New insights into the mechanisms of organ-specific breast cancer metastasis.

Despite the substantial advances obtained in the treatment of localized malignancies, metastatic disease still lacks effective treatment and remains the primary cause of cancer mortality, including in breast cancer. Thus, in order to improve the survival of cancer patients it is necessary to effectively improve prevention or treatment of metastasis. To achieve this goal, complementary strategies can be envisaged: the first one is the eradication of established metastases by adding novel modalities to current treatments, such as immunotherapy or targeted therapies. A second one is to prevent tumor cell dissemination to secondary organs by targeting specific steps governing the metastatic cascade and organ-specific tropism. A third one is to block the colonization of secondary organs and subsequent cancer cell growth by impinging on the ability of disseminated cancer cells to adapt to the novel microenvironment. To obtain optimal results it might be necessary to combine these strategies. The development of therapeutic approaches aimed at preventing dissemination and organ colonization requires a deeper understanding of the specific genetic events occurring in cancer cells and of the host responses that co-operate to promote metastasis formation. Recent developments in the field disclosed novel mechanisms of metastasis. In particular the crosstalk between disseminated cancer cells and the host microenvironment is emerging as a critical determinant of metastasis. The identification of tissue-specific signals involved in metastatic progression will open the way to new therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review recent progress in the field, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of organ specific dissemination and colonization of breast cancer.

Transcriptome analysis of intraspecific competition in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals organ-specific signatures related to nutrient acquisition and general stress response pathways.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Plants are sessile and therefore have to perceive and adjust to changes in their environment. The presence of neighbours leads to a competitive situation where resources and space will be limited. Complex adaptive responses to such situation are poorly understood at the molecular level. RESULTS: Using microarrays, we analysed whole-genome expression changes in Arabidopsis thaliana plants subjected to intraspecific competition. The leaf and root transcriptome was strongly altered by competition. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in genes involved in nutrient deficiency (mainly N, P, K), perception of light quality, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Interestingly, performance of the generalist insect Spodoptera littoralis on densely grown plants was significantly reduced, suggesting that plants under competition display enhanced resistance to herbivory. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive list of genes whose expression is affected by intraspecific competition in Arabidopsis. The outcome is a unique response that involves genes related to light, nutrient deficiency, abiotic stress, and defence responses.

Ego identity in adolescence: preliminary validation of a French short-form of the EIPQ

Following the seminal work on personal identity of Erikson, Marcia's identity status model has been one of the most enduring paradigms. The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ; Balistreri, Busch-Rossnagel, & Geissinger, 1995) is a widely used measure of identity status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and the reliability of a French version of the EIPQ. The hypothesized structures were not confirmed. In light of the failed attempts to validate the original version, an alternative short-form version of the EIPQ (EIPQ-SF), maintaining the integrity of the original model, was developed in one sample and cross-validated in another sample. Additionally, theoretically consistent associations between the EIPQ-SF dimensions and self-esteem confirmed convergent validity. Globally, the results indicated that the French short-version of the EIPQ might be a useful instrument for the assessment of the identity statuses in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Dinâmica floral e abortamento de flores em híbridos de canola e mostarda castanha

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica floral e determinar o índice de abortamento de flores de híbridos de canola (Brassica napus) e de mostarda castanha (Brassica juncea), bem como determinar suas relações com as condições meteorológicas do Sul do Brasil. Durante a floração, dez híbridos de canola e dois de mostarda foram avaliados a cada três dias quanto ao número de flores abertas, de síliquas e de flores abortadas. O número acumulado e relativo de flores foi usado para avaliação da dinâmica floral. A relação desses números com a soma térmica acumulada durante a floração foi determinada por meio de modelo logístico. A partir dos coeficientes desse modelo, identificaram-se grupos de genótipos com diferentes taxas de emissão de flores. O abortamento de flores entre híbridos variou de 10,53 a 45,96% e correlacionou-se com a temperatura e a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera. Genótipos com maiores tempos térmicos entre o período de máxima emissão de flores e o final da floração geralmente apresentam maiores percentagens de abortamento de flores. O ajuste dos dados de emissão de flores aos de soma térmica do período da floração, por meio de modelo logístico, permite simular a dinâmica floral de híbridos de canola e mostarda castanha.

Investigating the relationship between pollination strategies and the size-advantage model in zoophilous plants using the reproductive biology of Arum cylindraceum and other European Arum species as case studies

The size-advantage model (SAM) explains the temporal variation of energetic investment on reproductive structures (i.e. male and female gametes and reproductive organs) in long-lived hermaphroditic plants and animals. It proposes that an increase in the resources available to an organism induces a higher relative investment on the most energetically costly sexual structures. In plants, pollination interactions are known to play an important role in the evolution of floral features. Because the SAM directly concerns flower characters, pollinators are expected to have a strong influence on the application of the model. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested. Here, we investigate whether the identity and diversity of pollinators can be used as a proxy to predict the application of the SAM in exclusive zoophilous plants. We present a new approach to unravel the dynamics of the model and test it on several widespread Arum (Araceae) species. By identifying the species composition, abundance and spatial variation of arthropods trapped in inflorescences, we show that some species (i.e. A. cylindraceum and A. italicum) display a generalist reproductive strategy, relying on the exploitation of a low number of dipterans, in contrast to the pattern seen in the specialist A. maculatum (pollinated specifically by two fly species only). Based on the model presented here, the application of the SAM is predicted for the first two and not expected in the latter species, those predictions being further confirmed by allometric measures. We here demonstrate that while an increase in the female zone occurs in larger inflorescences of generalist species, this does not happen in species demonstrating specific pollinators. This is the first time that this theory is both proposed and empirically tested in zoophilous plants. Its overall biological importance is discussed through its application in other non-Arum systems.

Toward a novel forensic intelligence model: systematic profiling of false identity documents

False identity documents represent a serious threat through their production and use in organized crime and by terrorist organizations. The present-day fight against this criminal problem and threats to national security does not appropriately address the organized nature of this criminal activity, treating each fraudulent document on its own during investigation and the judicial process, which causes linkage blindness and restrains the analysis capacity. Given the drawbacks of this case-by-case approach, this article proposes an original model in which false identity documents are used to inform a systematic forensic intelligence process. The process aims to detect links, patterns, and tendencies among false identity documents in order to support strategic and tactical decision making, thus sustaining a proactive intelligence-led approach to fighting identity document fraud and the associated organized criminality. This article formalizes both the model and the process, using practical applications to illustrate its powerful capabilities. This model has a general application and can be transposed to other fields of forensic science facing similar difficulties.

The Arcuated Lintel and the "Serlian Motif". Imperial Identity, Architectural and Symbolic Interactions in Ancient Rome

Essay on the origin, use and development of the arcuated lintel in ancient Rome and the configuration of the so– called ‘Serlian motif’. These architectural elements will be related to the architecture of prestige on its technical, functional, visual and symbolic sphere. Its depictions, in addition to buildings, can offer a rich repertory of images that speak about the relations between visual culture, religion and power. Furthermore, the analyzed motifs will become important elements of the Western cultural legacy for centuries. The analysis of these events will contribute to the comprehension of the role played by some resources of ancient Rome architecture of prestige and its success

Calendário floral de plantas melíferas nativas da Borda Oeste do Pantanal no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o padrão de floração, ao longo do ano, de plantas melíferas na Borda Oeste do Pantanal, no Maciço do Urucum, MS, bem como o tipo de recurso oferecido pela flora melífera, para elaborar um calendário floral para a região. A floração das plantas melíferas visitadas pelas abelhas nativas e africanizadas foi acompanhada quinzenalmente, por 3 anos consecutivos, tendo-se anotado a data de florescimento, o hábito de crescimento e os recursos coletados pelos insetos. Foram identificadas 160 espécies florescendo e sendo visitadas pelas abelhas, mas somente 73 espécies foram consideradas como plantas melíferas e incluídas no calendário floral, das quais 34 eram ervas, 17 árvores, 15 arbustos e 7 lianas. Foram observadas plantas melíferas em flor ao longo de todo o ano, com maior número no verão e menor no inverno. As ervas florescem mais intensamente no verão e no outono (janeiro-junho), enquanto as árvores e os arbustos, na primavera (final de setembro-dezembro). As lianas florescem, principalmente, no final do verão (março-abril). Néctar e pólen são oferecidos às abelhas ao longo de todo o ano, com diminuição da oferta nos meses de inverno (julho-setembro).

Destruction of lymphoid organ architecture and hepatitis caused by CD4 T cells.

Immune responses have the important function of host defense and protection against pathogens. However, the immune response also causes inflammation and host tissue injury, termed immunopathology. For example, hepatitis B and C virus infection in humans cause immunopathological sequel with destruction of liver cells by the host's own immune response. Similarly, after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice, the adaptive immune response causes liver cell damage, choriomeningitis and destruction of lymphoid organ architecture. The immunopathological sequel during LCMV infection has been attributed to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. However, we now show that during LCMV infection CD4(+) T cells selectively induced the destruction of splenic marginal zone and caused liver cell damage with elevated serum alanin-transferase (ALT) levels. The destruction of the splenic marginal zone by CD4(+) T cells included the reduction of marginal zone B cells, marginal zone macrophages and marginal zone metallophilic macrophages. Functionally, this resulted in an impaired production of neutralizing antibodies against LCMV. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells reduced B cells with an IgM(high)IgD(low) phenotype (transitional stage 1 and 2, marginal zone B cells), whereas other B cell subtypes such as follicular type 1 and 2 and germinal center/memory B cells were not affected. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells lacking different important effector cytokines and cytolytic pathways such as IFNγ, TNFα, perforin and Fas-FasL interaction did reveal that these cytolytic pathways are redundant in the induction of immunopathological sequel in spleen. In conclusion, our results define an important role of CD4(+) T cells in the induction of immunopathology in liver and spleen. This includes the CD4(+) T cell mediated destruction of the splenic marginal zone with consecutively impaired protective neutralizing antibody responses.

EFEITO DO ESTÁGIO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DAS FLORES E DA APLICAÇÃO DE FUNGICIDAS NO CONTROLE DA PODRIDÃO FLORAL DOS CITROS

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar os melhores estágios do desenvolvimento das flores de laranja-doce para o controle da Podridão Floral dos Citros (PFC), avaliando-se diversas épocas de aplicação e doses de fungicidas. Os estudos foram realizados em pomares de laranjas-'Natal' e 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), onde foram marcados aleatoriamente ramos florais pertencentes à florada temporã (janeiro de 1994), caracterizando as fases de desenvolvimento de cada botão floral. Em um primeiro ensaio, avaliou-se o controle da doença através de pulverizações manuais, onde foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos (doses por 1 L): a) testemunha; b) benomyl 0,5 g, no dia de marcação dos ramos (aplicação normal); c) benomyl 0,5 g, 3 a 4 dias depois da marcação (aplicação tardia); e d) benomyl 0,5 g em 2 aplicações, uma na marcação dos botões e outra uma semana depois. As aplicações foram feitas com pulverizadores manuais, molhando-se apenas os ramos com flores marcados. Em um segundo ensaio, avaliou-se o controle da doença através de pulverizações tratorizadas. Na laranja-'Natal', estudaram-se os seguintes tratamentos (doses por 2.000 L): a) testemunha; b) benomyl 1 kg em 4/jan; c) benomyl 1 kg em 4 e 11/jan; e d) benomyl 1 kg em 8/jan. Na laranja-'Pêra', os seguintes tratamentos foram aplicados (doses por 2.000 L): a) testemunha; b) benomyl 1 kg, 4/jan; c) benomyl 1 kg, 4 e 10/jan; d) benomyl 1 kg + captan 3,5 kg, 4/jan; e) benomyl 0,75 kg + captan 2,5 kg, 4/jan; f) benomyl 1 kg + captan 2,5 kg, 4/jan; g) benomyl 1 kg + captan 2,5 kg, 4/jan + benomyl 1 kg, 10/jan; h) benomyl 1,5 kg, 4/jan; e i) benomyl 1,5 kg, 4 e 10/jan. Avaliaram-se, em intervalos de dois dias, a freqüência e a época de ocorrência das lesões nas pétalas dos botões florais, a porcentagem de pegamento e o índice de cálices retidos de cada parcela. Pelos resultados, pôde-se concluir que o benomyl é eficiente no controle da PFC em doses de 0,5-0,75 g.L-1, e sua resposta podem ser obtida em floradas temporãs tratadas nos estágios de predominância de botões redondos brancos até o período anterior à antese.

Forensic processing of false identity and travel documents to produce intelligence: a novel approach to assist in fighting organized crime

The production and use of false identity and travel documents in organized crime represent a serious and evolving threat. However, a case-by-case perspective, thus suffering from linkage blindness and a limited analysis capacity, essentially drives the present-day fight against this criminal problem. To assist in overcoming these limitations, a process model was developed using a forensic perspective. It guides the systematic analysis and management of seized false documents to generate forensic intelligence that supports strategic and tactical decision-making in an intelligence-led policing approach. The model is articulated on a three-level architecture that aims to assist in detecting and following-up on general trends, production methods and links between cases or series. Using analyses of a large dataset of counterfeit and forged identity and travel documents, it is possible to illustrate the model, its three levels and their contribution. Examples will point out how the proposed approach assists in detecting emerging trends, in evaluating the black market's degree of structure, in uncovering criminal networks, in monitoring the quality of false documents, and in identifying their weaknesses to orient the conception of more secured travel and identity documents. The process model proposed is thought to have a general application in forensic science and can readily be transposed to other fields of study.

MORFOLOGIA FLORAL DA GOIABEIRA SERRANA (Feijoa sellowiana) E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NA POLINIZAÇÃO

Esse estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar variações na arquitetura floral da Feijoa sellowiana e determinar sua influência sobre a polinização. Foram avaliados o comprimento do pistilo, a distância entre estigma e estames, o diâmetro de abertura e a distribuição dos estames na flor, com base em 7 flores de 15 acessos do Banco de Germoplasma da espécie. Distinguiram-se 3 classes de distâncias médias entre estigma e estames: 0,2 (C1), 0,7 (C2) e 1,2 cm (C3), e duas classes de distribuição de estames na flor (radial e aleatória). Sorteou-se uma planta por classe de distância entre estigma e estames, a qual teve 50 flores marcadas para cada um dos seguintes tratamentos: T1-polinização aberta; T2-tela contra pássaros e T3-tela contra pássaros e insetos. A frutificação foi de 47% em T1 para C2 e de 22% para C3, diferença que pode ser devida ao genótipo e/ou alternância de produção. No T2, a frutificação foi 31% em C2, 15,4% em C1 e 3% em C3. A superioridade de T1 sobre T2 pode ser devida à polinização por pássaros. Essa superioridade foi mais expressiva em C3 do que em C2, o que sugere que C3 é mais dependente de pássaros. A frutificação em T2 pode ainda evidenciar a polinização por insetos e foi menor para C3, o que pode estar sendo causado pelo maior afastamento do estigma. A frutificação em T3 para C1 (7%) e C2 (15%) sugere que o vento ou a autopolinização também possam efetuar a polinização.

Transsexualisme: enjeux et spécificités liés à la prise en charge d'une demande de réassignation sexuelle [Gender identity disorder: challenges and specificity in the treatment of requests for sexual reassignment].

Gender identity disorder is defined as a permanent desire to relieve one's own sexual features to acquire the sexual features and line to life of the opposite sex. The diagnosis is based on the psychiatric evaluation and treatment on an interdisciplinary approach by endocrinologists, surgeons and psychiatrists, and can be conceptualized into distinct phases: diagnostic evaluation, real life experience, hormonal treatment and surgery. Multiples challenges have to be faced, especially by the psychiatrist who follows the patient during the whole process.