, nas seguintes concentrações: 0,00; 0,11; 0,22; 0,44; 0,88; 1,76 e 3,52 mg.kg-1 de i.a. em peso. Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da dose de 0,22 mg.kg-1 de i.a., o trifluralin interferiu negativamente e em escala exponencial sobre os parâmetros: comprimento das ramas, número de folhas, peso da massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, avaliados aos 30 dias, revelando-se não seletivo para a batata-doce quando incorporado ao solo, em profundidades semelhantes às da zona de enraizamento das plantas.

Toxicidade do herbicida S-metolachlor em plantas de milho provenientes de sementes com diferentes formatos e dimensões

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do herbicida S-metolachlor em plantas de milho oriundas de sementes com diferentes características morfológicas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, localizada no município de Capão do Leão, RS. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelas combinações de três grupos de tamanhos de sementes, classificadas em peneiras de crivo oblongo [sementes retidas nas peneiras de largura 14/64 (peneira 14), 18/64 (peneira 18) e 21/64 (peneira 21)], de dois formatos de sementes (chata e redonda) e de cinco doses do herbicida S-metolachlor (0,00; 0,48; 0,96; 1,44; e 1,92 kg ha-1), totalizando-se 30 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3 x 2 x 5), com quatro repetições. Após a separação e classificação das sementes, procedeu-se à semeadura em vasos preenchidos com solo homogeneizado. em cada vaso foram semeadas oito sementes de milho, na profundidade de 3,0 cm, realizando-se, 24 horas depois, a aplicação do S-metolachlor em pré-emergência. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: velocidade de emergência das plântulas; número total de plântulas emergidas; toxicidade visual e altura de plantas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a emergência (DAE); e biomassa seca das raízes e da parte aérea aos 21 DAE. O formato das sementes se mostrou fator importante na tolerância das plantas aos efeitos tóxicos do herbicida S-metolachlor, aplicado em pré-emergência, quando as sementes de milho são de menor tamanho, sendo observada maior toxicidade quando as plantas eram provenientes de sementes redondas. O aumento das doses aplicadas do S-metolachlor ocasionou reduções na aquisição de biomassa seca tanto da parte aérea como das raízes de plantas de milho, porém maior decréscimo se observou quanto ao acúmulo de biomassa seca das raízes.

Selectivity of the herbicide flazasulfuron applied after postemergence in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) crop

The selectivity of the herbicide flazasulfaron was evaluated when applied at two rates (50 and 100 g/ha) with and without surfactants (Aterbane or Agral at 0.2% v/v). The treatment was applied at early (three leaves) and late (five to six leaves) stages of the postemergence of sugarcane plants (var. RB845257) grown in two soils (sandy and clay) with good moisture status before and after application. Despite the toxicity symptoms, especially at the late stage with the higher rate of application in the sandy soil, the herbicide did not affect the growth nor the stalk yield. The presence of the surfactants had no effect on the toxicity symptoms.

S-metolachlor efficacy on the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in mechanically green harvested sugarcane

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o controle em pré-emergência de Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis e Panicum maximum pelo herbicida S-metolachlor aplicado em pré-emergência em área de cana-de-açúcar colhida mecanicamente sem queima prévia das plantas, com e sem palha sobre o solo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida 7 x 2. Nas parcelas, foram estudados cinco tratamentos de herbicidas (S-metolachlor a 1,44, 1,92 e 2,40 kg ha-1; clomazone a 1,20 kg ha-1; e isoxaflutole a 0,188 kg ha-1) e duas testemunhas sem aplicação. Nas subparcelas, foi avaliada a manutenção ou não da palha de cana na superfície do solo. A eficácia do herbicida S-metolachlor não foi prejudicada pela presença de 14 ou 20 t ha-1 de palha de cana sobre o solo. Com a manutenção da palha, a dosagem de S-metolachlor para o controle adequado das plantas daninhas foi de 1,44kgha-1. No ambiente sem palha, o S-metolachlor controlou B. decumbens, D. horizontalis e P. maximum nas dosagens de 1.92, 1.44 e 1.92kgha-1, respectivamente. Nas duas condições de palha, os herbicidas clomazone e isoxaflutole foram eficazes para as espécies estudadas. O S-metolachlor não causou nenhum sintoma visível de intoxicação à cana-de-açúcar. O clomazone e o isoxaflutole ocasionaram injúrias visuais às plantas de cana. Os herbicidas estudados não afetaram o número de colmos viáveis por m², a altura e o diâmetro de colmos.