O impacto do PADCT na química brasileira: uma visão acadêmica

An appraisal has been conducted of the impact PADCT (Support Program for Scientific and Technological Development) has caused on brazilian Chemistry and Chemical Engineering over a ten years period (1985-1995). During this time PADCT invested US$ 87.5 million dollars to support both scientific and technolgical development of chemistry. The main results, from an academic point of view, has been the strengthening of support services for academic research, including libraries and analytical facilities, and a consequent increase of the number and quality of human resources trained at the graduate level as well as a significant increase in the number of scientific publications.

A evolução da pós-graduação em química no Brasil

The post-graduate teaching of chemistry in Brazil over the last years is discussed, including comparisons with some other sciences and also experiences in the United States and the United Kingdom. We have also compared the more recent situation with the previous decade, which leads us to a favourable conclusion as to the results obtained in the teaching of post-graduate students in chemistry. Some conclusions and recommendations are made with respect to the near future.

A evolução da química brasileira

The recent evolution of chemical research in Brazil is analyzed. Progress has been substantial according to principal indicators. The contributions of the Brazilian Chemical Society are pointed out.

A evolução da indústria petroquímica brasileira

The Brazilian Petrochemical Industry is about to turn fifty years old, and endures profound changes. In less than four years, it has moved from a system of centralized decisions and a national lever of planning, to another which is spread, without massive actions and with less integration with the raw material supplying company. On this issue it is presented, briefly, a small history of the development of this industrial type, including issues on how the growth of this activity, so important to the development of Brazil, shall be lead.

A química na região nordeste: o papel da SBQ

In the opportunity of the 20th year of foundation of the Brazilian Chemical Society, the role of this organization in behalf of the development of Science, in particular of Chemistry, is analysed by the way it is observed by someone that has been working in the Northeast of this Country.

A química na região norte

A historical overview of CHEMISTRY SCIENCE from the beginning of the ESCOLA DE QUÍMICA INDUSTRIAL DO PARÁ in the northern region of Brazil is given. Reports were conducted on graduate and under graduate coursework within research and teaching institutions in each State of the Amazon region. Data collection included teaching, research and industrial activities.

As primeiras vinte reuniões anuais da SBQ: uma visão da evolução da química no Brasil

An analysis of the different activities carried out during the first twenty annual meetings (1978-1997) of the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) is presented. The number of papers in the abstract book increased from around 300 in the biennium 78/79 to around 1230 in 96/97. The papers contained in the different sections of the abstract book in the 1st (1978), 10th (1987) and 19th (1996) annual meetings were grouped according to the regions of Brazil the authors' institutions were from, or abroad, and also considering whether the paper came from one institution or was a collaboration between two or more institutions. The relative contribution of the southeastern and northern regions decreased from 77% and 3.0% of the total in 1978 to 63% and 1.2% in 1996, respectively, while those of the northeastern, southern and midwestern regions increased from 12%, 4.8% and 0.6% to 15%, 13%, and 2.6%, respectively; the relative contribution of institutions from abroad also increased from 2.4% to 4.0%. Chemistry of Natural Products and Organic Chemistry decreased their relative contribution from around 55% in 1978 to around 28% in 1996, an evolution towards a more balanced development of the different areas of chemistry in Brazil.

Duas décadas de química nova

A brief overview of the 20 years of Química Nova, a journal published by the Sociedade Brasileira de Química, is presented.

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (JBCS): 10 anos da criação à consolidação

The main objectives of this article are to present and discuss the facts that lead to the conception of JBCS in 1987, its birth in 1990 and the stages traveled until its consolidation. The community's of Chemistry participation and the role of the Sub-program of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of PADCT are emphasized.

Palveluliiketoiminta teknologiateollisuudessa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on palveluliiketoimintaan liittyvien hypoteesien esittäminen ja niiden todentaminen case-yrityksen avulla. Differointistrategian merkitys ja sen tuomat mahdollisuudet teknologiateollisuuden palveluliiketoiminnassa ovat työn painopisteinä. Itse palveluliiketoimintaa todennettiin tutkimuksessa erinäisin kysymyksin. Tutkimuksen keskeiset aiheet ovat palveluliiketoiminta, differointistrategia, johon myös arvoketjuajattelu kuuluu vahvasti. Tutkimus on keskittynyt myös palveluliiketoiminnan tuottavuuteen ja kannattavuuteen. Jokaista asiaa on pyritty tarkastelemaan logistiikan näkökannalta, mistä on tehty tutkimuksen viitekehys. Tutkimus perustuu kirjallisuustutkimuksiin, havaintoihin ja haastatteluihin. Casetutkimuksen avulla pyritään todentamaan kirjallisuudesta esille tulleet asiat. Palveluliiketoiminta tarkoittaa lisäarvon tuottamista asiakkaalle. Differointistrategia on olennainen osa palveluliiketoimintaa. Differointistrategia perustuu erikoistumiseen ja ainutlaatuisuuteen. Logistiikan avulle voidaan tuottaa asiakkaalle räätälöityjä palveluja ja se mahdollistaa erikoistumisen, differoitumisen. Palveluliiketoiminnan edut ovat lisäarvon tuotto asiakkaalle joko lisäämällä asiakkaan myyntiä ja/tai luomalla kustannussäästöä. Palveluliiketoiminta vaatii toimittajalta strategian ja tavoitteiden muutosta, mutta ennen kaikkea asennemuutosta ja sitoutumista. Palvelun tuottavuus ja kannattavuus mittarit/näkökulmat tulee yrityksen yleensä muuttaa, sillä perinteiset mittaustavat eivät enää välttämättä sovi palveluliiketoiminnan toiminnan mittaamiseen.

Estudo de compostos orgânicos em lixiviado de aterros sanitários por EFS e CG/EM

The main purpose of this work was the qualitative study of organic compounds in landfill leachate. The samples were collected from a sanitary landfill located at Gravataí, a southern Brazilian city, that receive both, industrial and domestic refuse. The samples were submitted to solid phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 resin as the stationary phase. The instrumental analysis was performed by Gas Chromatography with a Mass Spectrometry Detector (GC/MSD). The compounds achieved in the SPE extracts were tentatively identified by the GC/MS library. It was found several oxygen and nitrogen compounds like carboxylic acids, ketones, amines and amides. Sulfur compounds and phthalate esters are also identified.

Extração por fluido supercrítico de alguns inseticidas carbamatos em amostras de batata, com determinação por HPLC/fluorescência e confirmação por HPLC/espectrometria de massas

Six supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods were tested, by varying the following operational parameters: CO2 pressure, time and temperature of extraction, type and proportion of static modifier, and Hydromatrix®/sample rate into cell. Firstly, insecticide carbamates were extracted from spiked potatoes samples (fortification level of 0,5 mg.Kg-1) by using SPE procedures, and then final extracts were analyzed HPLC/fluorescence. Good performance was observed with SFE methods that operated with values of temperature and CO2 pressure of 50 ºC and 350 bar, respectively. Best efficiency was obtained when it was used acetonitrile as a modifier (3% on the cell volume), and Hydromatrix®/sample rate of 2:1. Static time was of 1 min; total extraction time was of 35 min; dynamic extraction was performed with 15 mL of CO2, and it was used methanol (2 mL) for the dissolution of the final residue. In such conditions, pesticide recoveries varied from 72 to 94%, depending on the analyzed compound. In higher extraction temperatures, a rapid degradation was observed for some compounds, such as aldicarb and carbaryl; presence of their metabolites was further confirmed by HPLC-APCI/MS in positive mode. Detection limits for chromatographic analysis varied from 0,2 to 1,3 ng.

Pré-concentração de nitrosaminas a partir de amostras aquosas por extração em fase sólida e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar

This paper describes the development of a methodology for solid phase extraction (SPE) and pre-concentration of nitrosamines from aqueous samples using granular activated charcoal as stationary phase. micelar electrokinetic capillary Chromatography (MEKC) was used for the separation and identification of the nitrosamines in the extracts. Using a sample with 50 µg l-1 of each nitrosamines standards (dimethylnitrosamine, DMN; diethylnitrosamine, DEN; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, NPYR; N-nitrosopiperidine, NPIP; N-nitrosomorpholine, NMOR), the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 29 to 107% with a linear zone between 10 and 500 µg l-1. The developed methodology can be applicable to the determination of these analytes in different aqueous samples.