Integração, crescimento e bem-estar

Neste artigo desenvolve-se um modelo de crescimento econômico endógeno para o caso de duas economias integradas levando-se em conta a presença de custos de transporte na forma de iceberg costs. A presença de tais custos juntamente com a existência de ganhos de escala terá um efeito negativo sobre a taxa de crescimento dos países integrados e exercerá um importante efeito sobre a localização da produção de insumos intermediários. Demonstra-se, no entanto, que um processo de integração com custos de transporte ainda leva a um aumento da taxa de crescimento de estado estacionário devido ao aumento do mercado consumidor de insumos. O ganho de bem-estar decorrente da integração dependerá das dotações de cada país, na medida em que o nível de consumo per capita após a integração depende destas dotações. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma simulação de ganhos em termos de taxa de crescimento do PNB e de bem-estar para uma integração econômica entre Brasil e Argentina.

Pro-poor growth and social programmes in Brazil

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as propoor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between growth patterns and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, we assess the contribution of different income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more pro-poor social security benefits.

Perspectivas de crescimento no longo prazo para o Brasil: questões em aberto

Este trabalho apresenta quatro questões que me parecem são importantes para entendermos a dinâmica futura de longo prazo da economia brasileira. São elas: 1) Os empecilhos à melhoria da qualidade da educação fundamental pública. O trabalho mostra que boa parcela do diferencial de renda entre o Brasil e o Estados Unidos deve-se ao diferencial de educação; 2) Sugere que o Brasil é uma Belindia demográfica: os estratos mais pobres da população têm mais filhos do que os ricos e o investimento em educação é menor. Sugere motivos pelos quais esta estratificação pode perdurar por muitas décadas, projetando para horizonte secular a melhora da distribuição de renda; 3) Temos que entender os motivos das economias latino-americanas terem sido economias produtivas até meados dos anos 70 e, desde então, apresentarem contínua redução da produtividade total dos fatores; 4) O crescimento econômico Chinês produzirá um período que, para o Brasil, será parecido com o último quartel do século XIX: uma região de crescimento rápido (a Europa e hoje a China) e relativamente pobre em recursos naturais impulsiona o crescimento da América Latina, que se especializa na produção de produtos primários.

A experiência de crescimento das economias de mercado nos últimos 40 anos

Neste trabalho apresentam-se fatos estilizados que sintetizam a experiência de crescimento das economias de mercado nos últimos 40 anos para uma amostra de 83 economias com os dados atualizados da Penn World Table (Heston, Summers e Aten [2002]). Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma resenha da literatura empírica sobre a importância relativa da acumulação dos fatores frente à evolução da produtividade para descrever estas experiências, bem como uma literatura recente colhendo evidências empíricas que documentam a existência de forte impacto do desenho do marco institucional sobre o desempenho de longo prazo das economias.

A note on growth, welfare and public policy

In this note the growth anti welfare effects of fiscal anti monetary policies are investigated in three economies where public investment is part of the productive process It is shown that growth is maximized at positive levels of income tax and inflation but that there is no direct relationship between government size, productivity and growth or between inflation and growth. However, unless there are no transfers or public goods in the economy, maximization of growth does not imply welfare maximization and the optimal tax rate and government size are greater than those that maximize growth. Money is not superneutral anti the optimal rate of money creation is below the maximizing rate of growth.

Linkages between growth, poverty and the labour market

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contributions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages growth patterns, and labour market performances. Through the decomposition analysis, growth in per capita income is explained in terms of four labour market components: the employment rate, hours of work, the labour force participation rate, and productivity. The proposed methodology are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance.

Testing the externalities hypothesis of endogenous growth using cointegration

The initial endogenous growth models emphasized the importance of externaI effects in explaining sustainable growth across time. Empirically, this hypothesis can be confirmed if the coefficient of physical capital per hour is unity in the aggregate production function. Although cross-section results concur with theory, previous estimates using time series data rejected this hypothesis, showing a small coefficient far from unity. It seems that the problem lies not with the theory but with the techniques employed, which are unable to capture low frequency movements in high frequency data. This paper uses cointegration - a technique designed to capture the existence of long-run relationships in multivariate time series - to test the externalities hypothesis of endogenous growth. The results confirm the theory' and conform to previous cross-section estimates. We show that there is long-run proportionality between output per hour and a measure of capital per hour. U sing this result, we confmn the hypothesis that the implied Solow residual can be explained by government expenditures on infra-structure, which suggests a supply side role for government affecting productivity and a decrease on the extent that the Solow residual explains the variation of output.

Testing production functions used in empirical growth studies

We estimate and test two alternative functional forms, which have been used in the growth literature, representing the aggregate production function for a panel of countries: the model of Mankiw, Romer and Weil (Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992), and a mincerian formulation of schooling-returns to skills. Estimation is performed using instrumental-variable techniques, and both functional forms are confronted using a Box-Cox test, since human capital inputs enter in levels in the mincerian specification and in logs in the extended neoclassical growth model.

"Qual democracia?": o uso de referenciais normativos em estudos comparados

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a relação existente entre o surgimento dos paradigmas teóricos utilizados no campo da "comparative politics" e o contexto político e econômico experimentado pelos EUA a partir do pós-guerra, a fim de traçar uma breve trajetória dos conceitos-chave utilizados pela ciência política contemporânea, tais como democracia e estabilidade política. Analisando esses paradigmas, esperamos tornar mais claros os aspectos normativos implícitos nas teorias que nortearam a produção da política comparada na segunda metade do século XX e sua influência recente sobre estudos ligados ao desenvolvimento econômico de nações periféricas. Para tanto analisaremos alguns dos principais estudos realizados nesse âmbito, referentes aos países “em desenvolvimento” ou do antigo “Terceiro Mundo”. Assim pretendemos dar ênfase aos trabalhos ancorados na chamada “teoria da modernização” e àqueles dedicados a analisar os processos de transição democrática e de reformas econômicas, em particular, na América Latina.

An empirical approach toward understanding the linkage between legal and financial institutions

Researchers have made different attempts to investigate the interaction between the quality and efficiency of a country’s institutions and a country’s economic performance. Within this framework, emphasis has been put on the relationship between the legal institutions and the financial system as essential factors in creating and enhancing overall economic growth. The link between legal institutions and the financial systems, however, is still somewhat controversial. This paper reports on a survey administered to 1,362 participants regarding preferences for investment under different legal and financial institutions. Results suggest that the performance of a country‘s legal institutions affects the willingness to invest money in that country and that people of different gender, age, political traditions, and professional experience react differently to these institutions.

Convergência e distribuição internacional da renda

Este artigo apresenta, inicialmente, por meio de um modelo teórico e econométrico, os detemúnantes do crescimento econômico. Então, trata da distribuição internacional da renda no período 1960/90, para uma amostra de 88 países em todo o mundo, e das medidas de desigualdade. Por fim, relaciona o crescimento econômico com a distribuição da renda no mundo, discutindo em que medida essa evolução pode ser explicada pelas diferenças nos fundamentos e nas dinâmicas de crescimento dos diferentes países.

Economic growth with foreign saving?

Highly indebted countries, particularly the Latin American ones, presented dismal economic outcomes in the 1990s, which are the consequence of the ‘growth cum foreign savings strategy’, or the Second Washington Consensus. Coupled with liberalization of international financial flows, such strategy, which did not make part of the first consensus, led the countries, in the wave of a new world wide capital flow cycle, to high current account deficits and increase in foreign debt, ignoring the solvency constraint and the debt threshold. In practical terms it involved overvalued currencies (low exchange rates) and high interest rates; in policy terms, the attempt to control de budget deficit while the current account deficit was ignored. The paradoxical consequence was the adoption by highly indebted countries of ‘exchange rate populism’, a less obvious but more dangerous form of economic populism.

Inequality and economic growth in Latin

Latin America is the region that bears the highest rates of inequality in the world. Deininger and Squire (1996) showed that Latin American countries achieved only minor reductions in inequality between 1960 and 1990. On the other hand, East Asian countries, recurrently cited in recent literature on this issue, have significantly narrowed the gap in income inequality, while achieving sustained economic growth. These facts have triggered a renewed discussion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. According to the above literature, income inequality could have an adverse effect on countries’ growth rates. The main authors who spouse this line of thinking are Persson and Tebellini (1994), Alesina and Rodrik (1994), Perotti (1996), Bénabou (1996), and Deininger and Squire (1996, 1998). More recently, however, articles were published that questioned the evidence presented previously. Representatives of this new point of view, namely Li and Zou (1998), Barro (1999), Deininger and Olinto (2000) and Forbes (2000), believe that the relation between these variables can be positive, i.e., income inequality can indeed foster economic growth. Using this literature as a starting point, this article seeks to evaluate the relation between income inequality and economic growth in Latin America, based on a 13-country panel, from 1970 to 1995. After briefly reviewing the above articles, this study estimates the per capita GDP and growth rate equations, based on the neoclassical approach for economic growth. It also estimates the Kuznets curve for this sample of countries. Econometric results are in line with recent work conducted in this area – particularly Li and Zou (1998) and Forbes (2000) – and confirm the positive relation between inequality and growth, and also support Kuznets hypothesis.