Sistema radicular do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IPR-86 Milênio adubado com nitrogênio e submetido à lotação rotacionada

Avaliou-se o efeito do nitrogênio no sistema radicular da espécie Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. IPR-86 Milênio, sob pastejo. As doses de N utilizadas foram 0; 150; 300 e 450 kg/ha.ano. As densidades de raízes no pré-pastejo foram avaliadas no quinto ano de aplicação de N, em três profundidades (0-10; 10-20 e 20-40 cm), com crescimento aos 7; 14; 21 e 35 dias após o pastejo. O método de pastejo utilizado foi o de lotação rotacionada. Os valores máximos de densidades de comprimento e de massa das raízes no pré e no pós-pastejo foram obtidos nas doses de N de 204; 206; 192 e 197 kg/ha, respectivamente. Nas doses de N de 0, 150 e 300 kg/ha, o crescimento das raízes (em densidade de comprimento) aumentou, em média, até 29 dias após o pastejo, enquanto, na dose 450 kg/ha, o aumento foi linear. Independentemente da dose de N, 60 a 25% do sistema radicular do cultivar IPR-86 Milênio concentrou-se nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade, respectivamente.

Desempenho de bezerros da raça Nelore e cruzados desmamados recebendo concentrado em pastagem adubada de Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross

Em três anos de pesquisa, avaliou-se o desempenho de bezerros desmamados de quatro grupos genéticos (Nelore; Canchim × Nelore; Angus × Nelore; e Simental × Nelore) em pastagem de Cynodon dactylon, cv. Coastcross, adubada, sob manejo rotacionado, recebendo mistura mineral ou concentrado. O concentrado foi fornecido na quantidade de 3 kg/animal/dia e continha 18,8% de proteína bruta e 81,5% de nutrientes digestíveis totais na matéria seca. A quantidade de forragem disponível diferiu com a utilização de mistura mineral e concentrado (2.961 kg e 3.383 kg de matéria seca (MS) por hectare, respectivamente). A oferta de MS/animal/dia foi 9,9 kg/dia (3,9% PV) para mistura mineral e 9,0 kg/dia (3,3% PV) para concentrado. A forragem disponível possuía, na matéria seca, 13,6% de proteína bruta, 79,8% de fibra em detergente neutro; 62,3% de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, 3,9 g/kg de cálcio, 2,0 g/kg magnésio, 2,5 g/kg de fósforo, 22,7 g/kg de potássio, 2,8 g/kg de enxofre, 9,9 mg/kg de cobre, 22,5 mg/kg de zinco, 98 mg/kg de manganês e 188 mg/kg de ferro. Foram observadas interações grupo genético × suplementação e ano × suplementação para ganho diário de peso e taxa de lotação das pastagens e ciclo de pastejo × suplementação para a taxa de lotação. O ganho diário de peso nos animais Nelore, Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore e Simental × Nelore criados com suplementação do pasto com mistura mineral foi de 0,48; 0,63; 0,68 e 0,50 kg, enquanto naqueles que receberam concentrado foi de 0,87; 0,95; 0,99 e 0,95 kg, respectivamente. As médias estimadas das taxas de lotação das pastagens foram 6,1 para todos os grupos genéticos que receberam mistura mineral e 7,5; 7,6; 8,8 e 9,0 unidades animais/ha para os grupos genéticos Nelore, Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore e Simental × Nelore que receberam concentrado, respectivamente. O grupo genético influencia o desempenho de bovinos em pastagem de capim-coastcross e interage com a suplementação com concentrado.

PHYTOCHROME CONTROLLED SEED-GERMINATION IN LIGHT INSENSITIVE SEEDS OF RAPHANUS-SATIVUS L CV REDONDO GIGANTE

Seed germination of Raphanus sativus is inhibited by light only under low water potential of the medium. Curves of fluence response to white, red and far-red lights demonstrated that the inhibition of seed germination is dependent on light irradiance being far-red light the more effective than the formers and the germination being inhibited by intermitent light indicates phytochrome involvement through the high irradiance reactions in the control of seed germination in radish seeds under water stress conditions.

Costs estimates and rentability of the guava culture (Psidium guajava L Paluma cv) in Monte Alto County, São Paulo State

This work intended to calculate the rentability of the guava culture Paluma cv. in Monte Alto region-SP, estimating the costs of the implantation, maintenance, production and the gross income of this culture in the first three years of cultivation. The production system utilized refers to the cultural treatments usually used in this culture in the region. The costs estimates were based on the total operational costs methodology used by the Agricultural Economics Institute (I.E.A.). The results obtained showed that the implantation and maintenance costs of the culture, in the two first years was R$7.402,3 l/alqueire*. Considering the possibility that in guava orchard, on irrigated conditions, reach in the fourthy year a productivity of 80t/alqueire and that the current price is R$0,20/kg, it is possible to estimate the gross income around of R$16.000,00/alqueire, resulting in a net income of R$9.497,06/alqueire.

Action of auxins and/or boron, in the process of formation of roots in cuttings of coffee (Coffea-Arabica L CV Mundo-Novo)

The objective of present research was to verify the IBA and/or NAA effects with boron, on rooting of coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv 'Mundo Novo') stem cuttings. Therefore it were used stem cuttings from semi-hardwood orthotropous branches, having two nodes, with aproximately 10 cm of lenght. The cuttings were treateds during 24 hours with IBA and/or NAA plus boron solutions. The treatments' effect was observed trough the following observation, 90 days after planting: rooting percentage and number of cuttings with ''callus''. Trough the resultS obtained, it was concluded that, for obtaining more rooting of cuttings, the best treatment was NAA at 200 ppm plus boron or, the combination of IBA and NAA at 200 ppm plus boron.

Effects of some mineral deficiencies on the development of the soybean plant, Glycine max (L.) Merril cv Santa Rosa

The present work studies Ca, B and Zn omission on the development of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Santa Rosa). The experiment was carried out as hydroponic culture, viith complete Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution nr. 2 (C), lacking calcium (-Ca), lacking boron (-B) or lacking zinc (-Zn), a total of 4 treatments. Seven samplings were made to determine: total dry matter (g), root dry matter (g), stem dry matter (g) and leaf dry matter (g). Results showed that Ca and B omissions decreased dry weight. Lack of Zn did not affect dry weight.

Aplicação de nitrogênio no solo e pulverização foliar com ácido giberélico e uréia em Setaria anceps Stapf cv. Kazungula

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar o efeito do nitrogénio no solo, parcelado de diferentes formas e aplicado durante o período de "verão", combinado com pulverização foliar de ureia e/ou ácido giberélico, sobre a produção e qualidade de Setaria anceps Stapf cv. Kazungula. O nitrogênio (60 kg/ha/ano) foi aplicado segundo quatro formas de parcelamento: Testemunha (sem nitrogênio), N20M40 (20 kg/ha de N em novembro + 40 kg/ha de N em março), N30M30 (30 kg/ha de N em novembro + 30 kg/ha de N em março), F20M40 (20 kg/ha de N em fevereiro + 40 kg/ha de N em março). No início do período de "inverno" foram aplicados os quatro tipos de pulverizações foliares: Testemunha (sem ácido giberélico ou uréia), uréia a 2%, ácido giberélico a 50 ppm e uréia a 2% + ácido giberélico a 50 ppm. Os resultados revelaram que o parcelamento do nitrogénio no solo não influiu no aumento da produção de matéria seca do capim setária no período de "verão", apesar de proporcionar um incremento da mesma no corte de "inverno". Observou-se, ainda, uma boa distribuição da produção de matéria seca entre "verão" e "inverno", apresentando essa última estação 34,52% da produção total anual, em média. Os diferentes tipos de pulverização não influíram significativamente sobre a produção de matéria seca e a composição química bromatológica da forrageira no período de "inverno".

Valor nutritivo do feno de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk submetido a tratamento com amônia anidra ou uréia

The effects of the ammoniation of Brachiaria decumbens hay was evaluated. The hay bales were distributed into a complete randomized block design, with four replications and they were submitted to the treatments: untreated or treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3)(2,0 and 3,0% of the DM) or with urea (3,6 and 5,4% of the DM). All the hays bales remained under plastic cover for 45 days. After three days of aeration, samples were collected for the determination of the chemical composition, nitrogenous compounds fraction and the in vitro dry matter (IVDDM) and organic matter (IVDOM) digestibility. In the metabolic study, Saanen goats breed was used in a 5x5 Latin squares design, where the apparent digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nutritive value index were evaluated. The ammoniation increased the contents of the total N, N ammonia (N-NH3) and non-protein N, with high effect on the levels of 3,0% of NH3 and 5,4% of urea. There were no differences between the level of 3,0% of NH3 and 5,4% of urea for the total N, N-NH3 and NPN. However, the treatment with 3,0% of NH3 allowed a larger fixation of N in ADIN and NDIN forms. The ammoniation increased the IVDMD and IVDMO and reduced the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin, but it did not alter the cellulose and gross energy contents. The ammoniation increased the DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and gross energy apparent digestibility and as well as the voluntary intake of DM, digestible DM, digestible OM, digestible protein, digestible energy and the nutritive value index. The ammoniation increased the hay nutritive value index, but there were no differences between the levels of NH3 and urea.

Magnesium levels in nutrient solution and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L cv Carioca) development. Evaluation of the growth relations and assimilate partitioning

The effect of magnesium levels in nutrient solution upon relation between shoot and root, leaf weight ratio and assimilate partitioning of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Carioca) was studied. Bean plants (3 per pot) were grown in 6 l pots containing Hoagland & Arnon n. 2 solution modified to obtain 2.4, 24.3, 48.6, 72.9 and 97.2 ppm of magnesium. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial replicated 3 times with 5 levels of magnesium and 5 samplings wich were done forthnightly. Therefore, it may be suggested that the 48.6 ppm of magnesium level proposed by Hoagland & Amen (1950) is the best choice for the common bean, according to the conditions of this experiment. Magnesium concentrations over 48.6 ppm didn't show significant alterations of the evaluated parameters. Nutrient solution with 2.4 ppm of magnesium content provides higher efficiency to the common bean plants during almost all its cycle, except the final of the reproductive phase. These results suggest that magnesium concentration increased to 48.6 ppm, in the cycle final perhaps could increase the productivity.

Partial purification and characterization of pectin methylesterase from orange (Citrus sinensis) cv. Pera-rio

The enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) from orange was extracted and partially purified by filtration on Sephadex G-100. The extraction buffer for orange PME was borate-acetate containing 0.4 M NaCl. Orange PME showed optimum pH at 8.0 and optimum temperature at 50C. The PME enzyme was completely inactivated after 1 min of incubation at 90C. The specific activity increased in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl or 0.025 M Na2SO4, 0.10 M KCl, 0.025 M K2SO4, 0.05 and 0.1 M NH4Cl. Lithium chloride and Li(2)SO(4)inhibited the enzymatic activity at all concentrations studied. The K-m and V(max)value of PME were 0.36 mg/mL and 5.26 mu mol/mL-mg protein, respectively.

Yield and quality of carrot seeds, cv. Brasilia, as a result of plant population, gibberellic acid and stage of maturity

'Brasilia' is a cultivar of carrot with characteristics suiting cultivation under hot conditions but with problems in seed production, arising from the conflicting requirements of root and seed production. One solution is to select cultivars requiring vernalisation and then to use GA(3) to induce flowering where the climate prevents this. There is, however, little information on plant population, seed maturity and harvesting time on which to base such a procedure. Accordingly this research was carried out to study the physiological quality and production of the seeds in plant populations from 25,000 to 800,000 plants/ha, in the seed-to-seed method of cv. Brasilia in Anapolis, GO, Brazil. In each population, two harvest methods (from first and second orders of umbels, or selected harvest, and remaining orders, or total harvest) and two stages of maturity (brownish, or mature seeds, and yellowish, or immature ones) were also evaluated. Two trials were carried out, with and without gibberellic acid. Seed was evaluated for physical characters, germination, vigour, 1000-seed weight, water content, dry matter and productivity. Seed was produced in both experiments (with or without GA3 spraying). Mature seed showed germination at least 30% greater than immature, and seed from the selected harvest showed germination 16% greater than from the total harvest. In increasing plant population to 200,000 plants/ha, seed quality was not affected, but productivity increased.

Preservação do Feno de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk Submetido a Tratamento com Amônia Anidra ou Uréia

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of anhydrous ammonia (NH3) or urea treatment on the occurrence of fungi in hays of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk, baled and stored with different moisture contents. The following treatments were evaluated: T-1 = green forage, soon after the harvest; T-2 = hay with 25% of moisture, with evaluation before baling; T-3 = hay with 13% of moisture and untreated; T-4 = hay with 25% of moisture + .5% of NH3 in the DM T-5 = hay with 25% of moisture +1% of NH3 in the DM; T-6 = hay with 25% of moisture +.9% of urea in the DM and T-7 = hay With 25% of moisture +1.8% of urea in the DM. The treated hays stayed under plastic cover during 75 days, and samples were collected soon after the opening of the bales piles,and they were immediately analyzed in the laboratory. Eleven fungi were identified in different treatments, with high incidence of Aspergillus in the untreated hay, in the hay stored with 25% of moisture and treated with .5% NH3. The ammoniation totally reduced the occurrence of Helminthosporium and Nigrospora, but it did not control the occurrence of Cladosposrium and caused the occurrence of Penicillium in large intensity. The occurrence of Epicoccum, Curvularia, Phitomyces and Aspergillus genus were totally controlled by the treatment of hay with 1% of NH3; .9 and 1.8% of urea.

Enraizamento de estacas de café cv. mundo novo submetidas a tratamentos auxínicos e com boro

The present research had aimed at studying the auxins and or boron effect on rooting of coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Mundo Novo') cuttings. The cuttings were obtained from semi-hardwood orthotropous branches of coffee-tree, containing 2 nodes and with aproximately 10 cm in length. The bases were dipped in treatment solutions composed of IBA or NAA with and without boron during 24 hours. After the treatments, the cuttings were planted in vermiculite. The following could be observed on cuttings taken ninety days after planting - total number of roots formed, average number of roots per cutting and root length. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that cutting treatment with NAA 100 ppm plus boron is responsible for the better rooting of coffee cuttings.