Gota suspensa para avaliação de aldeído total no ar interno e externo do ambiente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Calagem na nutrição de cálcio e no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular da goiabeira

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Predição da configuração de sombras de árvores em pastagens para bovinos

São propostas equações para a determinação da orientação, comprimento e área da sombra projetada por árvores destinadas ao plantio em pastagens para bovinos, considerando o local, a época do ano e a hora do dia. As equações abrangem árvores com os seguintes formatos de copa: esférica, lentiforme, cilíndrica, elipsóide, cônica e cônica invertida. Um exemplo é apresentado, discutindo-se a aplicação no sombreamento de pastagens.

Análise histológica das glândulas uretrais da capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

Para realização do estudo microscópico das glândulas anexas à uretra masculina, foram utilizadas duas capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrocaeris), adultas, das quais foram coletados fragmentos das glândulas genitais acessórias, imersos em solução fixadora de Bouin e lavados cuidadosamente em álcool de 70% ao absoluto. A seguir foram submetidos aos processos histológicos de rotina e corados pelos métodos de Hematoxilina/Eosina e Tricrômico de Masson. Os resultados morfológicos encontrados foram: o ducto deferente possui um espessamento da parede, onde a luz permanece inalterada e sem presença de epitélio granular. A glândula vesicular possui um epitélio secretor do tipo pseudoestratificado colunar. A glândula prostática possui mucosa com pregueamentos altos e ramificados, revestido por epitélio pseudoestratificado cilíndrico. Machos de capivaras possuem glândulas vesiculares e próstata como glândulas uretrais. No material examinado não foi identificado epitélio secretor correspondente a glândula bulbouretral e morfologicamente assemelha-se aos outros histricomorfos.

Morfo-anatomia de espécies de Blastocaulon Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae)

Estudou-se a morfo-anatomia das raízes, caules, escapos e folhas de Blastocaulon albidum, B. prostratum e B. scirpeum, que ocorrem nos campos rupestres de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Verificou-se que as espécies apresentam raízes muito finas com epiderme unisseriada, duas-três camadas de células do parênquima cortical e tecidos vasculares com poucos elementos. Os caules em B. albidum e B. prostratum são aéreos, prostrados, ramificados, enquanto em B. scirpeum alguns indivíduos apresentam rizoma ou caules muito curtos. Constituem-se de epiderme, córtex e cilindro vascular. As folhas são delicadas, com células da epiderme com paredes finas, parênquima clorofiliano frouxo e reduzido número de feixes vasculares colaterais. Os escapos são cilíndricos, finos, não formam costelas e possuem apenas quatro feixes vasculares colaterais. As características observadas nessas espécies estudadas são típicas de plantas que ocorrem em locais úmidos e sombreados, ambientes onde é encontrada a maioria das espécies de Blastocaulon e ainda caracterizam anatomicamente o gênero, que se diferencia de Paepalanthus.

Aspectos morfológicos de frutos, sementes, germinação e plântulas de Hymenolobium petraeum

Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke é uma espécie arbórea pertencente à família Leguminosae conhecida popularmente por angelim-pedra. Apresenta alto valor comercial, com madeira muito utilizada na construção civil e marcenaria. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever morfologicamente o fruto, a semente e as plântulas, assim como, determinar as temperaturas cardeais para a germinação de sementes de angelim-pedra. Foram determinados o comprimento, a largura e a massa fresca de frutos e sementes. Para os testes de germinação foram utilizadas três repetições de 50 sementes, colocadas em placas de Petri e mantidas em germinadores nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Os frutos são legumes-samaróides, indeiscentes, oblongos e unicarpelares. As sementes são de coloração castanho-escura, oblongas, estenospérmicas, exalbuminosas e com plúmula inconspícua. A raiz primária é branca e pubescente na região próxima ao colo; a parte aérea das plântulas possui pilosidade branca, protófilos compostos imparipinados e com inserção oposta, epicótilo verde, ereto, cilíndrico e piloso e os metáfilos imparipinados e com inserção alterna-espiralada. A germinação é semi-hipógea criptocotiledonar. Para de sementes de angelim-pedra as temperaturas máximas de germinação estão acima de 35°C e a mínima abaixo de 15°C, enquanto a faixa de temperatura ótima para germinação está entre 25 e 35°C.

Pigmentação exógena em pododáctilos simulando isquemia de extremidades: um desafio diagnóstico provocado por artrópodos da classe Diplopoda (piolhos-de-cobra)

Um paciente de 24 anos relatou ter pisado em um piolho de cobra. Ao ser examinado, este apresentava máculas eritêmato-cianóticas, nos três primeiros pododáctilos do pé direito, com queixas de dor local e parestesias, com fluxos arteriais palpáveis. Os diplopodas são artrópodos cilíndricos segmentados que assumem posição enrodilhada - quando ameaçados - liberam quinonas e outros agentes irritativos e pigmentantes. A coloração de aspecto cianótico lembra sofrimento tissular isquêmico, o que pode confundir profissionais em atendimentos de Emergência, quando a história não apresenta clareza e coerência.

Influência do formato do aquário na sobrevivência e no desenvolvimento de larvas de matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Osteichthyes, Characidae)

Neste experimento, utilizaram-se cinco aquários cilíndricos com relevo no fundo (em forma de anel) e cinco retangulares com fundo liso para estudo da influência do formato do aquário na sobrevivência e no desenvolvimento de larvas de matrinxã Brycon cephalus. Observou-se melhor eficiência dos aquários retangulares, confirmada pela maior sobrevivência e biomassa. Os valores de temperatura, pH, condutividade e oxigênio dissolvido foram similares entre os tipos de aquários, sugerindo que esses parâmetros não influenciaram os resultados. O relevo no fundo dos aquários cilíndricos afetou negativamente o cultivo de larvas de matrinxã, pela criação de zonas com pequena capacidade da água em suspender partículas, o que resultou em acúmulo de dejetos, predadores, competidores e alimento. Aquários retangulares com fundo liso são mais adequados ao cultivo de larvas de matrinxã, por promover melhor circulação da água.

Attitude stabilization of a rigid spacecraft in the geomagnetic field

An analytical method is proposed to study the attitude stability of a triaxial spacecraft moving in a circular Keplerian orbit in the geomagnetic field. The method is developed based on the electrodynamics effect of the influence of the Lorentz force acting on the charged spacecraft's surface. We assume that the rigid spacecraft is equipped with an electrostatic charged protective shield, having an intrinsic magnetic moment. The main elements of this shield are an electrostatic charged cylindrical screen surrounding the protected volume of the spacecraft. The rotational motion of the spacecraft about its centre of mass due to torques from gravitational force, as well Lorentz and magnetic forces is investigated. The equilibrium positions of the spacecraft in the orbital coordinate system are obtained. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of the spacecraft's equilibrium positions are constructed using Lyapunov's direct method. The numerical results have shown that the Lorentz force has a significant influence on the stability of the equilibrium positions, which can affect the attitude stabilization of the spacecraft. (C) 2007 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distribuação do sistema radicular de aveia preta em função da população e espaçamento

The experiment was carried out at Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, Agronomy College, São Paulo State University, Brazil, in a Dark-Red Latosol (loamy sand) to verify oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) rooting patterns under different plant populations (1,5 x 10(6) and 2.5 x 106 plants/ha) and row spacings (0.20 and 0.30 m.). Soil and roots were sampled 81 days after planting, at bloom stage. Cylindrical cores with 2.6 cm diameter were taken from soil depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. At the same time, plant canopies where also sampled to determine the dry weight. Soil analysis showed P to be concentrated in the upper 10 cm whereas the bases were uniform in the profile. There was a high root concentration in the 0-10 cm layer (9.9 to 13.0 cm/cm3 under the row and 10.0 to 11.5 cm/cm2 in the inter-row), which was not related to chemical characteristics of the soil. There was no effect of plant population or row spacing on oat root distribution or growth in the soil profile.

Shear bond strengths of a ceramic system to alternative metal alloys

Statement of problem. The success of metal-ceramic restorations is influenced by the compatibility between base metal alloys and porcelains. Although porcelain manufacturers recommend their own metal systems as the most compatible for fabricating metal-ceramic prostheses, a number of alloys have been used.Purpose. This study evaluated the shear bond strength between a porcelain system and 4 alternative alloys.Material and methods. Two Ni-Cr alloys: 4 ALL and Wiron 99, and 2 Co-Cr alloys: IPS d.SIGN 20 and Argeloy NP were selected for this study. The porcelain (IPS d.Sign porcelain system) portion of the cylindrical inetal-ceramic specimens was 4 mm thick and 4 mm high; the metal portion was machined to 4 x 4 mm, with a base that was 5 nun thick and 1 mm high. Forty-four specimens were prepared (n=11). Ten specimens from each group were subjected to a shear load oil a universal testing machine using a 1 min/min crosshead speed. One specimen from each group was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Stress at failure (MPa) was determined. The data were analyzed with a 1-way analysis of variance (alpha=.05).Results. The groups, all including IPS d.Sign porcelain, presented the following mean bond strengths (+/-SD) in MPa: 4 ALL, 54.0 +/- 20.0; Wiron, 63.0 +/- 13.5; IPS d.SIGN 20, 71.7 +/- 19.2; Argeloy NP, 55.2 +/- 13.5. No significant differences were found among the shear bond strength values for the metal-ceramic specimens tested.Conclusion. None of the base metal alloys studied demonstrated superior bond strength to the porcelain tested.

Drill holes in shells of Permian benthic invertebrates

Newly discovered benthic fossils and specimens illustrated in the paleontological literature indicate that drilling predators (or parasites) were present in the Permian. New field data from southern Brazil document the first drill holes ever reported for Permian bivalve mollusks. In addition, a literature review revealed drill holes in shells of articulate brachiopods from Russia, Greece, and West Texas. Holes range in size from 0.1 to 5.8 mm and are typically round, cylindrical, singular penetrations perpendicular to the valve surface. Incomplete, healed, and multiple holes are absent. Drilling frequency, a proxy for predation intensity, is very low: less than 1 percent (this estimate may be seriously affected by taphonomic and monographic biases). Literature data suggest that frequency of drilled specimens varied significantly among higher brachiopod taxa. The geography and stratigraphy of drilled specimens indicate that drilling organisms were worldwide in their occurrence and continuously present in marine ecosystems throughout the Permian. This report is consistent with other recent studies indicating that although drillers were continuously present throughout the Phanerozoic, drilling intensity was lower in the Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic.

Sintering of ZnO doped SnO2

Dense SnO2 ceramics were obtained by doping with ZnO concentrations varies from 0.5 to 5.0 mel. The obtained powder was isostaticaly pressed to 210MPa in cylindrical shape and sintered from ambient to 1.500 degrees C using constant heating rate of 10 degrees C/min. Densities above 97% were obtained depending on the ZnO doping concentration. A maximum density was reached with the addition of 2 mol%. It can be concluded from shrinkage data and the observed microstructure obtained by SEM that the solid solution limit for ZnO in SnO2 is about 1.0 mol%. Above this concentration the formation of a second ceramic phase is observed.

Stress analysis of an upper central incisor restored with different posts

The effect of different anatomic shapes and materials of posts in the stress distribution on an endodontically treated incisor was evaluated in this work. This study compared three post shapes (tapered, cylindrical and two-stage cylindrical) made of three different materials (stainless steel, titanium and carbon fibre on Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA) matrix). Two-dimensional stress analysis was performed using the Finite Element Method. A static load of 100N was applied at 45degrees inclination with respect to the incisor's edge. The stress concentrations did not significantly affect the region adjacent to the alveolar bone crest at the palatine portion of the tooth, regardless of the post shape or material. However, stress concentrations on the post/dentin interface on the palatine side of the tooth root presented significant variations for different post shapes and materials. Post shapes had relatively small impact on the stress concentrations while post materials introduced higher variations on them. Stainless steel posts presented the highest level of stress concentration, followed by titanium and carbon/Bis-GMA posts.

Pressure field along the axis of a high-power klystron amplifier

The pressure field in a high-power klystron amplifier is investigated to scale the ionic vacuum pump used to maintain the ultra high-vacuum in the device in order to increase its life-time. The investigation is conducted using an 1.3 GHz, 100 A - 240 keV high-power klystron with five reentrant coaxial cavities, assembled in a cylindrical drift tube 1.2 m long. The diffusion equation is solved to the regime molecular flow to obtain the pressure profile along the axis of the klystron drift tube. The model, solved by both analytical and numerical procedures, is able to determine the pressure values in steady-state case. This work considers the specific conductance and all important gas sources, as in the degassing of the drift tube and cavities walls, cathode, and collector. For the drift tube degassing rate equals to q(deg) = 2x10(-12) (-)mbar.L.s(-1) cm(-2) (degassing rate per unit area), to cavities q(cavity) = 3x10(-13) mbar.L.s(-1)cm(-2), to the cathode q(cathode) = 6x10(-9)_mbar.L.s(-1) and to the collector q(collector) = 6x10(-9) mbar.L.s(-1), it was found that a 10 L.s(-1) ionic vacuum pump connected in the output waveguide wall is suitable. In this case, the pressure obtained in the cathode is p(cathode) = 6.3x10(-9) mbar, in the collector p(collector) = 2.7x10(-9) mbar, and in the output waveguide p = 2.1x10(-9) mbar. Although only the steady-state case is analyzed, some aspects that may be relevant in a transient situation, for instance, when the beam hits the drift tube walls, producing a gas burst, is also commented.