ZONE INTERMÉDIAIRE – Recontruction de l’identité raciale dans L’Amant de Marguerite Duras

Tutkielman aiheena on Marguerite Durasin romaani L’Amant (suom. Rakastaja). Tarkastelen romaanin valkoihoisen nuoren tytön ”rodullisen” identiteetin rakentumista käyttäen heijastuskuvana Toista, tytön ”erirotuista” kiinalaista rakastajaa. Osittain omaelämäkerrallisen romaanin tapahtumat sijoittuvat Ranskan entiseen siirtomaahan, Indokiinaan. Kolonialismin aikainen rotusorto ja valkoisen ”rodun” mytologisen vallan rakentuminen ja konkretisoituminen ovat siis sekä tutkimukseni konteksti että tutkimuskohde. Tarkastelen missä määrin tytön rodullinen identiteetti pitää yllä – tai toisaalta rikkoo – ”rotujen” hierarkkista ajattelua. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys on jälkikoloniaalinen (postkoloniaalinen) tutkimus, joka on monitieteellinen itsekriittinen tutkimusmetodi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kyseenalaistaa länsimaissa vallitsevia kategorioita. Päälähteinä käytetään mm. Dyerin (1997), Memmin (1994), Todorovin (1989), Girodin (2004), Hallin (1992, 1996), Derridan (1967, 1972, 1992), Shevoryn (2000), Dufourmentellen (2003) ja De Beauvoirin (1947) teoksia. Tutkimuksen keskeinen käsite on välitila, johon teoksen nuori tyttö voidaan tutkimustulosteni mukaan sijoittaa. Tyttö häilyy eräänlaisessa välitilassa valkoisen ja keltaisen ”rodun” välillä: hän tuntee kuuluvansa tavallaan molempiin ”rotuihin”, sillä hän on syntynyt Indokiinassa, puhuu paikallista kieltä ja suhtautuu paikallisiin tasavertaisemmin kuin valkoihoinen eliitti, mutta kuuluu kuitenkin syntyperältään valkoiseen ”rotuun”. Valkoisuutta ei usein määritellä ”roduksi”, vaikka muiden kuin valkoihoisten kohdalla ”rotu” määritellään joko negatiivisten tai positiivisten typologioiden mukaisesti. Tästä syystä valkoiset nähdään helposti ihmisyyden normina neutraaliksi väitetyssä valkoisten diskriminoivassa diskurssissa. L’Amant’ssa valkoisuus on näkemykseni mukaan kuitenkin näkyvää ja valkoisuuden valtaa kyseenalaistavaa. Valkoisen tytön perhe on valkoisten kolonialistien arvoasteikon alimmalla portaalla, sillä perhe on köyhä ja valkoisten valta rakentui suurelta osin siirtomaaisäntien taloudellispoliittiseen ylivaltaan. Koska tytön perheellä ei ole tarpeeksi varaa elitistiseen herruuteen, eliitti paheksuu tytön perhettä avoimesti erityisesti ”rotujen” välisen kielletyn suhteen tullessa julki, jolloin tyttö eristetään valkoisesta yhteisöstä. Kiinalainen puolestaan on miljardöörin perijä ja tämä suo hänelle hieman korkeamman aseman ”rotujen” hierarkiassa, vaikka hänen vaurautensa toisaalta uhkaakin valkoista valtaa. Myös romaanin monella tapaa konventioita rikkova seksuaalisuus on osa kielletyn suhteen välistä valtapeliä. Kirjailija strukturoi uudelleen patriarkaalisen sukupuolen rakentumisen feminisoimalla kiinalaisen miehen, sillä muussa tapauksessa hänen maskuliinisuutensa saattaisi saada ylivallan tytöstä, joka on sukupuolisesti Toinen.

Bulletin des armées de la République : réservé à la zone des armées

1915/01/04 (N60)-1915/06/30 (N110).

Bulletin des armées de la République : réservé à la zone des armées

1914/08/15 (N1)-1915/01/03 (N59).

An Engineering Solution for using Coarse Meshes in the Simulation of Delamination with Cohesive Zone Models

This paper presents a methodology to determine the parameters used in the simulation of delamination in composite materials using decohesion finite elements. A closed-form expression is developed to define the stiffness of the cohesive layer. A novel procedure that allows the use of coarser meshes of decohesion elements in large-scale computations is proposed. The procedure ensures that the energy dissipated by the fracture process is correctly computed. It is shown that coarse-meshed models defined using the approach proposed here yield the same results as the models with finer meshes normally used in the simulation of fracture processes

Simulation of Delamination Propagation in Composites Under High-Cycle Fatigue by Means of Cohesive-Zone Models

A damage model for the simulation of delamination propagation under high-cycle fatigue loading is proposed. The basis for the formulation is a cohesive law that links fracture and damage mechanics to establish the evolution of the damage variable in terms of the crack growth rate dA/dN. The damage state is obtained as a function of the loading conditions as well as the experimentally-determined coefficients of the Paris Law crack propagation rates for the material. It is shown that by using the constitutive fatigue damage model in a structural analysis, experimental results can be reproduced without the need of additional model-specific curve-fitting parameters

Preparative separation of C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum carmichaelii Debx by pH‑zone-refining counter-current chromatography

The technique of pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography was successfully applied to preparatively separate three C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from the crude extracts of Aconitum carmichaelii for the first time using a two-phase solvent system of petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (5:5:1:9, v/v/v/v). Mesaconitine (I), hypaconitine (II), and deoxyaconitine (III) were obtained from 2.5 g of the crude alkaloids in a one-step separation; the yields were 4.16%, 16.96%, and 5.05%, respectively. The purities of compounds I, II, and III were 93.0%, 95%, and 96%, respectively, as determined by HPLC. The chemical structures of the three compounds were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and NMR.

The Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone : structure and deformation history of a crustal-scale ductile shear zone in SW Finland

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the structure and the deformation history of a NW-SE trending regional, crustal-scale shear structure in the Åland archipelago, SW Finland, called the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (SJSZ). Approaches involving e.g. structural geology, geochronology, geochemistry and metamorphic petrology were utilised in order to reconstruct the overall deformation history of the study area. The study therefore describes several features of the shear zone including structures, kinematics and lithologies within the study area, the ages of the different deformation phases (ductile to brittle) within the shear zone, as well as some geothermobarometric results. The results indicate that the SJSZ outlines a major crustal discontinuity between the extensively migmatized rocks NE of the shear zone and the unmigmatised, amphibolite facies rocks SW of the zone. The main SJSZ shows overall dextral lateral kinematics with a SW-side up vertical component and deformation partitioning into pure shear and simple shear dominated deformation styles that was intensified toward later stages of the deformation history. The deformation partitioning resulted in complex folding and refolding against the SW margin of the SJSZ, including conical and sheath folds, and in a formation of several minor strike-slip shear zones both parallel and conjugate to the main SJSZ in order to accommodate the regional transpressive stresses. Different deformation phases within the study area were dated by SIMS (zircon U-Pb), ID-TIMS (titanite U-Pb) and 40Ar/39Ar (pseudotachylyte wholerock) methods. The first deformation phase within the ca. 1.88 Ga rocks of the study area is dated at ca. 1.85 Ga, and the shear zone was reactivated twice within the ductile regime (at ca. 1.83 Ga and 1.79 Ga), during which the strain was successively increasingly partitioned into the main SJSZ and the minor shear zones. The age determinations suggest that the orogenic processes within the study area did not occur in a temporal continuum; instead, the metamorphic zircon rims and titanites show distinct, 10-20 Ma long breaks in deformation between phases of active deformation. The results of this study further imply slow cooling of the rocks through 600-700ºC so that at 1.79 Ga, 2 the temperature was still at least 600ºC. The highest recorded metamorphic pressures are 6.4-7.1 kbar. At the late stages or soon after the last ductile phase (ca. 1.79 Ga), relatively high-T mylonites and ultramylonites were formed, witnessing extreme deformation partitioning and high strain rates. After the rocks reached lower amphibolite facies to amphibolite-greenschist facies transitional conditions (ca. 500-550ºC), they cooled rapidly, probably due to crustal uplift and exhumation. The shear zone was reactivated at least once within the semi-brittle to brittle regime between ca. 1.79 Ga and 1.58 Ga, as evidenced by cataclasites and pseudotachylytes. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the Sottunga-Jurmo shear zone (and the South Finland shear zone) defines a major crustal discontinuity, and played a central role in accommodating the regional stresses during and after the Svecofennian orogeny.

Hydrographic and hydrogeological basin of Entre-Ribeiros: probable recharge zone delimitation and environmental impact assessment

The probable recharge zone delimitation of Entre-Ribeiros Basin (Northwest of the state of Minas Gerais / Brazil) is proposed in this study. The delimitation is based upon stratigraphy, geomorphology, geo-environmental domains and hydrogeology studies. Combining the recharge zone map with the land use variation between 1975 and 2008, the occupation trends of possible recharge zones are identified. Concluding, the environmental impacts for this basin are discussed.

Spatial influence of physical and chemical parameters on management zone definition in apple orchards

ABSTRACT Precision agriculture adoption in Brazilian apple orchards is still incipient. This study aimed at evaluating the spatial variability of certain soil properties as soil density, soil penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, yield, and fruit quality in an apple orchard through digital mapping, as well as assessing the correlation between these factors by means of geostatistics, establishing management zones. Forty representative points were set within 2.5 hectares of apple orchard, wherein soil samples were collected and analyzed, besides measurements of fruit quality (Brix degree, size or diameter, pulp firmness and color) to generate an overall index quality. We concluded that the fruit quality indexes, when isolated, did not show strong spatial dependence, unlike the index of fruit quality (FQI), derived from a combination of these parameters, allowing orchard planning according to management zones based on quality.

The importance of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola in coastal zone and in southern fields of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study aimed to describe the occurrence of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola, in coastal zone and in southern grasslands of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each one of the four analyzed farms blood samples were collected from free-living wild animals, domestic animals and humans to perform serological testing for leptospirosis. The presence of antibodies was verified by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The criterion adopted to consider a serum as agglutination reactant was at least 50% of leptospira for a microscopic field of 100x. From 17 blood samples collected at Chuí, five (29.41%) were positive, three (60.00%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and two (40.00%) for Canicola. From 21 samples collected in the County of Santana da Boa Vista, six (28.57%) were positive, four (66.67%) for serovar Canicola and two (33.33%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. From 32 samples collected at Alegrete, 10 (31.25%) were positive, seven (70.00%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and three (30.00%) foro serovar Canicola. From 17 blood samples collected in Cruz Alta, three (17.64%) were positive, two (66.67%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and one (33.33%) for Canicola. It is necessary to improve sanitary practices on farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to achieve success in leptospirosis control programs.

Streamside management zone (SMZ) efficiency in herbicide retention from simulated surface flow

Plot-scale overland flow experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of streamside management zones (SMZs) in retaining herbicides in runoff generated from silvicultural activities. Herbicide retention was evaluated for five different slopes (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), two cover conditions (undisturbed O horizon and raked surface), and two periods under contrasting soil moisture conditions (summer dry and winter wet season) and correlated to O horizon and site conditions. Picloram (highly soluble in water) and atrazine (moderately sorbed into soil particles) at concentrations in the range of 55 and 35 µg L-1 and kaolin clay (approximately 5 g L-1) were mixed with 13.000 liters of water and dispersed over the top of 5 x 10 m forested plots. Surface flow was collected 2, 4, 6, and 10 m below the disperser to evaluate the changes in concentration as it moved through the O horizon and surface soil horizon-mixing zone. Results showed that, on average, a 10 m long forested SMZ removed around 25% of the initial concentration of atrazine and was generally ineffective in reducing the more soluble picloram. Retention of picloram was only 6% of the applied quantity. Percentages of mass reduction by infiltration were 36% for atrazine and 20% for picloram. Stronger relationships existed between O horizon depth and atrazine retention than in any other measured variable, suggesting that better solid-solution contact associated with flow through deeper O horizons is more important than either velocity or soil moisture as a determinant of sorption.

Effect of zone and crops rotation on Ischaemum rugosum and resistance to bispyribac-sodium in Ariari, Colombia

The objectives of this research were to evaluate (1) weed species presented in rice fields in relation to the geographical zone and crop rotation and (2) the resistance level of Ischaemum rugosum to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. For the first objective, were sampled 79 commercial fields of rice to establish weed density, coverage, and rotation system in the evaluated fields with record of bispyribac-sodium application of at least five years. To reach the second objective, the seeds were collected from plants in commercial fields with different control levels of bispyribac-sodium herbicide. Seeds were germinated in trays under controlled conditions. When plants presented three leaves these were treated with bispyribac-sodium at different doses. Percentages of control and dry weight of plants were evaluated 12 days after treatments (dat). Dominant species in evaluated fields was I. rugosum, with a frequency of 100%, presenting escapes to different chemical commercial treatments. No significant differences were recorded between rotation systems, nevertheless, the most of I. rugosum population was found in the system rice-fallow-rice. The response of applications at different concentrations allows concluding that 65% of samples had resistance at different degrees reported as indexes from 2 to 42 which are related to rotation systems.

Floristic surveys of aquatic macrophytes in reservoirs in the Agreste zone of Pernambuco State, Brazil

We surveyed the aquatic macrophytes in reservoirs in Camocim de São Félix in the Agreste zone of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Plants were collected on a bimonthly schedule from November/2008 to May/2009 in four reservoirs, and 33 taxa distributed among 23 families were encountered. The family Cyperaceae had the greatest number of species, followed by Lemnaceae. The predominant biologic form was emergent (33.3%) reflecting the extensive shorelines around the reservoirs analyzed.