Fisheries development in Nigeria with special reference to Cross River State

The paper appraises fisheries development in Nigeria with specific reference to Cross River State and the problems militating against increased fish production. The potential for developing the industry to supplement the low level of animal protein consumption in Nigeria is discussed as well as the import of a vibrant fishery industry to contribute to the employment and international trade. The need to legislate on fisheries activities while enforcing the existing laws for sustainable exploitation of the fisheries resources is elaborated. Similarly, the need to maximize the proceeds from Nigeria's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) by protecting the operations of this economic sector and other unauthorized fishing practices is elucidated. In view of the present situation where most of the country's water bodies have been over-fished, more attention and emphasis should be placed on aquaculture development. The paper also proffers recommendations to boost fish production in capture and culture fisheries

Pressures on the biota in the aquatic ecosystem of (Chi) Cross River National Park, Okwango Division

A preliminary survey of Cross River National Park (Nigeria), Okwangwo Division was carried out. The combined natural and human pressures being exerted on the aquatic resources were also investigated. Information on the existing fishing communities in and around the park area are given. The fishermen, their fishing methods and fishing grounds were identified. Limiting factors (natural and human) to the fisheries production, are analysed. Positive measures for conservation, protection and management of healthy and natural aquatic environment are suggested

Word frequency cues word order in adults: cross-linguistic evidence

[EN] One universal feature of human languages is the division between grammatical functors and content words. From a learnability point of view, functors might provide entry points or anchors into the syntactic structure of utterances due to their high frequency. Despite its potentially universal scope, this hypothesis has not yet been tested on typologically different languages and on populations of different ages. Here we report a corpus study and an artificial grammar learning experiment testing the anchoring hypothesis in Basque, Japanese, French, and Italian adults. We show that adults are sensitive to the distribution of functors in their native language and use them when learning new linguistic material. However, compared to infants’ performance on a similar task, adults exhibit a slightly different behavior, matching the frequency distributions of their native language more closely than infants do. This finding bears on the issue of the continuity of language learning mechanism.

Ecology and fishery in the Cross River Estuary - a research project

A literature review of 50 titles including nearly all relevant publications ensures adequate basis on the present level of knowledge. The proposal includes (a) the determination of the biozoenosis and selected environmental factors, and (b) of fishery and stock data of the main fish and shellfish species. The ecological research studies physical and chemical variables of the estuarine waters (flow velocity and direction, water temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, nutrients such as ammonium, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, pollutants such as hybrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand), plankton (bacterio-phyto-and zooplankton), benthos, sediment. The fishery biological and fishery investigations include: number of villages and fishermen, number of boats and gears by type, length and weight data of the main fishery objects with concentration on the shrimps, species and numbers of fish parasites. The ecological variables were monitored at fixed stations on sections in the Cross-River Estuary, Calabar and Great Kwara Rivers two times per month during spring and neap tides. The fishery biological and fishery variables were obtained during spring and neap tide too. For the determination of the detailed methodology the ecological and fishery part of the progeamme should be started with frame surveys based on a larger number of stations. These frame surveys should be repeated from time to time. Both parts of the programme are based on three years duration. It seems already appropriate to continue the work with selected representative stations, villages and variables in form of a long-term data chain

Topology of toroidal helical fields in non-circular cross-sectional tokamaks

The ordinary differential magnetic field line equations are solved numerically; the tokamak magnetic structure is studied on Hefei Tokamak-7 Upgrade (HT-7U) when the equilibrium field with a monotonic q-profile is perturbed by a helical magnetic field. We find that a single mode (m, n) helical perturbation can cause the formation of islands on rational surfaces with q = m/n and q = (m +/- 1, +/- 2, +/- 3,...)/n due to the toroidicity and plasma shape (i.e. elongation and triangularity), while there are many undestroyed magnetic surfaces called Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) barriers on irrational surfaces. The islands on the same rational surface do not have the same size. When the ratio between the perturbing magnetic field B-r(r) and the toroidal magnetic field amplitude B(phi)0 is large enough, the magnetic island chains on different rational surfaces will overlap and chaotic orbits appear in the overlapping area, and the magnetic field becomes stochastic. It is remarkable that the stochastic layer appears first in the plasma edge region.

An evaluation of artisanal fisheries resources in Cross River State

Artisanal fisheries resources and its exploitation trends in Cross River State were evaluated using questionnaire and participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) methods for a period of 5 years (1991-1995). They were open-access or unrestricted access fishing in Cross River State within the period under view. It was also discovered that, they were no proper records from the Department of fisheries. There was a decline in the relative abundance of the stock that constituted the important marine and freshwater fisheries in Cross River State Artisanal fisheries (small-scale fisheries) yielded 146,076 metric tons within the period. It was suggested therefore, that government should enforce the policies that restrict open-access in marine artisanal fisheries in Cross River State

A measurement of inclusive quasi-elastic electron scattering cross sections at high momentum transfer

We have measured inclusive electron-scattering cross sections for targets of ^(4)He, C, Al, Fe, and Au, for kinematics spanning the quasi-elastic peak, with squared, four­ momentum transfers (q^2) between 0.23 and 2.89 (GeV/c)^2. Additional data were measured for Fe with q^2's up to 3.69 (GeV/c)^2 These cross sections were analyzed for the y-scaling behavior expected from a simple, impulse-approximation model, and are found to approach a scaling limit at the highest q^2's. The q^2 approach to scaling is compared with a calculation for infinite nuclear matter, and relationships between the scaling function and nucleon momentum distributions are discussed. Deviations from perfect scaling are used to set limits on possible changes in the size of nucleons inside the nucleus.

Factors influencing the emigration of juvenile Bonga from the Cross River estuary

Studies were conducted to identify and quantify the proximate factors responsible for the emigration of juvenile bonga Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich, 1825) from the Cross River estuary. A time series of bonga cpue, salinity, turbidity and plankton abundance was undertaken, juvenile bonga was abundant in the estuary when salinities ranged between 1 and 9ppt. at salinities outside this range, they were absent. We conclude that salinity is the proximate factor that initiates the emigration of juvenile bonga from the estuary

The deuteron-deuteron reaction and the stopping cross section of D_2O ice below 600 kev

The energy loss of protons and deuterons in D_2O ice has been measured over the energy range, E_p 18 - 541 kev. The double focusing magnetic spectrometer was used to measure the energy of the particles after they had traversed a known thickness of the ice target. One method of measurement is used to determine relative values of the stopping cross section as a function of energy; another method measures absolute values. The results are in very good agreement with the values calculated from Bethe’s semi-empirical formula. Possible sources of error are considered and the accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be ± 4%.

The D(dp)H^3 cross section has been measured by two methods. For E_D = 200 - 500 kev the spectrometer was used to obtain the momentum spectrum of the protons and tritons. From the yield and stopping cross section the reaction cross section at 90° has been obtained.

For E_D = 35 – 550 kev the proton yield from a thick target was differentiated to obtain the cross section. Both thin and thick target methods were used to measure the yield at each of ten angles. The angular distribution is expressed in terms of a Legendre polynomial expansion. The various sources of experimental error are considered in detail, and the probable error of the cross section measurements is estimated to be ± 5%.

Measurement of two-photon excitation cross-section of a new symmetric-type fluorene derivative

A new dye, 2,7-bis(4-methoxystyryl)-9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluorene, has been synthesized, which is a D-pi-D symmetrical-type fluorene derivative. The two-photon absorption (TPA) of this new dye has been experimentally studied by comparable two-photon-induced fluorescence method. This new dye has a TPA cross-section of 84 x 10(-50) cm(4) s/photon at 790 nm/13 fs. (c) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Phase control of cross-phase modulation with electromagnetically induced transparency

We investigate a four-level double-Lambda atomic scheme interacting with four laser fields, a weak probe field, a weak signal field and two driven fields, in a closed-loop configuration. We study the Kerr nonlinearity associated with cross-phase modulation based on electromagnetically induced transparency. Our results show, in this closed-loop system, that the strength of cross-phase modulation and two-photon absorption are dependent critically on the relative phase between the excitation paths. By choosing the parameters appropriately, large cross-phase modulation can be achieved within a wide transparency window, while two-photon absorption is cancelled completely. The strength of cross-phase modulation can be enhanced much more by decreasing the intensities of two driven fields.