I ruoli e i modelli contrattuali nella nuova società dei servizi

La trattazione inizia con l’analisi del concetto di “servizio” per focalizzarsi quindi sulla categoria dei “servizi pubblici”, nell’evoluzione dell’interpretazione dottrinale, fra concezione soggettiva e oggettiva, e sulle tipologie di servizio, con specifico riguardo a quelli aventi rilevanza nazionale. L’esposizione si suddivide dunque in due sezioni, rispettando la ripartizione del titolo. La prima parte è dedicata all’esame dei “ruoli”, ovvero delle parti coinvolte, a diverso titolo, in un rapporto di pubblico servizio: il “ruolo contrattuale”, rispetto al quale è stata esaminata la posizione dell’erogatore del servizio, da un lato, e dell’utente, dall’altro lato; il “ruolo di controllo”, esercitato dalle autorità amministrative indipendenti (Authorities); infine il “ruolo giurisdizionale”, dedicato alla complessa questione del riparto di giurisdizione in materia di servizi pubblici, fra giudice ordinario e giudice amministrativo, alla luce della nota sentenza della Corte Costituzionale, n. 204/2004. La seconda parte della tesi riguarda, invece, l’analisi dei “modelli contrattuali”, ovvero delle tipologie di contratto che vengono in rilievo in materia di servizi pubblici, astrattamente ascrivibili a tre distinti “gradi”. Il primo grado è rappresentato dal “contratto di servizio”, stipulato fra l’autorità pubblica che affida in gestione il servizio ed il soggetto, pubblico o privato, che se ne fa carico; l’affidamento può avere forma “diretta”, cioè prescindere da una procedura di gara (ipotesi della cd. “gestione diretta in economia” o del cd. “affidamento in house providing”) o “indiretta” (nel qual caso trova applicazione la normativa sugli appalti pubblici e le concessioni). Al secondo grado vi è il “codice di rete”, figura contrattuale che presuppone un la presenza di un servizio “a rete”. Il servizio a rete implica la presenza di una struttura o infrastruttura, concreta o astratta, ed una relazione reciproca fra gli elementi della stessa che convergono in vista della realizzazione di uno scopo e coinvolge tradizionalmente i servizi rispetto ai quali sussiste una situazione di monopolio naturale (trasporti, energia elettrica, gas, telecomunicazioni), caratterizzati dall’inopportunità pratica ed economica di creare una nuova rete. Di conseguenza, la possibilità di erogare il servizio, per gli operatori non titolari della rete, è rimessa alla stipulazione di un contratto (cd. “codice di rete) con il titolare della stessa, avente per oggetto la regolazione dello sfruttamento della rete, dietro pagamento di un corrispettivo economico. Il terzo grado è rappresentato dal “contratto di utenza”, le cui parti sono erogatore del servizio ed utente e la cui analisi è stata necessariamente preceduta dall’analisi del “rapporto di utenza”: quest’ultimo ha subito infatti una radicale trasformazione, nel corso degli ultimi decenni, soprattutto in seguito ai processi di liberalizzazione e privatizzazione che hanno coinvolto il settore de quo e condotto alla ricerca di nuovi strumenti di tutela dell’interesse generale, sotteso ad ogni pubblico servizio, contribuendo a conferire nuovo e preponderante interesse per l’utente, anche attraverso l’introduzione e l’applicazione di normative specifiche (in primis, quella in tema di clausole vessatorie e quella relativa alle azioni a tutela del consumatore-utente, oggi confluite nel codice del consumo). Per l’esame di ciascun argomento si è fatto costante riferimento alla normativa ed agli orientamenti comunitari; inoltre, si è scelto di prendere in considerazione, dopo l’esame generale delle principali tematiche sopramenzionate, il caso specifico del servizio radiotelevisivo.

Analisi sismica di galleria interrata

Metodo semplificato per il calcolo dell'azione sismica su strutture sotterranee.

Caratterizzazione di membrane metalliche e ionomeriche per applicazioni energetiche

The work of this thesis has been focused on the characterization of metallic membranes for the hydrogen purification from steam reforming process and also of perfluorosulphonic acid ionomeric (PFSI) membranes suitable as electrolytes in fuel cell applications. The experimental study of metallic membranes was divided in three sections: synthesis of palladium and silver palladium coatings on porous ceramic support via electroless deposition (ELD), solubility and diffusivity analysis of hydrogen in palladium based alloys (temperature range between 200 and 400 °C up to 12 bar of pressure) and permeation experiments of pure hydrogen and mixtures containing, besides hydrogen, also nitrogen and methane at high temperatures (up to 600 °C) and pressures (up to 10 bar). Sequential deposition of palladium and silver on to porous alumina tubes by ELD technique was carried out using two different procedures: a stirred batch and a continuous flux method. Pure palladium as well as Pd-Ag membranes were produced: the Pd-Ag membranes’ composition is calculated to be close to 77% Pd and 23% Ag by weight which was the target value that correspond to the best performance of the palladium-based alloys. One of the membranes produced showed an infinite selectivity through hydrogen and relatively high permeability value and is suitable for the potential use as a hydrogen separator. The hydrogen sorption in silver palladium alloys was carried out in a gravimetric system on films produced by ELD technique. In the temperature range inspected, up to 400°C, there is still a lack in literature. The experimental data were analyzed with rigorous equations allowing to calculate the enthalpy and entropy values of the Sieverts’ constant; the results were in very good agreement with the extrapolation made with literature data obtained a lower temperature (up to 150 °C). The information obtained in this study would be directly usable in the modeling of hydrogen permeation in Pd-based systems. Pure and mixed gas permeation tests were performed on Pd-based hydrogen selective membranes at operative conditions close to steam-reforming ones. Two membranes (one produced in this work and another produced by NGK Insulators Japan) showed a virtually infinite selectivity and good permeability. Mixture data revealed the existence of non negligible resistances to hydrogen transport in the gas phase. Even if the decrease of the driving force due to polarization concentration phenomena occurs, in principle, in all membrane-based separation systems endowed with high perm-selectivity, an extensive experimental analysis lack, at the moment, in the palladium-based membrane process in literature. Moreover a new procedure has been introduced for the proper comparison of the mass transport resistance in the gas phase and in the membrane. Another object of study was the water vapor sorption and permeation in PFSI membranes with short and long side chains was also studied; moreover the permeation of gases (i.e. He, N2 and O2) in dry and humid conditions was considered. The water vapor sorption showed strong interactions between the hydrophilic groups and the water as revealed from the hysteresis in the sorption-desorption isotherms and thermo gravimetric analysis. The data obtained were used in the modeling of water vapor permeation, that was described as diffusion-reaction of water molecules, and in the humid gases permeation experiments. In the dry gas experiments the permeability and diffusivity was found to increase with temperature and with the equivalent weight (EW) of the membrane. A linear correlation was drawn between the dry gas permeability and the opposite of the equivalent weight of PFSI membranes, based on which the permeability of pure PTFE is retrieved in the limit of high EW. In the other hand O2 ,N2 and He permeability values was found to increase significantly, and in a similar fashion, with water activity. A model that considers the PFSI membrane as a composite matrix with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic phase was considered allowing to estimate the variation of gas permeability with relative humidity on the basis of the permeability in the dry PFSI membrane and in pure liquid water.

Genetica molecolare dell'autismo: studi di associazione ed analisi di geni candidati

Autism is a neurodevelpmental disorder characterized by impaired verbal communication, limited reciprocal social interaction, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. Twin and family studies indicate a large genetic contribution to ASDs (Autism Spectrum Disorders). During my Ph.D. I have been involved in several projects in which I used different genetic approaches in order to identify susceptibility genes in autism on chromosomes 2, 7 and X: 1)High-density SNP association and CNV analysis of two Autism Susceptibility Loci. The International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC) previously identified linkage loci on chromosomes 7 and 2, termed AUTS1 and AUTS5, respectively. In this study, we evaluated the patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the distribution of haplotype blocks, utilising data from the HapMap project, across the two strongest peaks of linkage on chromosome 2 and 7. More than 3000 SNPs have been selected in each locus in all known genes, as well as SNPs in non-genic highly conserved sequences. All markers have been genotyped to perform a high-density association analysis and to explore copy number variation within these regions. The study sample consisted of 127 and 126 multiplex families, showing linkage to the AUTS1 and AUTS5 regions, respectively, and 188 gender-matched controls. Association and CNV analysis implicated several new genes, including IMMP2L and DOCK4 on chromosome 7 and ZNF533 and NOSTRIN on the chromosome 2. Particularly, my contribution to this project focused on the characterization of the best candidate gene in each locus: On the AUTS5 locus I carried out a transcript study of ZNF533 in different human tissues to verify which isoforms and start exons were expressed. High transcript variability and a new exon, never described before, has been identified in this analysis. Furthermore, I selected 31 probands for the risk haplotype and performed a mutation screen of all known exons in order to identify novel coding variants associated to autism. On the AUTS1 locus a duplication was detected in one multiplex family that was transmitted from father to an affected son. This duplication interrupts two genes: IMMP2L and DOCK4 and warranted further analysis. Thus, I performed a screening of the cohort of IMGSAC collection (285 multiplex families), using a QMPSF assay (Quantitative Multiplex PCR of Short fluorescent Fragments) to analyse if CNVs in this genic region segregate with autism phenotype and compare their frequency with a sample of 475 UK controls. Evidence for a role of DOCK4 in autism susceptibility was supported by independent replication of association at rs2217262 and the finding of a deletion segregating in a sib-pair family. 2)Analysis of X chromosome inactivation. Skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is observed in females carrying gene mutations involved in several X-linked syndromes. We aimed to estimate the role of X-linked genes in ASD susceptibility by ascertaining the XCI pattern in a sample of 543 informative mothers of children with ASD and in a sample of 164 affected girls. The study sample included families from different european consortia. I analysed the XCI inactivation pattern in a sample of italian mothers from singletons families with ASD and also a control groups (144 adult females and 40 young females). We observed no significant excess of skewed XCI in families with ASD. Interestingly, two mothers and one girl carrying known mutations in X-linked genes (NLGN3, ATRX, MECP2) showed highly skewed XCI, suggesting that ascertainment of XCI could reveal families with X-linked mutations. Linkage analysis was carried out in the subgroup of multiplex families with skewed XCI (≥80:20) and a modest increased allele sharing was obtained in the Xq27-Xq28 region, with a peak Z score of 1.75 close to rs719489. In this region FMR1 and MECP2 have been associated in some cases with austim and therefore represent candidates for the disorder. I performed a mutation screen of MECP2 in 33 unrelated probands from IMGSAC and italian families, showing XCI skewness. Recently, Xq28 duplications including MECP2, have been identified in families with MR, with asymptomatic carrier females showing extreme (>85%) skewing of XCI. For these reason I used the sample of probands from X-skewed families to perform CNV analysis by Real-time quantitative PCR. No duplications have been found in our sample. I have also confirmed all data using as alternative method the MLPA assay (Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification). 3)ASMT as functional candidate gene for autism. Recently, a possible involvement of the acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) gene in susceptibility to ASDs has been reported: mutation screening of the ASMT gene in 250 individuals from the PARIS collection revealed several rare variants with a likely functional role; Moreover, significant association was reported for two SNPs (rs4446909 and rs5989681) located in one of the two alternative promoters of the gene. To further investigate these findings, I carried out a replication study using a sample of 263 affected individuals from the IMGSAC collection and 390 control individuals. Several rare mutations were identified, including the splice site mutation IVS5+2T>C and the L326F substitution previously reported by Melke et al (2007), but the same rare variants have been found also in control individuals in our study. Interestingly, a new R319X stop mutation was found in a single autism proband of Italian origin and is absent from the entire control sample. Furthermore, no replication has been found in our case-control study typing the SNPs on the ASMT promoter B.

Analisi strategica del settore delle console

Si parte dalla storia delle console attraversando tutte le varie epoche.In seguito si analizza nel dettaglio le quote di mercato del mercato delle console nell'anno 2010 e primi mesi del 2011 per capire come si muovono strategicamente le tre più importanti aziende di console nel mondo.

Sviluppo di algoritmi avanzati di analisi e diagnosi combustione in tempo reale per motori endotermici alternativi

Increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits and higher fuel economy are the main drivers of the engine development process. As a consequence, the complexity of the propulsion units and its subsystems increase, due to the extensive use of sensors and actuators needed to obtain a precise control over the combustion phase. Since engine calibration process consumes most of the development time, new tools and methodologies are needed to shorten the development time and increase the performance attainable. Real time combustion analysis, based on the in-cylinder pressure signal, can significantly improve the calibration of the engine control strategies and the development of new algorithms, giving instantaneous feedback on the engine behavior. A complete combustion analysis and diagnosis system has been developed, capable of evaluating the most important indicators about the combustion process, such as indicated mean effective pressure, heat release, mass fraction burned and knock indexes. Such a tool is built on top of a flexible, modular and affordable hardware platform, capable of satisfying the requirements needed for accuracy and precision, but also enabling the use directly on-board the vehicle, due to its small form factor.