Productivity of a Commune: The Shakers, 1850-80

How does the productivity of a commune compare with that of a conventional firm? This paper addresses this question quantitatively by focusing on the history of a religious commune called the United Society of Believers, better known as the Shakers. We utilize the information recorded in the enumeration schedules of the US Manufacturing and Agriculture Censuses, available for the period between 1850 to 1880, to estimate the productivities of Shaker shops and farms. From the same data source, we also construct random samples of other shops and farms and estimate their productivities for comparison with the Shakers. Our results provide support to the contention that communes need not always suffer from reduced productivity. Shaker farms and shops generally performed just as productively as their neighbors; when differences did exist between their productivities, there are good reasons to attribute them to factors other than organizational form.

Responding to Price Signals in Communal Agriculture: Shaker Hog Production, 1788-1850

Isolated Shaker communal farms stressed self-sufficiency as an ideal but carefully chose which goods to buy and sell in external markets and which to produce and consume themselves. We use records of hog slaughter weights to investigate the extent to which the Shakers incorporated market-based price information in determining production levels of a consumption good which they did not sell in external markets: pork. Granger causality tests indicate that Shaker pork production decisions were influenced as hypothesized, strongly by corn prices and weakly by pork prices. We infer that attention to opportunity costs of goods that they produced and consumed themselves was a likely factor aiding the longevity of Shaker communal societies.

Die Juden in Kiel im Jahrzehnt von 1850 - 1860

Arthur Bernhard Posner

Die Aschkenasische Synagoge in Jerusalem [Illustration] : Aus: Schwarz "Descriptive History of Palestine" 1850

Scan von Monochrom-Mikroform

Die Einwanderungen einiger Pflanzen in das Stadtgebiet Posen nach 1850, in welchem Jahre Ritschl's Flora erschien

Pfuhl

Ausstellung "Das Theater im Freien", Frankfurt a. M. - Die Stadt des deutschen Handwerks in Verbindung mit dem Reichsbund der deutschen Freilicht- und Volksschauspiele E. V. : Zeppenfeld: Das Sommertheater. Ölgemälde um 1850, Sammlung Niessen

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F07993

Die heiligen Lehrer der Vorzeit : Antrittspredigt am 10-ten Dezember 1850 in der Synagoge zu Szegedin

gehalten von Leopold Löw

Mansilla, Lucio V. 2012. Diario de viaje a Oriente (1850- 51) y otras crónicas del viaje oriental. Ed., introd. y notas María Rosa Lojo, dir.; Marina Guidotti, María Laura Pérez Gras y Victoria Cohen Imach. (EALA, Ediciones Académicas de Literatura Argentina, Siglos XIX y XX, 2). Buenos Aires: Corregidor. 372 pp.

Fil: Molina, Hebe Beatriz. CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) - Universidad Nacional de Cuyo

Poder, economía y espacio en Mendoza : 1850-1900 : del comercio ganadero a la agroindustria vitivinícola

El presente trabajo es planteado desde una perspectiva regional enmarcada en la línea de investigación seguida desde casi una década atrás: las transformaciones económicas y espaciales en Mendoza, y los procesos que las originan. El punto de partida fue considerar que la formación geográfico-histórica de las regiones confluye en la estructuración del Estado-nación. El equilibrio económico-político entre las regiones principales da fundamento para el desarrollo de la soberanía del Estado sobre el territorio de su dominio, en la medida en que tal equilibrio responda a una funcionalidad o complementariedad de esos espacios regionales, potenciando fuerzas centrípetas, integradoras, y controlando o anulando las centrífugas. Se propone entonces analizar el proceso de formación de una economía regional, centrada en Mendoza,durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, período en que se preparó y se difundió la modernización capitalista, asentada en un sistema agroindustrial vitivinícola. Es objeto de estudio principalmente el espacio valorizado mendocino, el oasis, y el proceso de construcción y expansión que registró. Pero como la región no es una simple superficie, sino un área organizada por grupos humanos interesó especialmente determinar la actuación de dichos grupos, su articulación con el espacio que construyeron y su vinculación funcional con otras regiones, en especial en el orden económico.

Smith K. M. - A texbook of plant virus diseases (New second edition) J. A. Churchill Ltd, Londres, Inglaterra

Fil: Pontis, Rafael E..

Horizontal profiles of longwave and shortwave radiation components over sea ice near Barrow, Alaska during the 2011 melt

An integrated instrument package for measuring and understanding the surface radiation budget of sea ice is presented, along with results from its first deployment. The setup simultaneously measures broadband fluxes of upwelling and downwelling terrestrial and solar radiation (four components separately), spectral fluxes of incident and reflected solar radiation, and supporting data such as air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, and location (GPS), in addition to photographing the sky and observed surface during each measurement. The instruments are mounted on a small sled, allowing measurements of the radiation budget to be made at many locations in the study area to see the effect of small-scale surface processes on the large-scale radiation budget. Such observations have many applications, from calibration and validation of remote sensing products to improving our understanding of surface processes that affect atmosphere-snow-ice interactions and drive feedbacks, ultimately leading to the potential to improve climate modelling of ice-covered regions of the ocean. The photographs, spectral data, and other observations allow for improved analysis of the broadband data. An example of this is shown by using the observations made during a partly cloudy day, which show erratic variations due to passing clouds, and creating a careful estimate of what the radiation budget along the observed line would have been under uniform sky conditions, clear or overcast. Other data from the setup's first deployment, in June 2011 on fast ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, are also shown; these illustrate the rapid changes of the radiation budget during a cold period that led to refreezing and new snow well into the melt season.