A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection

After infection with the digenetic trematode Echinostoma paraensei, hemolymph of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata contains lectins comprised of 65-kDa subunits that precipitate polypeptides secreted by E. paraensei intramolluscan larvae. Comparable activity is lacking in hemolymph of uninfected snails. Three different cDNAs with sequence similarities to peptides derived from the 65-kDa lectins were obtained and unexpectedly found to encode fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs). These FREPs also contained regions with sequence similarity to Ig superfamily members. B. glabrata has at least five FREP genes, three of which are expressed at increased levels after infection. Elucidation of components of the defense system of B. glabrata is relevant because this snail is an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, the most widely distributed causative agent of human schistosomiasis. These results are novel in suggesting a role for invertebrate FREPs in recognition of parasite-derived molecules and also provide a model for investigating the diversity of molecules functioning in nonself-recognition in an invertebrate.

A Prospective Surveillance Study of Candidaemia : Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Antifungal Treatment and Outcome in Hospitalized Patients

Funding This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology 097377/Z/11/Z. Data collection was supported by a grant from Pfizer. GR was also supported by a research fellowship grant from Gilead Sciences. The collection of the isolates was funded by a Gilead Fellowship to GR.

Novel microbicidal agents derived from Naja atra cardiotoxin 1 (CTX-1)

During my PhD course, I focused my research on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in particular on the aspects of their computational design and development. This work led to the development of a new family of AMPs that I designed, starting from the amino acid sequence of a snake venom toxin, the cardiotoxin 1 (CTX-1) of Naja atra. Naja atra atra cardiotoxin 1, produced by Chinese cobra snakes belonging to Elapidae family, is included in the three-finger toxin family and exerts high cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity too. This toxin family is characterized by specific folding of three beta-sheet loops (“fingers”) extending from the central core and by four conserved disulfide bridges. Using as template the first loop of this toxin, different sequences of 20 amino acids linear cationic peptides have been designed in order to avoid toxic effects but to maintain and strengthen the antimicrobial activity. As a result, the sequence NCP-0 (Naja Cardiotoxin Peptide-0) was designed as ancestor and subsequently other 4 variant sequences of NCP0 were developed. These variant sequences have shown microbicidal activity towards a panel of reference strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and an enveloped virus. In particular, the sequence designed as NCP-3 (Naja Cardiotoxin Peptide-3) and its variants NCP-3a and NCP-3b have shown the best antimicrobial activity together with low cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells and low hemolytic activity. Bactericidal activity has been demonstrated by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay at values below 10 μg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Acinetobacter baumannii ( clinical isolates), Moraxella catharralis ATCC 25238, MRSA ATCC 43400, while towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541 and Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 13813 the bactericidal activity was demonstrated even below 1.6 μg/ml concentration. This potent antimicrobial activity was confirmed even for unicellular fungi Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Malassezia pachydermatis (MBC 32.26-6.4 μg/ml), and also against the fast-growing mycobacteria Mycobacterium smegmatis DSMZ 43756 and Mycobacterium fortuitum DSMZ 46621 (MBC 100 μg/ml). Moreover, NCP-3 has shown a virucidal activity on the enveloped virus Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) belonging to herpesviridae family. The bactericidal activity is maintained in a high salt concentration (125 and 250 mM NaCl) medium and PB +20% Mueller Hinton Medium for E. coli, MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains. Considering these in vitro obtained data, we propose NCP-3 and its variants NCP-3a and NCP-3b as promising antimicrobial candidates. For this reason, the whole novel AMPs family has been protected by a national patent (n°102015000015951).

In vitro differentiation of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells toward the myeloid lineage occurs in response to Staphylococcus aureus and yeast species

We have studied the effect of inactivated microbial stimuli (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces boulardii, and Staphylococcus aureus) on the in vitro differentiation of lineage negative (Lin−) hematopoietic progenitor mouse cells. Purified Lin− progenitors were co-cultured for 7 days with the stimuli, and cell differentiation was determined by flow cytometry analysis. All the stimuli assayed caused differentiation toward the myeloid lineage. S. boulardii and particularly C. glabrata were the stimuli that induced in a minor extent differentiation of Lin− cells, as the major population of differentiated cells corresponded to monocytes, whereas C. albicans and S. aureus induced differentiation beyond monocytes: to monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages, respectively. Interestingly, signaling through TLR2 by its pure ligand Pam3CSK4 directed differentiation of Lin− cells almost exclusively to macrophages. These data support the notion that hematopoiesis can be modulated in response to microbial stimuli in a pathogen-dependent manner, being determined by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the pattern-recognition receptors involved, in order to generate the populations of mature cells required to deal with the pathogen.

Estudo comparativo da microflora fúngica de doentes portadores de prótese total acrílica mucosuportada e implantosuportada

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

(Table 1) Quantitative analysis of mollusk taxa from surface sediment samples in the Golfe d'Arguin

Ecological and taxonomic study of the mollusk-rich fauna of the Golfe d'Arguin, North Mauritania, investigates the various environmental influences affecting this tropical shelf. The upwelling of nutrient-rich waters leads to a highly productive environment under tropical conditions. The resulting mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment contains a large portion of calcareous components produced by heterotrophic organisms-e.g., mollusks, foraminifers, worms, barnacles-that are reworked on the open shelf. On the basis of mollusk assemblages, six taphocoenoses are defined, all being characterized by a mixed fauna of tropical (e.g., Tellina densestriata), subtropical (e.g., Macoma cumana) and temperate (e.g., Spisula subtruncata) species. Differences between the assemblages are related to the medium-grain size ranging from mud to gravel-that results from local hydrodynamic conditions and water depth. Among carbonate grains, Donax burnupi shells are very abundant in the swell-exposed, northern part of the Golfe d'Arguin and reflect the tropical to subtropical, high-energy, and high-nutrient waters. Mollusk assemblages are demonstrated to be a sensitive tool for deciphering complex environmental conditions in sedimentary archives.

Estudo fitoquímico e biológico das folhas de Banisteriopsis argyrophylla (A. Juss.) B. Gates (Malpighiaceae)

With the increasing fungi resistance compared with existing drugs on the market and the side effects reported by some compounds with antioxidant properties and enzymatic inhibitors, in particular against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the discovery of new compounds with biological potential, becomes a need. In this context, natural products can be an important source for the discovery of new active molecular architectures. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity, the enzymatic inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the antifungal and cytotoxic activities of ethanolic extract (EE) the leaves of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla (Malpighiaceae) and their fractions, obtained by liquid-liquid extraction using solvents of increasing polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the free radical DPPH scavenging method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the ethyl acetate fractions (FAE) and n-butanol (FB) were the most active, confirmed by the peak current and the oxidation potential obtained by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The inhibitory activity of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase was analyzed considering the reactions between substrates α-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-β-1,4-galactopiranosilmaltoside (Gal-α-G2-CNP) and 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), respectively. Initially, it was found that the EE showed considerable activity against α-amylase (EC50 = 2.89±0.1 μg m L–1) compared to the acarbose used as positive control (EC50 = 0.08±0.1 μg mL–1) and that did not showed promising activity against the α-glucosidase. After this observation we evaluated the inhibitory activity of α-amylase fractions, with FAE (EC50 = 2.33±0.1 μg mL–1) and FB (EC50 = 2.57 ± 0.1 μg mL–1) showing the best inhibitions. The antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida species, and the FAE had better antifungal potential (MIC's between 93.75 and 11.72 μg mL–1) compared with amphotericin as positive standard (MIC = 1.00 and 2.00 μg L–1 for C. parapsilosis and C. krusei used as controls, respectively). The EE (CC50 = 360.00 ± 12 μg mL–1) and fractions (CC50's> 270.00 μg mL–1) were considerably less toxic to Vero cells than the cisplatin used as positive control (CC50 = 7.01 ± 0 6 μg mL–1). The FAE showed the best results for the activities studied, this fraction was submitted to ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS)), and the following flavonoids have been identified: (±)-catechin, quercetin-3-O-β-D-Glc/ quercetin-3-O-β-D-Gal, quercetin-3-O-β-L-Ara, quercetin-3-O-β-D-Xyl, quercetin-3-O-α-L-Rha, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-Rha, quercetin-3-O-(2''-galoil)-α-L-Rha, quercetin-3-O-(3''-galoil)-α-L-Rha and kaempferol-3-O-(3''-galoil)-α-L-Rha,. FAE was submitted to column chromatography using C18 phase, and (±)-catechin was isolated (FAE-A1, 73 mg) and three fractions consisting of a mixture of flavonoids were obtained (FAE-A2, FAE-A3 and FAE-A4). These compounds were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and (–)-ESI-MS. The (±)-catechin fraction showed an MIC = 2.83 μg ml–1 in assay using C. glabrata, with amphotericin as positive control. The fractions FAE-A2, FAE-A3, FAE-A4, showed less antifungal potential in tested concentrations. The identified flavonoids are described in the literature, regarding their antioxidant capacity and (±)-catechin, quercetin-3-O-Rha and kaempferol-3-O-Rha are described as α-amylase inhibitors. Thus, B. argyrophylla is an important species that produces compounds with antioxidant potential that can be related to the traditional use as anti-inflammatory and also has antifungal compounds and inhibitors of α-amylase. Therefore, these leaves are promising resources for the production of new drugs.

Aislamiento e identificación de Candida albicans de la cavidad oral, mediante el uso del Agar cromogénico en la población interna del Asilo San Antonio y Casa de la Misericordia de la ciudad de San Miguel

La investigación se realizó en la población con los adultos mayores del Asilo San Antonio y Casa de la Misericordia de la Ciudad de San Miguel, en el período de Junio a Julio de 2015. El Objetivo de la investigación fue aislar e identificar Candida albicans en muestras de la cavidad oral, mediante el uso del agar cromogénico de la población interna del Asilo San Antonio y Casa de la Misericordia de la Ciudad de San Miguel. El diseño metodológico es de tipo descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal, y de laboratorio, para el cual se tomaron 61 muestras de la cavidad oral de los internos en el Asilo San Antonio y Casa de la Misericordia de la Ciudad de San Miguel a través de un hisopado bucal con el que se realizó un examen directo al fresco con Solución Salina estéril al 0.85% en la búsqueda de levaduras; posteriormente se procedió a sembrar en el agar cromogénico Brilliance Candida, para observar el crecimiento de colonias verdes, las cuales indican la presencia de Candida albicans, como agente causal de Candidiasis oral. Resultados: De las 61 muestras procesadas a 26 se les aisló e identificó Candida albicas con un porcentaje de 42.7%. De los 22 adultos mayores que presentaban lesiones sugestivas a candidiasis oral a 20 se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans de los cuales 15 (88.2%) pertenecen al Asilo San Antonio y 5 (100%) pertenecen a la Casa de la Misericordia. De los 10 adultos mayores que reportaron que no practican el aseo bucal se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans a 3 (33.3%) de ellos que se encuentran en el Asilo San Antonio. A 5 internos que reportaron practicar algunas veces el aseo bucal también se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans, 4 (44.4%) pertenecen al Asilo San Antonio y 1 (50%) a la Casa de la Misericordia. De los 18 adultos mayores que usan prótesis dentales a 7 (53.8%) se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans en el Asilo San Antonio y en la Casa de la Misericordia a 5 (100%) internos se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans. De 35 adultos mayores que reportaron que usan antibiótico a 14 (46.7%) que se encuentran en el Asilo San Antonio se les aisló e identificó Candida albicans. Con respecto Casa de la Misericordia de los 5 (100%) que reportaron que usan antibiótico no se les aisló Candida albicans. En 16 (26.2%) muestras no se observó crecimiento de ninguna especie de Candida. Conclusiones: Se estudió a la población interna del Asilo San Antonio y Casa de La Misericordia debido a que los adultos mayores son vulnerables a las infecciones por hongos oportunistas ya que su sistema inmunológico se encuentra disminuido unido a una serie de factores predisponentes, como el uso de prótesis dentales, antibióticos, mal higiene bucal y diabetes. Mediante el uso del agar Brilliance Candida se logró diferenciar otras especies del género Candida como Candida tropicalis 26.2%, Candida krusei 3.3% y Candida glabrata 1.6%. De acuerdo a estos resultados y las conclusiones de la investigación se plantean algunas recomendaciones orientadas principalmente al personal de salud para brindar apoyo a este tipo de estudios.

In vitro anti-Candida activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

The severity and frequency of opportunistic fungal infections still growing, concomitantly to the increasing rates of antimicrobial drug’s resistance. Natural matrices have been used over years due to its multitude of health benefits, including antifungal potential. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate the anti-Candida potential of the phenolic extract and individual phenolic compounds of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice), by disc diffusion assay, followed by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) for both planktonic cells and biofilms. Licorice extract evidenced inhibitory potential against the nineteen tested Candida strains, but no pronounced effect was observed by testing the most abundant individual phenolic compounds. Candida tropicalis strains were the most sensible, followed by Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and, then, Candida albicans. Lower MIC and MFC values were achieved to C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, which confirms its susceptibility to licorice extract; however, for C. tropicalis strains a higher variability was observed. Anti-biofilm potential was also achieved, being most evident in some C. glabrata and C. tropicalis strains. In general, a twice concentration of the MIC was necessary for planktonic cells to obtain a similar potential to that one observed for biofilms. Thus, an upcoming approach for new antifungal agents, more effective and safer than the current ones, is stablished; notwithstanding, further studies are necessary in order to understand its mechanism of action, as also to assess kinetic parameters.

Marcadores moleculares específicos de candida parapsilosis

A través de estudios genómicos comparamos locus que por sintenia parecen ser regiones prometedoras para el desarrollo de marcadores moleculares específicos de Candida parapsilosis, una levadura oportunista cuya incidencia va aumentando y que ha registrado altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. C. parapsilosis junto a C. orthopsilosis y C. metapsilosis comprenden un grupo de estrecha filogenia pero diferente virulencia denominado complejo parapsilosis. A pesar de su importancia como patógenos emergentes las técnicas de identificación microbiológicas y moleculares se han visto limitadas no sólo entre el complejo, sino además entre otras especies de importancia médica como lo son C. guillermondi, C. lusitaniae y C. glabrata. Gracias a la disponibilidad de secuencias genómicas y mediante programas bioinformáticos de alta capacidad como Geneious, Symap y prfectBLAST, comparamos los genomas completos de C. albicans, C. parapsilosis y C. orthopsilosis; ubicando bloques colineales sinténicos y analizando una de las familias génicas de proteasas, encontramos eventos de expansión de genes en C. parapsilosis y C. orthopsilosis Para cada una de estas duplicaciones se diseñaron sondas específicas, obteniendo así 9 diferentes marcadores moleculares; dos de estos han sido utilizados para la identificación de dos de las tres especies que conforman el complejo parapsilosis: C. parapsilosis y C. orthopsilosis. Los oligonucleótidos fueron denominados 420 y 830 con amplicones de 1000 y 900pb respectivamente. Además de ser validados en cepas ATCC, ha sido probados en 35 aislados clínicos que fueron identificados de la siguiente manera; 19 cepas como C. parapsilosis, 1 cepa como C. orthopsilosis, mientras que las 15 cepas restantes mostraron alta similitud con C. glabrata, C. guillermondi y C. lusitaniae al ser identificadas mediante secuenciación del fragmento ITS1 e ITS2 de la secuencia de DNA ribosomal 18S.

Estudio de la patogenicidad de Candida y de la actividad de los fármacos antifúngicos en un modelo animal en Caenorhabditis elegans

171 p.