"V.N. Volochinov en contexte: essai d'épistémologie historique"

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la pensée de Valentin Volochinov (1895-1936) et le contexte intellectuel russe du début du XXe siècle dans lequel elle a été élaborée. Le cadre spatial de l'étude est la Russie. Le cadre temporel correspond aux années 1890-1920. Fait dans le cadre des « études bakhtiniennes », ce travail propose une démarche inverse de celle utilisée jusqu'à présent dans ce domaine. Son objectif est d'explorer les conséquences pratiques de trois hypothèses : 1) Valentin Volochinov (et non pas Mikhaïl Bakhtine) est l'auteur des textes parus sous son nom dans les années 1920 ; 2) Valentin Volochinov est un chercheur indépendant de Mikhaïl Bakhtine et de Pavel Medvedev (et non pas seulement un des membres du « Cercle de Bakhtine » ou du « groupe B.M.V. » dont le projet scientifique serait incompréhensible sans le recours aux textes bakhtiniens et/ou de Medvedev) ; 3) la connaissance du contexte intellectuel général dans lequel a travaillé Valentin Volochinov (c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des textes et des discussions scientifiques qui se sont déroulées dans les revues et les institutions scientifiques autour des thèmes abordés dans les textes signés dans les années 1920 par Volochinov) joue un rôle de premier plan dans l'interprétation de sa conception. L'analyse de la terminologie utilisée dans les travaux de Volochinov (en particulier de la notion d'« idéologie » et de méthode « marxiste »), ainsi que l'examen des idées ayant trait à la philosophie du langage (la réception des idées de Saussure, la polémique avec Rozalija Chor sur des principes de la science du langage « marxiste », la critique de la conception du «mot» de Gustav Chpet), psychologiques (la critique de la théorie psychanalytique de Sigmund Freud, l'élaboration de la notion de conscience, la recherche des bases de la psychologie « marxiste ») et sociologiques (l'analyse de l'interaction socio-verbale et l'élaboration de la théorie de l'énoncé) amènent à la conclusion que les hypothèses avancées sont justes et le mode de lecture adopté dans le travail est rentable : il suscite des interprétations différentes de celles proposées jusqu'à présent. Il permet, par exemple, de mettre en évidence les particularités du marxisme russe des années 1920 considéré par les intellectuels de l'époque, d'une part, comme une méthode des recherches dont les principes fondamentaux sont le matérialisme, le monisme, le déterminisme (y compris social), la dialectique et, d'autre part, comme une doctrine sociologique. Compris en ce sens, le marxisme fait partie de l'histoire de la sociologie russe qui comprend également des conceptions dites « bourgeoises » ou « positivistes » comme, par exemple, celle d'Eugène de Roberty, qui insiste dans ses travaux sur le primat du social sur l'individuel, autrement dit qui met en avant le principe du déterminisme social souvent associé uniquement au «sociologisme marxisant». L'oeuvre de Volochinov ne contient pas, par conséquent, d'éléments de «sociologisme vulgaire», elle s'inscrit dans l'histoire des idées sociologiques russes où il n'y a pas de rupture nette entre les conceptions dites «bourgeoises» et marxistes. Le marxisme de Volochinov n'est pas révolutionnaire. Il ne peut pas non plus être associé aux idées psychanalytiques. La preuve est le refus radical de l'existence de l'inconscient (ou plutôt d'une force inconsciente) qui déterminerait le comportement des individus sans qu'ils s'en rendent compte. Le projet scientifique de Volochinov consiste à analyser la conscience (les faits psychiques), ainsi que le langage, l'énoncé et les structures syntaxiques dans lesquelles l'énoncé se réalise en tant qu'éléments constitutifs de l'échange social et/ou verbal, qui se trouve au centre de vives discussions menées à la charnière des XIXe-XXe siècles par les chercheurs russes d'orientation marxiste et non marxiste. Pour comprendre ce projet il n'est pas nécessaire de faire appel aux idées de Bakhtine et de Medvedev : la lecture en contexte des textes signés dans les années 1920 par Volochinov met ainsi en doute l'idée qui domine actuellement dans le monde francophone que Bakhtine serait leur véritable auteur.

A protein interaction atlas for the nuclear receptors: properties and quality of a hub-based dimerisation network.

BACKGROUND: The nuclear receptors are a large family of eukaryotic transcription factors that constitute major pharmacological targets. They exert their combinatorial control through homotypic heterodimerisation. Elucidation of this dimerisation network is vital in order to understand the complex dynamics and potential cross-talk involved. RESULTS: Phylogeny, protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions and gene expression data have been integrated to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the topology and properties of the nuclear receptor interaction network in humans. We discriminate between DNA-binding and non-DNA-binding dimers, and provide a comprehensive interaction map, that identifies potential cross-talk between the various pathways of nuclear receptors. CONCLUSION: We infer that the topology of this network is hub-based, and much more connected than previously thought. The hub-based topology of the network and the wide tissue expression pattern of NRs create a highly competitive environment for the common heterodimerising partners. Furthermore, a significant number of negative feedback loops is present, with the hub protein SHP [NR0B2] playing a major role. We also compare the evolution, topology and properties of the nuclear receptor network with the hub-based dimerisation network of the bHLH transcription factors in order to identify both unique themes and ubiquitous properties in gene regulation. In terms of methodology, we conclude that such a comprehensive picture can only be assembled by semi-automated text-mining, manual curation and integration of data from various sources.

Phosphorylation modulates FOXC2 transcriptional program by controlling the high-order interaction with DNA.

Phosphorylation of transcription factors is a rapid and reversible process linking cell signaling and control of gene expression, therefore understanding how it controls the transcription factor functions is one of the challenges of functional genomics. We performed such analysis for the forkhead transcription factor FOXC2 mutated in human hereditary disease lymphedemadistichiasis and important for the development of venous and lymphatic valves and lymphatic collecting vessels. We found that FOXC2 is phosphorylated in a cell-cycle dependent manner on eight evolutionary conserved serine/threonine residues, seven of which are clustered within a 70 amino acid domain. Surprisingly, the mutation of phosphorylation sites or a complete deletion of the domain did not affect the transcriptional activity of FOXC2 in a synthetic reporter assay. However, overexpression of the wild type or phosphorylation-deficient mutant resulted in overlapping but distinct gene expression profiles suggesting that binding of FOXC2 to individual sites under physiological conditions is affected by phosphorylation. To gain a direct insight into the role of FOXC2 phosphorylation, we performed comparative genome-wide location analysis (ChIP-chip) of wild type and phosphorylation-deficient FOXC2 in primary lymphatic endothelial cells. The effect of loss of phosphorylation on FOXC2 binding to genomic sites ranged from no effect to nearly complete inhibition of binding, suggesting a mechanism for how FOXC2 transcriptional program can be differentially regulated depending on FOXC2 phosphorylation status. Based on these results, we propose an extension to the enhanceosome model, where a network of genomic context-dependent DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions not only distinguishes a functional site from a nonphysiological site, but also determines whether binding to the functional site can be regulated by phosphorylation. Moreover, our results indicate that FOXC2 may have different roles in quiescent versus proliferating lymphatic endothelial cells in vivo.

Tabagisme, obésité et diabète: une interaction cliniquement importante [Smoking, obesity and diabetes: a clinically important interaction].

Smoking, obesity and diabetes are among the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Smokers have globally a lower body weight compared with non smokers but they tend to accumulate more fat in the abdomen. Most smokers gain weight when they quit smoking, however this does not seem to diminish the health benefits associated with smoking cessation. Smoking increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Among people with diabetes, smoking significantly increases the risks of complications and mortality. Interventions with pharmacologic help should be offered to all smokers, with or without diabetes, in order to increase smoking cessation rates and limit weight gain.

La pré-configuration des débats publics : apports d'une approche multimodale et longitudinale des dispositifs de catégorisation

Most linguistic and interactional studies on public and media debates focus on the way talk-in- interaction is locally managed by the moderator. For example, they analyze the extent to which the questions asked are both sequentially and categorically relevant. The present paper aims at enriching these studies by discussing the profitability of a multimodal and longitudinal approach to membership categorization practices. The approach is multimodal in the sense that it does not focus exclusively on verbal features. The approach is also longitudinal by considering the extent to which a debate is pre- configured. To this end, particular attention is paid to the posters promoting the encounters and to the way the participants are positioned in physical space.

NS4B Self-Interaction through Conserved C-Terminal Elements Is Required for the Establishment of Functional Hepatitis C Virus Replication Complexes.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen, persistently infecting more than 170 million individuals worldwide. Studies of the HCV life cycle have become possible with the development of cell culture systems supporting the replication of viral RNA and the production of infectious virus. However, the exact functions of individual proteins, especially of nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B), remain poorly understood. NS4B triggers the formation of specific, vesicular membrane rearrangements, referred to as membranous webs, which have been reported to represent sites of HCV RNA replication. However, the mechanism of vesicle induction is not known. In this study, a panel of 15 mutants carrying substitutions in the highly conserved NS4B C-terminal domain was generated. Five mutations had only a minor effect on replication, but two of them enhanced assembly and release of infectious virus. Ten mutants were replication defective and used for selection of pseudoreversions. Most of the pseudoreversions also localized to the highly conserved NS4B C-terminal domain and were found to restore replication competence upon insertion into the corresponding primary mutant. Importantly, pseudoreversions restoring replication competence also restored heterotypic NS4B self-interaction, which was disrupted by the primary mutation. Finally, electron microscopy analyses of membrane alterations induced by NS4B mutants revealed striking morphological abnormalities, which were restored to wild-type morphology by the corresponding pseudoreversion. These findings demonstrate the important role of the C-terminal domain in NS4B self-interaction and the formation of functional HCV replication complexes.

Accurate calculations of intermolecular interaction energies using explicitly correlated coupled cluster wave functions and a dispersion-weighted MP2 method.

Explicitly correlated coupled-cluster calculations of intermolecular interaction energies for the S22 benchmark set of Jurecka, Sponer, Cerny, and Hobza (Chem. Phys. Phys. Chem. 2006, 8, 1985) are presented. Results obtained with the recently proposed CCSD(T)-F12a method and augmented double-zeta basis sets are found to be in very close agreement with basis set extrapolated conventional CCSD(T) results. Furthermore, we propose a dispersion-weighted MP2 (DW-MP2) approximation that combines the good accuracy of MP2 for complexes with predominately electrostatic bonding and SCS-MP2 for dispersion-dominated ones. The MP2-F12 and SCS-MP2-F12 correlation energies are weighted by a switching function that depends on the relative HF and correlation contributions to the interaction energy. For the S22 set, this yields a mean absolute deviation of 0.2 kcal/mol from the CCSD(T)-F12a results. The method, which allows obtaining accurate results at low cost, is also tested for a number of dimers that are not in the training set.

Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is necessary for photodynamic therapy induced vascular permeabilization.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) affects vascular barrier function and thus increases vessel permeability. This phenomenon may be exploited to facilitate targeted drug delivery and may lead to a new clinical application of photodynamic therapy. Here, we investigate the role of leukocyte recruitment for PDT-induced vascular permeabilization. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-D, 2,000 kDa) was injected intravenously 120 minutes after focal PDT on striated muscle in nude mice bearing dorsal skinfold chambers (Visudyne® 800 µg/kg, fluence rate 300 mW/cm2 , light dose of 200 J/cm2). Leukocyte interaction with endothelial cells was inhibited by antibodies functionally blocking adhesion molecules ("MABS-PDT" group, n = 5); control animals had PDT but no antibody injection (group "PDT", n = 7). By intravital microscopy, we monitored leukocyte rolling and sticking in real-time before, 90 and 180 minutes after PDT. The extravasation of FITC-D from striated muscle vessels into the interstitial space was determined in vivo during 45 minutes to assess treatment-induced alterations of vascular permeability. RESULTS: PDT significantly increased the recruitment of leukocytes and enhanced the leakage of FITC-D. Neutralization of adhesion molecules before PDT suppressed the rolling of leukocytes along the venular endothelium and significantly reduced the extravasation of FITC-D as compared to control animals (156 ± 27 vs. 11 ± 2 (mean ± SEM, number of WBC/30 seconds mm vessel circumference; P < 0.05) at 90 minutes after PDT and 194 ± 21 vs. 14 ± 4 at 180 minutes after PDT). In contrast, leukocyte sticking was not downregulated by the antibody treatment. CONCLUSION: Leukocyte recruitment plays an essential role in the permeability-enhancing effect of PDT.

Procès-verbal des séances de l'Assemblée nationale de France, tenues en l'année 1789 et suivantes ; précédé du "Récit des séances des députés des communes, depuis le 5 mai jusqu'au 12 juin suivant" ; du procès-verbal des conférences pour la vérification des pouvoirs ; et du procès-verbal des séances des députés des communes, depuis le 12 jusqu'au 17 juin 1789. Tome premier

Numérisation partielle de reliure

Procès-verbal des séances de l'Assemblée nationale de France, tenues en l'année 1789 et suivantes ; précédé du "Récit des séances des députés des communes, depuis le 5 mai jusqu'au 12 juin suivant" ; du procès-verbal des conférences pour la vérification des pouvoirs ; et du procès-verbal des séances des députés des communes, depuis le 12 jusqu'au 17 juin 1789. Tome premier

Numérisation partielle de reliure

Nouveaux traitements de l'hépatite C: aspects pharmacologiques et potentiel d'interaction [New hepatitis C treatments: pharmacological considerations and potential for drug interactions].

Progress in the understanding of the hepatitis C virus life cycle allowed the development of new, very promising antiviral therapies. Although these new drugs have a favourable profile in terms of efficacy, tolerance and interaction potential, their prescription in the setting of comedication and impaired renal or hepatic function remains a challenge. Here, we provide a summary of pharmacological considerations, focusing on sofosbuvir, simeprevir and daclatasvir. A better understanding of their metabolic pathways and transporters may help the prescriber to identify and manage drug interactions especially in patients under immunosuppressive or anti-HIV therapy. Recommendations for the prescription of these drugs in specific situations are also discussed.

DAI/ZBP1 recruits RIP1 and RIP3 through RIP homotypic interaction motifs to activate NF-kappaB.

Detection of viral nucleic acids is central to antiviral immunity. Recently, DAI/ZBP1 (DNA-dependent activator of IRFs/Z-DNA binding protein 1) was identified as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor and shown to activate the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factors, leading to type-I interferon production. DAI-induced IRF activation depends on TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), whereas signalling pathways and molecular components involved in NF-kappaB activation remain elusive. Here, we report the identification of two receptor-interacting protein (RIP) homotypic interaction motifs (RHIMs) in the DAI protein sequence, and show that these domains relay DAI-induced NF-kappaB signals through the recruitment of the RHIM-containing kinases RIP1 and RIP3. We show that knockdown of not only RIP1, but also RIP3 affects DAI-induced NF-kappaB activation. Importantly, RIP recruitment to DAI is inhibited by the RHIM-containing murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein M45. These findings delineate the DAI signalling pathway to NF-kappaB and suggest a possible new immune modulation strategy of the MCMV.

Interaction of prechilling, temperature, osmotic stress, and light in Picea abies seed germination

Summary