Johann Andreas Cramer e o "ensaio químico mineral" no século XVIII

In this research, we seek to corroborate the contributions of Chemistry to the identification, extraction and classification of minerals in the XVIII century, as well as, to approach the discussion that History of Chemistry shouldn't be understood in terms of a tight line of thoughts. For that, we analyze the work of Johann Andreas Cramer (1710-1777), Elements of the Art of Assaying Metals. Cramer proposed a method of mineral assaying based on the chemical behavior of the bodies, which allowed him to identify, extract and classify the minerals with more assertiveness.

Composição química das águas pluviais e deposição atmosférica anual na bacia do Alto Sorocaba (SP)

Two sampling points were chosen and forty samples were collected between January and December 2006 at Alto Sorocaba basin. The rainwater pH varied from 5.46 to 6.36 (Ibiúna) and 5.26 to 6.81 (Itupararanga), being Ca2+ the main ion responsible for controlling the rainwater pH. The ionic concentrations decreased in the following order: Ca2 +>Na+> Mg2+>K+ for cations and SO4(2-)>HCO3->NO 3->Cl- >PO4(3-) for anions. The annual atmospheric deposition appeared to be controlled mostly by following sources: mining activities and cement factories (Ca2+ and HCO3-), natural soil dust (Na+, Mg2+ and HCO3-), fossil fuel burning (SO4(2-)) and agriculture activities (K+, NO3- and PO4(3-)).

Um método para avaliar a taxa de corrosão

In this paper it is proposed an indirect method to evaluate the corrosion rate of an aluminum and zinc alloy in alkaline solution by using a well-known device for collecting gases over water. The hydrogen gas formation, a corrosion product, is monitored at different time intervals and associated with the alloy mass loss. It has been suggested that the students should work in groups, which may make feasible the social interaction among them and that results discussion may be done collectively under a professor orientation. This proposal may propitiate the learning of terminology and involved concepts as well as contribute to a better understanding of corrosion phenomena that occur in their everyday life.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo da atividade inibitória de novas dialquilfosforilarilidrazonas sobre o crescimento de tripanossomatídeos

A new series of dialkylphosphorylhydrazones was synthesized through the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with different phosphorylhydrazines. All synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 31P-NMR spectroscopies. The in vitro investigation of the activity of these compounds against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and epimastigotes of T. cruzi, showed an efficient inhibition of proliferation, at non toxic concentrations to mammalian cells. The results have shown some derivatives as potential antiparasitic agents against trypanosomatids.

Avaliação do efeito de gases poluentes na corrosão metálica: um experimento para o ensino da corrosão

In this work one proposes a didactic experience to simulate atmospheric corrosion of copper and nickel, due to sulfur dioxide presence. This is an opportunity to understand some basic aspects of atmospheric corrosion, by using fundamental concepts in chemistry, reactions of extraction and characterization of pollutants, as well as their participation in corrosion process. This subject opens a space for discussion about necessity of pollutant gases emissions control for preservation of materials and the environment.

Uma experiência didática de corrosão usando colorimetria visual

In this paper, a simple and rapid method of evaluating galvanized steel sheet corrosion in a CuSO4 solution, as an experimentation proposal for corrosion teaching. Galvanized steel corrosion is present in tanks and tubing by leading of natural or industrial waters which contain soluble copper compounds. This was the rationale for choosing the Cu2+ ions solution as an oxidizing agent. The method principle is based on visual colorimetry because the used oxidant has an intense blue color. Thus, a change in its concentration as a result of the corrosive process can be followed by a color intensity change in the solution thereby allowing evaluation of the corrosion rate.

Desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para determinação de ácido glicirrízico, ácido salicílico e cafeína em nanopartículas de quitosana e alginato

The present work consists of the development and validation of analytical method for evaluation of glycyrrhizic acid, salicylic acid, and caffeine in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles by high performance liquid chromatography. Method validation investigated parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and specificity, which gave results within the acceptable range. The methods were applied to nanoparticles suspensions containing the drugs and were able to determine the entrapment efficiency successfully. The best entrapment efficiency was achieved with the glycyrrhizic acid (95.4%).

Enzymatic activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental conditions for enzyme activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C1,2O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C2,3O) produced by Gordonia polyisoprenivorans in cell-free and immobilized extracts. The optimum conditions of pH, temperature, time course and effect of ions for enzyme activity were determined. Peak activity of C1,2O occurred at pH 8.0. The isolate exhibited the highest activity of C2,3O at pH 7.0 and 8.0 for the cell-free extract and immobilized extract, respectively. This isolate exhibited important characteristics such as broad range of pH, temperature and time course for enzyme activity.

Composição elementar do aerossol atmosférico na região central da Bacia Amazônica

The processes and sources that regulate the elemental composition of aerosol particles were investigated in both fine and coarse modes during the dry and wet seasons. One hundred and nine samples were collected from the biological reserve Cuieiras - Manaus from February to October 2008, and analyzed together with 668 samples that were previously collected at Balbina from 1998 to 2002. Particle induced X-ray emission technique was used to determine the elemental composition, while the concentration of black carbon was obtained from the measurement of optical reflectance. Absolute principal factor analysis and positive matrix factorization were performed for source apportionment, which was complemented with back trajectory analysis. A regional identity for the natural biogenic aerosol was found for the Central Amazon Basin and can be used in dynamical chemical region models.

Desenvolvimento de um método para a determinação de tioconazol associado a nanocápsulas poliméricas por cromatografia líquida

The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the quantification of tioconazole in polymeric nanocapsule suspensions by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The analysis was performed with a mobile phase composed of methanol:water (80:20) and 0.18% ammonium hydroxide; RP-18 column and UV detection at 219 nm. The method proved to be linear in the concentration range of 5-50 µg mL-1 (r = 0.9999), specific, precise (repeatability RSD = 1.42%, intermediate precision RSD = 1.17%), accurate (98 - 102%) and robust (RSD < 2.0%). In conclusion, a simple and rapid method was validated proving suitable for quantification of tioconazole in polymeric nanocapsules.

BIOMATERIAIS: TIPOS, APLICAÇÕES E MERCADO

AbstractThe types of compounds used in the production of biomaterials, namely metals, ceramics, synthetic and natural polymers, as well as composite materials, are discussed in the present work, together with details of their application and evolution from biocompatible to bioactive, biodegradable, and biomimetic clinical products. The chemical structure, the three-dimensional structure, and the molecular organization of compounds frequently used in the manufacture of relevant classes of biomaterials are discussed, along with their advantages and some of their major limitations in specific clinical applications. The main chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological requirements of biomaterials categories are presented, as well as typical tissular responses to implanted biomaterials. Reasons for the recent economic growth of the biomaterials market segment are addressed, and the most successful biomaterial categories are discussed, emphasizing areas such as orthopedic and cardiovascular implants, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and controlled drug release devices. Finally, the need for the development of innovative and more accessible biomaterials, due to the expected increase in the number of elderly people and the growing trend of personalized medical procedures, is pointed out.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO DE NANOCOMPÓSITOS DE POLI (L-ÁCIDO LÁTICO) E NANOTUBOS DE CARBONO DE PAREDES MÚLTIPLAS PURIFICADOS

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been studied for biomedical applications due to their unique properties. However, pristine CNT have structural features and impurities that can cause toxicity to biological systems. In this work, we describe a method to purify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) by chemical modification and subsequent attachment of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups to improve dispersion and to decrease toxic effects. Nanocomposites from poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and nanotubes were produced by the solvent casting method and characterized and evaluated for cytocompatibility with Vero cells. The nanocomposite interactions with Vero cells demonstrated that the cells were able to adhere and sustain proliferation and showed favorable cytocompatibility. In vitro studies also revealed an increase in fibroblast cell viability in the nanocomposites, compared with neat PLLA.

Efeito de terbufos em soqueira sobre fitonematóides ectoparasitos de cana-de-açúcar

Por ser comum a ocorrência de altos níveis populacionais de nematóides ectoparasitos em canaviais da região Nordeste, estudou-se o efeito do nematicida Terbufos (Counter 50G), em soqueira, em área infestada naturalmente por Helicotylenchus dihystera, Criconemella ornata e Paratrichodorus minor. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x3x5 (duas épocas de corte x três tratamentos nematicida x cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar), com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos nematicidas consistiram de 3 kg i.a./ha aplicado por ocasião do plantio e após o primeiro corte, 4 kg i.a./ha aplicado no plantio, e testemunha, 0 kg i.a./ha, distribuídos em microparcelas de 2,0 m x 2,0 m. As avaliações, fundamentadas nas densidades populacionais dos nematóides, foram realizadas em cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.), CB45-3, RB813804, SP78-4764, SP79-1011 e SP 70-1143, na colheita da cana planta, 16 meses após o plantio, e primeira soca, 16 meses após o primeiro corte. Não houve interação entre nematicida, variedade e época de corte. As aplicações do nematicida e as variedades de cana não afetaram significativamente os níveis populacionais dos ectoparasitos. Entretanto, por ocasião do segundo corte, as densidades populacionais de C. ornata e P. minor foram significativamente menores do que no primeiro corte, ocorrendo o inverso com a população de H. dihystera.

Controle biológico da queima-das-bainhas em arroz pela microbiolização de sementes com bactérias antagonistas

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de oito isolados bacterianos pré-selecionados de Pseudomonas synxatha, P. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. e Stenotrophomonas malthophilia no controle da queima-das-bainhas do arroz, causada por Rhizoctonia solani. Sementes da cultivar El Passo L144 foram imersas em suspensão (A540=0,5) de cada um dos isolados e agitadas por 30 min a 10ºC. Sementes imersas somente em solução salina e em salina mais fungicida (Carboxin + Thiran) foram utilizadas como testemunhas. Foram semeadas 10 sementes por vaso, em quatro repetições, dispostas em delineamento completamente casualizado. Foram realizados três ensaios, sendo que no primeiro foi possível selecionar três isolados como promissores, com reduções na severidade da doença atingindo 50, 33,3 e 16,7 %, respectivamente. Estes isolados foram utilizados nos ensaios posteriores, instalados em casa de vegetação e conduzidos até o ponto de colheita, onde foi possível observar o efeito biocontrolador propiciado, principalmente, pelo isolado de P. fluorescens DFs223, com reduções significativas na severidade da doença chegando a 88 e 91,7% no segundo e terceiro ensaios respectivamente. Em ambos os ensaios, houve incremento tanto do número de panículas quanto do número de perfilhos e da massa seca de raízes em até 42,8, 81,2 e 113% respectivamente, nas plantas tratadas com o isolado de P. fluorescens DFs223.

Caracterização e estudo da corrosão do amálgama dentário Dispersalloy por meio das técnicas de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância

Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo de caracterização metalúrgica do amálgama dentário Dispersalloy produzido pela empresa Dentsply Ind. e Com. Ltda., por meio da análise da sua composição química, utilizando-se a técnica espectrofotométrica de absorção atômica, procedendo-se em seguida, a análise metalográfica, utilizando-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A seguir, foi realizado um estudo de resistência à corrosão, utilizando-se técnicas eletroquímicas tradicionais de polarização e espectroscopia de impedância, em meio e condições que simulam a agressividade do ambiente bucal. Para isto, as amostras foram obtidas pelo processo de amalgamação mecânica, método usualmente utilizado pelos dentistas no próprio consultório, para a preparação da restauração dentária. A liga comercial Dispersalloy, representante da categoria de amálgamas de alto teor de cobre, tipo fase dispersa, foi escolhida para este estudo por ser bastante comercializada nos mercados nacional e internacional e, também por ser uma liga metálica moderna, bastante estudada, mas que ainda sofre corrosão no meio bucal.