Measurements of different acoustic conditions in small rectangular rooms

Impulse response measurements are carried out in laboratory facilities at Ecophon, Sweden, simulating a typical classroom with varying suspended ceilings and furniture arrangements. The aim of these measurements is to build a reliable database of acoustical parameters in order to have enough data to validate the new acoustical simulation tool which is under development at Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Denmark. The different classroom configurations are also simulated using ODEON Room Acoustics software and are compared with the measurements. The resulting information is essential for the development of the acoustical simulation tool because it will enable the elimination of prediction errors, especially those below the Schroeder frequency. The surface impedance of the materials used during the experiments is measured in a Kundt’s tube at DTU, in order to characterize them as accurately as possible at the time of incorporation into the model. A brief study about porous materials frequently used in classrooms is presented. Wide diferences are found between methods of measuring absorption coefficients and local or extended assumptions. RESUMEN. Mediciones de Respuesta al Impulso son llevadas a cabo en las instalaciones con que cuenta la empresa Ecophon en su sede central de Hyllinge, Suecia. En una de sus salas, se recrean diferentes configuraciones típicas de aula, variando la altura y composición de los techos, colocando paneles absorbentes de pared e incluyendo diferentes elementos mobiliario como pupitres y sillas. Tres diferentes materiales absorbentes porosos de 15, 20 y 50 mm de espesor, son utilizados como techos suspendidos así como uno de 40 mm es utilizado en forma de paneles. Todas las medidas son realizadas de acuerdo al estándar ISO 3382, utilizando 12 combinaciones de fuente sonora y micrófono para cada configuración, así como respetando las distancias entre ellos establecidas en la norma. El objetivo de toda esta serie de medidas es crear una base de datos de parámetros acústicos tales como tiempo de reverberación, índice de claridad o índice de inteligibilidad medidos bajo diferentes configuraciones con el objeto de que éstos sirvan de referencia para la validación de una nueva herramienta de simulación acústica llamada PARISM que está siendo desarrollada en este momento en la Danmarks Tekniske Universitet de Copenhague. Esta herramienta tendrá en cuenta la fase, tanto en propagación como en reflexión, así como el comportamiento angulodependiente de los materiales y la difusión producida por las superficies. Las diferentes configuraciones de aula recreadas en Hyllinge, son simuladas también utilizando el software de simulación acústica ODEON con el fin de establecer comparaciones entre medidas y simulaciones para discutir la validez de estas ultimas. La información resultante es esencial para el desarrollo de la nueva herramienta de simulación, especialmente los resultados por debajo de la frecuencia de corte de Schroeder, donde ODEON no produce predicciones precisas debido a que no tiene en cuenta la fase ni en propagación ni en reflexión. La impedancia de superficie de los materiales utilizados en los experimentos, todos ellos fabricados por la propia empresa Ecophon, es medida utilizando un tubo de Kundt. De este modo, los coeficientes de absorción de incidencia aleatoria son calculados e incorporados a las simulaciones. Además, estos coeficientes también son estimados mediante el modelo empírico de Miki, con el fin de ser comparados con los obtenidos mediante otros métodos. Un breve estudio comparativo entre coeficientes de absorción obtenidos por diversos métodos y el efecto producido por los materiales absorbentes sobre los tiempos de reverberación es realizado. Grandes diferencias son encontradas, especialmente entre los métodos de tubo de impedancia y cámara reverberante. La elección de reacción local o extendida a la hora de estimar los coeficientes también produce grandes diferencias entre los resultados. Pese a que la opción de absorción angular es activada en todas las simulaciones realizadas con ODEON para todos los materiales, los resultados son mucho más imprecisos de lo esperado a la hora de compararlos con los valores extraidos de las medidas de Respuesta al Impulso. En salas como las recreadas, donde una superficie es mucho más absorbente que las demás, las ondas sonoras tienden a incidir en la superficie altamente absorbente desde ángulos de incidencia muy pequeños. En este rango de ángulos de incidencia, las absorciones que presentan los materiales absorbentes porosos estudiados son muy pequeñas, pese a que sus valores de coeficientes de absorción de incidencia aleatoria son altos. Dado que como descriptor de las superficies en ODEON se utiliza el coeficiente de absorción de incidencia aleatoria, los tiempos de reverberación son siempre subestimados en las simulaciones, incluso con la opción de absorción angular activada. Esto es debido a que el algoritmo que ejecuta esta opción, solo tiene en cuenta el tamaño y posición de las superficies, mientras que el comportamiento angulodependiente es diferente para cada material. Es importante destacar, que cuando la opción es activada, los tiempos simulados se asemejan más a los medidos, por lo tanto esta característica sí produce ciertas mejoras pese a no modelar la angulodependencia perfectamente. Por otra parte, ODEON tampoco tiene en cuenta el fenómeno de difracción, ni acepta longitudes de superficie menores de una longitud de onda a frecuencias medias (30 cm) por lo que en las configuraciones que incluyen absorbentes de pared, los cuales presentan un grosor de 4 cm que no puede ser modelado, los tiempos de reverberación son siempre sobreestimados. Para evitar esta sobreestimación, diferentes métodos de correción son analizados. Todas estas deficiencias encontradas en el software ODEON, resaltan la necesidad de desarrollar cuanto antes la herramienta de simulación acústica PARISM, la cual será capaz de predecir el comportamiento del campo sonoro de manera precisa en este tipo de salas, sin incrementar excesivamente el tiempo de cálculo. En cuanto a los parámetros extraidos de las mediciones de Respuesta al Impulso, bajo ninguna de las configuraciones recreadas los tiempos de reverberación cumplen con las condiciones establecidas por la regulación danesa en materia de edificación. Es importante destacar que los experimentos son llevados a cabo en un edificio construido para uso industrial, en el que, pese a contar con un buen aislamiento acústico, los niveles de ruido pueden ser superiores a los existentes dentro del edificio donde finalmente se ubique el aula. Además, aunque algunos elementos de mobiliario como pupitres y sillas son incluidos, en una configuración real de aula normalmente aparecerían algunos otros como taquillas, que no solo presentarían una mayor absorción, sino que también dispersarían las ondas incidentes produciendo un mejor funcionamiento del techo absorbente. Esto es debido a que las ondas incidirían en el techo desde una mayor variedad de ángulos, y no solo desde ángulos cercanos a la dirección paralela al techo, para los cuales los materiales presentan absorciones muy bajas o casi nulas. En relación a los otros parámetros como índice de claridad o índice de inteligibilidad extraidos de las medidas, no se han podido extraer conclusiones válidas dada la falta de regulación existente. Sin embargo, el efecto que produce sobre ellos la inclusión de techos, paneles de pared y mobiliario sí es analizada, concluyendo que, como era de esperar, los mejores resultados son obtenidos cuando todos los elementos están presentes en la sala en el mismo momento.

The use of non-reflecting boundary conditions in soil dynamics

In this paper some aspects of the use of non-reflecting boundaries in dynamic problems, analyzed in time domain, are considered. Current trends for treating the above mentioned problems are summarized with a particular emphasis on the use of numerical techniques, such as Boundary Element Method (BEM) or mixed and hybrid formulations, Finite Element Method (FEM) plus BEM. As an alternative to these methods, an easy time domain boundary condition, obtained from the well known consistent transmitting boundary developed by Waas for frequency domain analysis, can be applied to represent the reactions of the unbounded soil on the interest zone. The behaviour of this proposed boundary condition is studied when waves of different frequency to the one used for its obtention are acting on the physical edge of the model. As an application example,an analysis is made of the soil-structure interaction of a rigid strip foundation on a horizontal non-linear elastic layer on bed rock. The results obtained suggest the need of time domain solutions for this type of problem

Emotions and the Engineering of Adaptiveness in Complex Systems

A major challenge in the engineering of complex and critical systems is the management of change, both in the system and in its operational environment. Due to the growing of complexity in systems, new approaches on autonomy must be able to detect critical changes and avoid their progress towards undesirable states. We are searching for methods to build systems that can tune the adaptability protocols. New mechanisms that use system-wellness requirements to reduce the influence of the outer domain and transfer the control of uncertainly to the inner one. Under the view of cognitive systems, biological emotions suggests a strategy to configure value-based systems to use semantic self-representations of the state. A method inspired by emotion theories to causally connect to the inner domain of the system and its objectives of wellness, focusing on dynamically adapting the system to avoid the progress of critical states. This method shall endow the system with a transversal mechanism to monitor its inner processes, detecting critical states and managing its adaptivity in order to maintain the wellness goals. The paper describes the current vision produced by this work-in-progress.

Power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks in isolated systems with wind generation

In this paper the power-frequency control of hydropower plants with long penstocks is addressed. In such configuration the effects of pressure waves cannot be neglected and therefore commonly used criteria for adjustment of PID governors would not be appropriate. A second-order Π model of the turbine-penstock based on a lumped parameter approach is considered. A correction factor is introduced in order to approximate the model frequency response to the continuous case in the frequency interval of interest. Using this model, several criteria are analysed for adjusting the PI governor of a hydropower plant operating in an isolated system. Practical criteria for adjusting the PI governor are given. The results are applied to a real case of a small island where the objective is to achieve a generation 100% renewable (wind and hydro). Frequency control is supposed to be provided exclusively by the hydropower plant. It is verified that the usual criterion for tuning the PI controller of isolated hydro plants gives poor results. However, with the new proposed adjustment, the time response is considerably improved

Time-multiscale methods for the simulation of slow transport problems in atomistic systems

En esta tesis presentamos una teoría adaptada a la simulación de fenómenos lentos de transporte en sistemas atomísticos. En primer lugar, desarrollamos el marco teórico para modelizar colectividades estadísticas de equilibrio. A continuación, lo adaptamos para construir modelos de colectividades estadísticas fuera de equilibrio. Esta teoría reposa sobre los principios de la mecánica estadística, en particular el principio de máxima entropía de Jaynes, utilizado tanto para sistemas en equilibrio como fuera de equilibrio, y la teoría de las aproximaciones del campo medio. Expresamos matemáticamente el problema como un principio variacional en el que maximizamos una entropía libre, en lugar de una energía libre. La formulación propuesta permite definir equivalentes atomísticos de variables macroscópicas como la temperatura y la fracción molar. De esta forma podemos considerar campos macroscópicos no uniformes. Completamos el marco teórico con reglas de cuadratura de Monte Carlo, gracias a las cuales obtenemos modelos computables. A continuación, desarrollamos el conjunto completo de ecuaciones que gobiernan procesos de transporte. Deducimos la desigualdad de disipación entrópica a partir de fuerzas y flujos termodinámicos discretos. Esta desigualdad nos permite identificar la estructura que deben cumplir los potenciales cinéticos discretos. Dichos potenciales acoplan las tasas de variación en el tiempo de las variables microscópicas con las fuerzas correspondientes. Estos potenciales cinéticos deben ser completados con una relación fenomenológica, del tipo definido por la teoría de Onsanger. Por último, aportamos validaciones numéricas. Con ellas ilustramos la capacidad de la teoría presentada para simular propiedades de equilibrio y segregación superficial en aleaciones metálicas. Primero, simulamos propiedades termodinámicas de equilibrio en el sistema atomístico. A continuación evaluamos la habilidad del modelo para reproducir procesos de transporte en sistemas complejos que duran tiempos largos con respecto a los tiempos característicos a escala atómica. ABSTRACT In this work, we formulate a theory to address simulations of slow time transport effects in atomic systems. We first develop this theoretical framework in the context of equilibrium of atomic ensembles, based on statistical mechanics. We then adapt it to model ensembles away from equilibrium. The theory stands on Jaynes' maximum entropy principle, valid for the treatment of both, systems in equilibrium and away from equilibrium and on meanfield approximation theory. It is expressed in the entropy formulation as a variational principle. We interpret atomistic equivalents of macroscopic variables such as the temperature and the molar fractions, wich are not required to be uniform, but can vary from particle to particle. We complement this theory with Monte Carlo summation rules for further approximation. In addition, we provide a framework for studying transport processes with the full set of equations driving the evolution of the system. We first derive a dissipation inequality for the entropic production involving discrete thermodynamic forces and fluxes. This discrete dissipation inequality identifies the adequate structure for discrete kinetic potentials which couple the microscopic field rates to the corresponding driving forces. Those kinetic potentials must finally be expressed as a phenomenological rule of the Onsanger Type. We present several validation cases, illustrating equilibrium properties and surface segregation of metallic alloys. We first assess the ability of a simple meanfield model to reproduce thermodynamic equilibrium properties in systems with atomic resolution. Then, we evaluate the ability of the model to reproduce a long-term transport process in complex systems.

Emotions and the Engineering of Adaptiveness in Complex Systems

A major challenge in the engineering of complex and critical systems is the management of change, both in the system and in its operational environment. Due to the growing of complexity in systems, new approaches on autonomy must be able to detect critical changes and avoid their progress towards undesirable states. We are searching for methods to build systems that can tune the adaptability protocols. New mechanisms that use system-wellness requirements to reduce the influence of the outer domain and transfer the control of uncertainly to the inner one. Under the view of cognitive systems, biological emotions suggests a strategy to configure value-based systems to use semantic self-representations of the state. A method inspired by emotion theories to causally connect to the inner domain of the system and its objectives of wellness, focusing on dynamically adapting the system to avoid the progress of critical states. This method shall endow the system with a transversal mechanism to monitor its inner processes, detecting critical states and managing its adaptivity in order to maintain the wellness goals. The paper describes the current vision produced by this work-in-progress.

Eventual election of multiple leaders for solving consensus in anonymous systems

In classical distributed systems, each process has a unique identity. Today, new distributed systems have emerged where a unique identity is not always possible to be assigned to each process. For example, in many sensor networks a unique identity is not possible to be included in each device due to its small storage capacity, reduced computational power, or the huge number of devices to be identified. In these cases, we have to work with anonymous distributed systems where processes cannot be identified. Consensus cannot be solved in classical and anonymous asynchronous distributed systems where processes can crash. To bypass this impossibility result, failure detectors are added to these systems. It is known that ? is the weakest failure detector class for solving consensus in classical asynchronous systems when amajority of processes never crashes. Although A? was introduced as an anonymous version of ?, to find the weakest failure detector in anonymous systems to solve consensus when amajority of processes never crashes is nowadays an open question. Furthermore, A? has the important drawback that it is not implementable. Very recently, A? has been introduced as a counterpart of ? for anonymous systems. In this paper, we show that the A? failure detector class is strictly weaker than A? (i.e., A? provides less information about process crashes than A?). We also present in this paper the first implementation of A? (hence, we also show that A? is implementable), and, finally, we include the first implementation of consensus in anonymous asynchronous systems augmented with A? and where a majority of processes does not crash.

Unit Commitment and Electricity Prices Forecasting for Market Strategy Preparation in Interconnected Systems

In this paper we present a solution for building a better strategy to take part in external electricity markets. For an optimal strategy development, both the internal system costs as well as the future values of the series of electricity prices in external markets need to be known. But in practice, the real problems that must be faced are that both future electricity prices and costs are unknown. Thus, the first ones must be modeled and forecasted and the costs must be calculated. Our methodology for building an optimal strategy consists of three steps: The first step is modeling and forecasting market prices in external systems. The second step is the cost calculation on internal system taking into account the expected prices in the first step. The third step is based on the results of the previous steps, and consists of preparing the bids for external markets. The main goal is to reduce consumers' costs unlike many others that are oriented to increase GenCo's profits.

Engineering Computational Emotion - A Reference Model for Emotion in Artificial Systems

Emotion is generally argued to be an influence on the behavior of life systems, largely concerning flexibility and adaptivity. The way in which life systems acts in response to a particular situations of the environment, has revealed the decisive and crucial importance of this feature in the success of behaviors. And this source of inspiration has influenced the way of thinking artificial systems. During the last decades, artificial systems have undergone such an evolution that each day more are integrated in our daily life. They have become greater in complexity, and the subsequent effects are related to an increased demand of systems that ensure resilience, robustness, availability, security or safety among others. All of them questions that raise quite a fundamental challenges in control design. This thesis has been developed under the framework of the Autonomous System project, a.k.a the ASys-Project. Short-term objectives of immediate application are focused on to design improved systems, and the approaching of intelligence in control strategies. Besides this, long-term objectives underlying ASys-Project concentrate on high order capabilities such as cognition, awareness and autonomy. This thesis is placed within the general fields of Engineery and Emotion science, and provides a theoretical foundation for engineering and designing computational emotion for artificial systems. The starting question that has grounded this thesis aims the problem of emotion--based autonomy. And how to feedback systems with valuable meaning has conformed the general objective. Both the starting question and the general objective, have underlaid the study of emotion, the influence on systems behavior, the key foundations that justify this feature in life systems, how emotion is integrated within the normal operation, and how this entire problem of emotion can be explained in artificial systems. By assuming essential differences concerning structure, purpose and operation between life and artificial systems, the essential motivation has been the exploration of what emotion solves in nature to afterwards analyze analogies for man--made systems. This work provides a reference model in which a collection of entities, relationships, models, functions and informational artifacts, are all interacting to provide the system with non-explicit knowledge under the form of emotion-like relevances. This solution aims to provide a reference model under which to design solutions for emotional operation, but related to the real needs of artificial systems. The proposal consists of a multi-purpose architecture that implement two broad modules in order to attend: (a) the range of processes related to the environment affectation, and (b) the range or processes related to the emotion perception-like and the higher levels of reasoning. This has required an intense and critical analysis beyond the state of the art around the most relevant theories of emotion and technical systems, in order to obtain the required support for those foundations that sustain each model. The problem has been interpreted and is described on the basis of AGSys, an agent assumed with the minimum rationality as to provide the capability to perform emotional assessment. AGSys is a conceptualization of a Model-based Cognitive agent that embodies an inner agent ESys, the responsible of performing the emotional operation inside of AGSys. The solution consists of multiple computational modules working federated, and aimed at conforming a mutual feedback loop between AGSys and ESys. Throughout this solution, the environment and the effects that might influence over the system are described as different problems. While AGSys operates as a common system within the external environment, ESys is designed to operate within a conceptualized inner environment. And this inner environment is built on the basis of those relevances that might occur inside of AGSys in the interaction with the external environment. This allows for a high-quality separate reasoning concerning mission goals defined in AGSys, and emotional goals defined in ESys. This way, it is provided a possible path for high-level reasoning under the influence of goals congruence. High-level reasoning model uses knowledge about emotional goals stability, letting this way new directions in which mission goals might be assessed under the situational state of this stability. This high-level reasoning is grounded by the work of MEP, a model of emotion perception that is thought as an analogy of a well-known theory in emotion science. The work of this model is described under the operation of a recursive-like process labeled as R-Loop, together with a system of emotional goals that are assumed as individual agents. This way, AGSys integrates knowledge that concerns the relation between a perceived object, and the effect which this perception induces on the situational state of the emotional goals. This knowledge enables a high-order system of information that provides the sustain for a high-level reasoning. The extent to which this reasoning might be approached is just delineated and assumed as future work. This thesis has been studied beyond a long range of fields of knowledge. This knowledge can be structured into two main objectives: (a) the fields of psychology, cognitive science, neurology and biological sciences in order to obtain understanding concerning the problem of the emotional phenomena, and (b) a large amount of computer science branches such as Autonomic Computing (AC), Self-adaptive software, Self-X systems, Model Integrated Computing (MIC) or the paradigm of models@runtime among others, in order to obtain knowledge about tools for designing each part of the solution. The final approach has been mainly performed on the basis of the entire acquired knowledge, and described under the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Model-Based Systems (MBS), and additional mathematical formalizations to provide punctual understanding in those cases that it has been required. This approach describes a reference model to feedback systems with valuable meaning, allowing for reasoning with regard to (a) the relationship between the environment and the relevance of the effects on the system, and (b) dynamical evaluations concerning the inner situational state of the system as a result of those effects. And this reasoning provides a framework of distinguishable states of AGSys derived from its own circumstances, that can be assumed as artificial emotion.

Nonlinear normal modes in mechanical systems: concept and computation with numerical continuation

The purpose of this Project is, first and foremost, to disclose the topic of nonlinear vibrations and oscillations in mechanical systems and, namely, nonlinear normal modes NNMs to a greater audience of researchers and technicians. To do so, first of all, the dynamical behavior and properties of nonlinear mechanical systems is outlined from the analysis of a pair of exemplary models with the harmonic balanced method. The conclusions drawn are contrasted with the Linear Vibration Theory. Then, it is argued how the nonlinear normal modes could, in spite of their limitations, predict the frequency response of a mechanical system. After discussing those introductory concepts, I present a Matlab package called 'NNMcont' developed by a group of researchers from the University of Liege. This package allows the analysis of nonlinear normal modes of vibration in a range of mechanical systems as extensions of the linear modes. This package relies on numerical methods and a 'continuation algorithm' for the computation of the nonlinear normal modes of a conservative mechanical system. In order to prove its functionality, a two degrees of freedom mechanical system with elastic nonlinearities is analized. This model comprises a mass suspended on a foundation by means of a spring-viscous damper mechanism -analogous to a very simplified model of most suspended structures and machines- that has attached a mass damper as a passive vibration control system. The results of the computation are displayed on frequency energy plots showing the NNMs branches along with modal curves and time-series plots for each normal mode. Finally, a critical analysis of the results obtained is carried out with an eye on devising what they can tell the researcher about the dynamical properties of the system.

Case-based reasoning to support decision making for managing drinking water quality events in distribution systems

Peer reviewed

Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study

Objective: To investigate the association between social circumstances in childhood and mortality from various causes of death in adulthood.